(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
`
`(10) International Publication Number
`WO 2018/201118 Al
`
`> a
`
`WIPOIPCT
`
`(19) World Intellectual Property
`Organization
`International Bureau
`
`(43) International Publication Date
`01 November 2018 (01.11.2018)
`
`(51) International Patent Classification:
`£21B 41/00 (2006.01)
`HO02P 27/04 (2006.01)
`HO02K 5/18 (2006.01)
`
`(for FR only): SERVICES PETROLIERS
`(71) Applicant
`SCHLUMBERGER[FR/FR]; 42 rue Saint Dominique,
`75007 Paris (FR).
`
`(21) International Application Number:
`
`PCT/US2018/030080
`
`(22) InternationalFiling Date:
`
`30 April 2018 (30.04.2018)
`.
`English
`English
`
`.
`ere
`(25) Filing Language:
`(26) Publication Language:
`(30) Priority Data:
`62/491,689
`28 April 2017 (28.04.2017)
`US
`(71) Applicant (for US only): SCHLUMBERGER TECH-
`NOLOGY CORPORATION[US/US]; 300 Schlumberg-
`er Drive, Sugar Land, Texas 77478 (US).
`
`(71) Applicant (for CA only): SCHLUMBERGER CANADA
`LIMITED [CA/CA]; 125 — 9 AvenueSE,Calgary, Alberta
`T2G OP6 (CA).
`
`(71) Applicant (for all designated States except CA, FR, US):
`SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY B.V.
`[NL/NL];
`Parkstraat 83, 2514 JG The Hague (NL).
`(72) Inventors: ORBAN, Jacques; 4601 Westway Park Dri-
`ve, W123, Houston, Texas 77041 (US). PRISER, Jean-
`Christophe; 23400 Colonial Parkway, Katy, Texas 77493
`(US). KRIPPNER, Nick; 9510 North Houston Rosslyn
`Rd., Houston,
`T
`77088 (US).
`7
`POUSTONS
`TEXAS
`(US)
`(74) Agent: GREENE, Rachel et al.; Schlumberger, 10001
`Rich:
`dA
`R
`4720, Houst
`T
`77042
`(Us). rerees OUSTONSEES
`‘
`(81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every
`kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM,
`AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW,BY, BZ,
`CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO,
`DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN,
`HR, HU,ID,IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP,
`KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME,
`
`(54) Title: INTEGRATED POWER AND ELECTRONICS UNIT FOR DRILLING MACHINE
`
`50
`
`FIG. 1
`
`
`
`(57) Abstract: An integrated powerand electronics unit (IPEU) operable for providing output powerfor driving an electric motor of a
`drilling rig machine. The IPEU comprises a housing,a radiator, and a VFD. Theradiator is mounted within the housing and comprises
`radiating members each extending through an opening in the housing. The VFD comprises insulated-gate bipolar transistor devices
`(IGBTs) operable to convert input powerto the output power. The IGBTsare coupled to the radiator within the housing such that heat
`generated by the IGBTsis transferred out of the housing via the radiator. The VFD also comprises a controller operable to control
`the IGBTs.
`
`[Continued on next page]
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1010, Page 1
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`wo2018/201118AaMITINMITUIINIATATAUACTTACTA
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`WO 2018/201118 A|IMMMNMTMNIINIIMIAT IU TMT ATTAAATA
`
`MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG,NI, NO, NZ,
`OM,PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW,SA,
`SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM,ST, SV, SY, TH,TJ, TM, TN,
`TR,TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
`
`(84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every
`kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH,
`GM,KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD,SL, ST, SZ, TZ,
`UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU,TJ,
`TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK,
`EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU,IE,IS, IT, LT, LU, LV,
`MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, SM,
`TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW,
`KM,ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
`
`Published:
`
`with international search report (Art. 21(3))
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`Integrated Powerand Electronics Unit for Drilling Machine
`
`Cross-Reference to Related Applications
`
`[0001]
`
`This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
`
`62/491,689, titled “Integrated Power and Electronics Unit for Drilling Machine,”filed April 28,
`
`2017, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
`
`Backgroundof the Disclosure
`
`[0002]
`
`On an alternating-current (AC) drilling rig, an AC generator set generates the
`
`electrical power used to operate the heavy rig equipment, such as the top drive, the mud pump,
`
`and the drawworks. The AC generator set includes an AC generator poweredby a diesel engine
`
`or other prime mover. The resulting AC currentis utilized by a variable-frequency drive (VFD)
`
`associated with the rig equipment component, such that the top drive, mud pump, and drawworks
`
`may each have a dedicated VFD.
`
`[0003]
`
`The VFDs maybeinstalled in an access-controlled room, knownas a power house, a
`
`power-control room (PCR), a local electronics room (LER), and the like. While the VFDsare
`
`primarily utilized to power the main rig machines (the top drive, the mud pump, and the
`
`drawworks), smaller motors installed on or otherwise associated with the main machines (and/or
`
`perhaps other “non-main” rig equipment) may be also operated from the power house, such as
`
`cooling fans, centrifugal pumps (such as for feeding mud pumps), lubrication systems, and other
`
`examples.
`
`Summaryof the Disclosure
`
`[0004]
`
`This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further
`
`described below in the detailed description. This summaryis not intendedto identify
`
`indispensable features of the claimed subject matter, noris it intended for use as an aid in
`
`limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.
`
`[0005]
`
`The present disclosure introduces an apparatus including an IPEU operable for
`
`providing output powerfor driving an electric motor of a drilling rig machine. The IPEU
`
`includes a housing, a radiator, and a VFD. The radiator is mounted within the housing and
`
`includes radiating members each extending through an openingin the housing. The VFD
`
`includes insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices operable to convert input powerto the
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`output power. The IGBTsare coupled to the radiator within the housing such that heat generated
`
`by the IGBTsis transferred out of the housing via the radiator. The VFD also includes a
`
`controller operable to control the IGBTs.
`
`[0006]
`
`The present disclosure also introduces an apparatus includinga drilling rig machine
`
`and an IPEU operable for providing output powerfor driving an electric motorof the drilling rig
`
`machine. The IPEU includes a housing,a radiator, anda VFD. Theradiator is mounted within
`
`the housing and includes radiating members each extending through an opening in the housing.
`
`The VFDincludes IGBTs operable to convert input power to the output power. The IGBTsare
`
`coupled to the radiator within the housing such that heat generated by the IGBTsis transferred
`
`out of the housing via the radiator. The VFD also includes a controller operable to control the
`
`IGBTs.
`
`[0007]
`
`These and additional aspects of the present disclosure are set forth in the description
`
`that follows, and/or may be learned by a person having ordinary skill in the art by reading the
`
`material herein and/or practicing the principles described herein. At least some aspects of the
`
`present disclosure may be achieved via meansrecited in the attached claims.
`
`Brief Description of the Drawings
`
`[0008]
`
`The present disclosure 1s understood from the following detailed description when
`
`read with the accompanyingfigures. It 1s emphasized that, in accordance with the standard
`
`practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the
`
`various features may be arbitrarily increased or reducedfor clarity of discussion.
`
`[0009]
`
`FIG. 1 is aschematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0010]
`
`[0011]
`
`FIG. 2 is a graph depicting one or more aspects pertaining to the present disclosure.
`
`FIG. 3 is a schematic viewofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0012]
`
`FIG.4 is a perspective view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0013]
`
`FIG.5 is a front view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of the
`
`apparatus shown in FIG.4 according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0014]
`
`FIG.6 is a top view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of the
`
`apparatus shownin FIG. 5 according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
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`[0015]
`
`FIG.7 is a perspective view ofat least a portion of another example implementation
`
`of the apparatus shownin FIG. 4 according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0016]
`
`FIG.8 is a top view of a portion of the apparatus shownin FIG. 7 according to one or
`
`more aspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0017]
`
`FIG. 9 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0018]
`
`FIG. 10 is a top view of a portion of an example implementation of the apparatus
`
`shown in FIG. 9 according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0019]
`
`FIG. 11 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of another example implementation
`
`of the apparatus shown in FIG. 9 according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0020]
`
`FIG. 12 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0021]
`
`[0022]
`
`FIG. 13 is a sectional view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 12.
`
`FIG. 14 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0023]
`
`FIG. 15 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0024]
`
`FIG. 16 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0025]
`
`FIG. 17 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0026]
`
`FIG. 18 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0027]
`
`FIG. 19 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0028]
`
`FIG. 20 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
`
`[0029]
`
`FIG.21 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of
`
`apparatus according to one or moreaspects of the present disclosure.
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`Detailed Description
`
`[0030]
`
`It is to be understood that the following disclosure provides many different
`
`embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of various embodiments.
`
`Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present
`
`disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. In
`
`addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/orletters in the various
`
`examples. This repetition is for simplicity and clarity, and doesnotin itself dictate a relationship
`
`between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.
`
`[0031]
`
`FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example implementation of a VFD 50 for driving an
`
`induction motor within the scope of the present disclosure. The VFD 50 includesa rectifier
`
`circuit 10, an inverter circuit 20, and perhapsa filter circuit 30.
`
`[0032]
`
`Therectifier circuit 10 rectifies three-phase input power (VacI) from three inputs 11,
`
`12, 13 (measurable via, for example, respective current probes and/or other measurement means
`
`14, 15, 16) to generate DC power(e.g., with limited undulation). In the example implementation
`
`depicted in FIG. 1, each input 11, 12, 13 is connected between an anodeof a correspondingfirst
`
`diode 17 and a cathodeof a corresponding second diode 18. The cathodesofthe first diodes 17
`
`are connected to a positive lead 31 of the filter circuit 30, and the anodes of the second diodes 18
`
`connected to a negative lead 32 of thefilter circuit 30.
`
`[0033]
`
`Thefilter circuit 30 may be or comprise an LC (inductor-capacitor) circuit and/or
`
`other means for reducing noise generated bytherectifier circuit 10, thus smoothing the direct
`
`current voltage (Vdc) fed to the inverter circuit 20. In the example implementation depicted in
`
`FIG.1, the filter circuit 30 includes an inductor (e.g., solenoid) 33 connected in series between
`
`the positive lead 31 of the filter circuit 30 and a positive lead 21 of the inverter circuit 20, and a
`
`capacitor 34 connected between the positive and negative leads 31, 32 of the filter circuit 30.
`
`However, other implementations of the filter circuit 30 are also within the scope ofthe present
`
`disclosure.
`
`[0034]
`
`The inverter circuit 20 produces, for delivery to inputs 27, 28, 29 of the motor 40, the
`
`three-phase output VacO (measurable via, for example, respective current probes and/or other
`
`measurement means41, 42, 43) at the frequency and amplitude intended to drive the motor 40.
`
`In the example implementation depicted in FIG. 1, the inverter circuit 20 includes three single-
`
`phase inverter switches 23, 24, 25 that each includefirst and second inverters 26. The inverters
`
`26 are depicted in FIG. | as simpletransistor switches, but various other devices maybe utilized
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`for the inverters 26, including IGBT devices. The motor input 27 is connected betweenthefirst
`
`and secondinverters 26 of the switch 23, the motor input 28 1s connected betweenthefirst and
`
`second inverters 26 of the switch 24, and the motor input 29 is connected betweenthefirst and
`
`second inverters 26 of the switch 25. However, other implementations of the inverter circuit 20
`
`are also within the scopeof the present disclosure.
`
`[0035]
`
`The VacO generated by the inverter circuit 20 may range between about 5 Hertz (Hz)
`
`and about 100 Hz, although perhapsas high as 300 Hz. The measurement means 14-16
`
`associated with the inputs 11-13, the measurement means 41-43 associated with the motor inputs
`
`27-29, and perhaps one or moreothersensors (e.g., sensor 50 connected between the filter circuit
`
`30 and the inverter circuit 20) are examples of sensors that may be utilized to monitor and
`
`perhaps provide automatic or manual feedback for operation of the motor 40. These and/or other
`
`current, voltage, and/or frequency sensors (or other measurement means) mayaid in managing
`
`the VFD 50 and other powerelectronics in relation with demand.
`
`[0036]
`
`FIG. 2 depicts an example pulse-width modulation (PWM)60 that may be used to
`
`provide the three-phase output VacO at the intended frequency and amplitudeto drive the motor
`
`40 at a target speed. The driving signal intended to be delivered to the motor input 27 is
`
`represented by sine wave 61, and is generated by the PWM signal 62 via operation of the switch
`
`23. Similarly, the driving signal intendedto be delivered to the motor input 28 is represented by
`
`sine wave 63, which is generated by the PWM signal 64 via operation of the switch 24, and the
`
`driving signal intendedto be delivered to the motor input 29 is represented by sine wave 65,
`
`whichis generated by the PWM signal 66 via operation of the switch 25. Each intended driving
`
`signal 61, 63, 65 is compared with a reference triangle wave and/or other waveform 67. When
`
`the reference waveform 671s less than the intended driving signal 61, 63, 65, the corresponding
`
`PWM signal 62, 64, 66 is at “high”state (e.g., 1), and when the reference waveform 67 is greater
`
`than the intended driving signal 61, 63, 65, the corresponding PWM signal 62, 64, 66 is at “low”
`
`state (e.g., 0).
`
`[0037]
`
`The present disclosure introduces an integrated power andelectronics unit (IPEU)
`
`that is integrated in a drilling rig machine skid, such as a mud pumpskid, a drawworksskid, and
`
`others. The IPEU alonedelivers the electrical and control support for the equipment on that skid.
`
`For example, the IPEU includes a VFD for the main motorof the primary machineofthe skid
`
`(e.g., mud pump, drawworks,top drive, efc.), a controller, and a networkinginterface. The IPEU
`
`may also include a VFD andstarter(s) for one or more motors of secondary machines/functions,
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`such as cooling blowers, centrifugal pumps, lubricating pumps, and other examples. The IPEU
`
`may also include meansfor data acquisition, such as from sensors associated with equipment on
`
`the skid, from equipmentnot integrated in the skid (such as the main controller of the drilling ng
`
`via the networking interface), and/or from mobile electronic devices (e.g., tablet computers,
`
`smartphones, laptop computers, efc.) proximate the IPEU. The IPEU mayalso include
`
`emergency stop meansfor abruptly halting operation of one or more components of the skid.
`
`[0038]
`
`The IPEU receives electrical power from a powersourceat the wellsite via a power
`
`cable. Information exchanged between the IPEU and equipmentnot integrated in the skid (both
`
`to and from the IPEU) may bevia a cable and/or wireless communication. The IPEU mayalso
`
`share information for coordination between multiple machines on the skid, such as in
`
`implementations in which the mud pumpsystem includes multiple pumpsthat, via the
`
`information sharing, operate out of phase with respect to each other so as to reduce vibration
`
`and/or to achieve a more continuous outputflow.
`
`[0039]
`
`The IPEU andthe main motorof the skid (including the related electronics for power
`
`and control) may be a single, integrated component, such as may be sold or marketed as a single
`
`product, in contrast to an assembly of separately marketed components. The IPEU and the main
`
`motor mayalso be an integrated componentof a fully integrated skid. The integrated
`
`IPEU/motor/electronics product may be operable to perform for a predefined period of time with
`
`no (or very limited) maintenance. Moreover, the electronics and perhaps other portions of the
`
`integrated product may not be accessible by the end user, such that installation of the integrated
`
`product by the end user may be limited to connecting and disconnecting the power and
`
`communication cables, until the integrated product reaches the end of operational life andis
`
`replaced by a new or refurbished (OEM) unit.
`
`[0040]
`
`Aspects of the IPEU mayinclude: compact and low weight unit; integrated heat
`
`transfer from VFD power switches, including for dirty airflow; managementof motor braking
`
`period; managementof outdoor thermal and radiation conditions to maintain internal temperature
`
`within predetermined ranges; management of internal humidity; packaging that aids in
`
`preventing damagefrom vibration and shocks during handling, transport, and operation; and/or
`
`easy rig-up (e.g., simplified cable connection).
`
`[0041]
`
`The IPEU mayoperate without usage of AC cooling or water flow utilized to transfer
`
`the heat generated by the VFD powerswitchesto the outside the unit. The IPEU housing may
`
`contain the VFD (or part of the VFD), an associated programmable logic controller (PLC) and/or
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`other controller, sensors and/or other means for measurement of conditions and operating
`
`parameters internal to the housing, and perhaps one or morefilter components. The IPEU
`
`electronics may control a motor having a powerrating above 100 horsepower (HP), perhaps
`
`higher than 1,000 HP, or even above 2,500 HP. The IPEUelectronics may also control two or
`
`more such motorscollectively, and mayalso control a resistor brake system. The IPEU is
`
`powered by a powersource, which may beasingle cable, and may be controlled via cable
`
`connection (e.g., metal and/or fiber-optic) and/or wireless communications.
`
`[0042]
`
`The IPEU maybe utilized for various traction motors of a drilling rig, such as motors
`
`of triplex and/or other pumping systems, drawworks systems, and top drives, among other
`
`examples. The IPEU mayalso be utilized for smaller motors on the rig, such as for a transfer
`
`pump, perhaps concurrently with the traction motors. Such implementations may be for
`
`fracturing pumping systems, such as may comprise one or moreelectrically driven triplex
`
`pumps, as well as low-pressure side components ofa fracturing system, suchaselectrically
`
`driven centrifugal pumps, conveyorbelts, mixers, agitators, and thelike.
`
`[0043]
`
`The IPEU may be mounted on the skid of a machine being powered by the VFD and
`
`perhaps controlled by the IPEU. The IPEU mayalso be mounteddirectly on the motor of such
`
`machine.
`
`[0044]
`
`FIG. 3 is a schematic view ofat least a portion of an example implementation of an
`
`IPEU 100 according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The IPEU 100 includes a
`
`housing(e.g., a rectangular metal box) 105. An input power bulkhead connector 110 for
`
`receiving electrical power from a power source 101, one or more communication bulkhead
`
`connectors 115 for receiving data and/or control signals from one or more data and/or control
`
`sources 116, an output power bulkhead connector 120 leading to one or more main motors 102
`
`driven by the IPEU 100, a primary radiator 125, and perhaps a secondary radiator 130 each
`
`extend through openings in the housing 105. The housing 105 may have an access door(not
`
`shown) for assembly/maintenance purposes.
`
`[0045]
`
`The IPEU 100 includes a VFD implementedvia three insulated-gate bipolar transistor
`
`(IGBT) devices 135, although another number of IGBT devices 135 may be used. The IPEU 100
`
`also includes a primary radiator 125 comprising a plate 126 secured to the housing 105 via bolts
`
`and/or other attachment means 140. The primary radiator 125 also includesfins and/or other
`
`elongated radiating members 127 extending from the plate 126 and through an opening in the
`
`housing 105, thus extending externally from the housing 105. The IGBT devices 135 are
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`secured to the plate 126 (opposite the radiating members 127) in a manner permitting heat
`
`transfer (via conduction and/or otherwise) from the IGBTs 135 to the radiating members 127.
`
`[0046]
`
`The IPEU 100 also includes a controller 145, which may be or comprise a
`
`programmablelogic controller operable to control the IGBTs 135. However, the controller 145
`
`may also be operable to control other components of the IPEU 100, and perhaps components of a
`
`skid (not shown) comprising the IPEU 100, in addition to the IPEU. The controller 145 may
`
`include a communications interface 146 permitting communication between the controller 145
`
`and other components of the IPEU 100. The communications interface 146 may also permit
`
`communication between the controller 145 and components not included in the IPEU 100, such
`
`as other components on the skid, and perhaps other components not located on the skid. Such
`
`communication, whether internal to the IPEU 100, internal to the skid, or external to the skid,
`
`may bevia wired connection and/or via wireless communication (e.g., via antenna/receiver 147).
`
`[0047]
`
`The IPEU 100 mayalso include one or more fans 150 operable to increase airflow
`
`across the radiating members 127. In the example implementation depicted in FIG.3, the
`
`airflow is perpendicular to the page. Ducting 128 attached to the housing 105 may also be
`
`included to focus airflow across the radiating members 127. The fans 150 mayincludeelectric
`
`motors 151 energized by a secondary VFD 155 also contained within the housing 105. Control
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`of the fans 150 may be via the secondary VFD 155 and/or the controller 145.
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`[0048]
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`The primary radiator 125 (and perhaps the fans 150) may be configured to
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`sufficiently manage the heat generated by the IGBTs 135. However, the controller 145, the
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`secondary VFD 155, and/or other internal components of the IPEU 100 may generate additional
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`heat not sufficiently managedby the primary radiator 125 (and perhaps the fans 150). Thus, the
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`IPEU 100 mayalso include a secondary radiator 130 and/or a secondary fan 165 internal to the
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`housing 105 (although two or more of the secondary radiator 130 and/or the secondary fan 165
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`may be included).
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`[0049]
`
`A plate 131 of the secondary radiator 130 may be securedto the housing 105 via bolts
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`and/or other attachment means 141. The secondary radiator 130 mayinclude internal fins and/or
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`other elongated members 132 extending internally from the plate 131 within the housing 105,
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`and external fins and/or other elongated radiating members 133 extending from the plate 131 and
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`through an opening in the housing 105, thus extending externally from the housing 105 (opposite
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`the internal members 132).
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`[0050]
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`The fan 165 may be operableto increase airflow 160 across the internal elongated
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`members 132 of the secondary radiator 130. The fan 165 may include an electric motor 166
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`energized by the secondary VFD 155. Control of the fan 165 may be via the secondary VFD 155
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`and/or the controller 145. The fan 165 maycirculate air inside the IPEU 100 for improvedheat
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`transfer from the various components generating heat (such as the controller 145) to the external
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`environment. Such heat transfer may be from the internal air to the secondary radiator 130 by
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`convection, through the secondary radiator 130 by conduction, and/or to the outside air by
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`convection, perhaps simultaneously. However, the IPEU 100 may besealed to protect against
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`rain, water splash, efc., such that there may be no exchangeofair between the inside of the IPEU
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`100 andthe external environment.
`
`[0051]
`
`As described above, IGBTs 135 are the main source of heat within the IPEU 100, and
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`such heat is evacuated by the airflow across the radiating members 127. Other components of
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`the IPEU 100 generate smaller amounts of heat (controller 145, sensors, efc.). Heat may be
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`evacuated from these components by the internal fan 165 and transmitted outside the IPEU 100
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`through the wall of the housing 105 (conduction through the wall and convection on both sides
`
`of the wall), and/or via the secondary radiator 130. However, it may becritical to control this
`
`heat flow.
`
`[0052]
`
`For example, such control can be achieved by controlling the speed of the internal fan
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`165 while ensuring no overheating of local elements. However, the IPEU 100 may beoperating
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`in a low-temperature environment. In such conditions, the housing 105 provides some thermal
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`isolation, and the heat flow from the secondary heat sources(i.e., components other than the
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`IGBTs 135) may be transmitted to the surrounding air by the housing 105itself, or in
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`conjunction with the secondary radiator 130. In somecases, one or more external fans 134 (such
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`as with electric motors 136) may be addedto create forced convection against the radiating
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`members 133. The radiating members 133 maybe inside a duct 137 with openings on both
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`extremities to allow outside air to circulate. In extreme cold weather, the ends of the duct 137
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`may be closed to reduce heat transfer by the secondary radiator 130. Such an implementation
`
`permits full control of heat exchange, thus permitting operating over a wider range of
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`temperature.
`
`[0053]
`
`The IPEU 100 mayalso be protected against heat transfer by radiation. For example,
`
`a radiation shield 138 may be used to avoid overheating of the electronics of the IPEU 100 when
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`operating in a sunny location (e.g., a desert). The radiation shield 138 mayalso aid in avoiding
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`too much cooling when operating during cold, clear weather nights, when radiation towards the
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`cold black sky could otherwise be excessive. The radiation shield 138 may be or comprise a roof
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`or other structure above the housing 105, such as may be supported by structural members 139
`
`attached to the housing 105 and/or other structure near the IPEU 100. However, the radiation
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`shield 138 may also or instead be or comprise a layer of additional thermalinsulation inside
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`and/or outside the housing 105, and/or a highly reflective surface (silver, mirror, white, ec.)
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`inside and/or outside the housing 105, among other examples.
`
`[0054]
`
`The IPEU 100 mayalso include various sensors operable for detecting temperature,
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`pressure, humidity, airflow, and/or other parameters of the IPEU 100. In the example
`
`implementation depicted in FIG. 3, such sensors include a temperature sensor 170 for detecting
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`the temperature of the plate 126, and a temperature sensor 171 for detecting the temperature of
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`the airflow in the ducting 128. However, other sensors may also be included. The sensors may
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`generate signals indicative of the sensed parameters, and the controller 145 may be operable to
`
`receive the signals (via wired or wireless connections) for use in operation of the IGBTs135, the
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`fans 150, the fan 165, and/or other components, for example.
`
`[0055]
`
`FIG.4 is a schematic view of an example implementation of the radiator 125,
`
`designated in FIG. 4 by reference number 200. Thefilter 200 includesa filter 210 for blocking
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`particles 220 that, when carried by air flow 202, would be large enoughto clog the radiating
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`members 127. Such particles 220 are redirected by the filter 200 along an alternate path 204
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`abovethe radiating members 127. However, the filter 210 otherwise permits passageofthe air
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`flow 202, and perhaps smaller particles 222 that are small enough to pass throughthe radiating
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`members 127.
`
`[0056]
`
`FIGS. 5 and 6 are front and top viewsof the radiator 200 withoutthefilter 210.
`
`Referring to FIGS. 3-6, collectively, the radiating members 127 may each be a cylinder 230
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`made from copper and/or other materials having high thermal conductivity. Each cylinder 230
`
`extends perpendicular from the base plate 126 that supports the IGBT devices 135. The ratio of
`
`diameter to length of each radiating member 127 may be optimized to ensure proper heat flux far
`
`from the base plate 126. As also shown in FIGS. 4-6, each radiating member 127 may be
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`equipped with radial extensions (wings) 232 also made of copper and/or other materials having
`
`high thermal conductivity, such as may increase the surface area in contact with the air flow 202.
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`The radial extensions 232 of neighboring radiating members 127 may beinterlaced (as depicted
`
`in FIG. 5), and neighboring rowsof radiating members 127 in the array may bestaggered (as
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`depicted in FIG. 6), each or both of which may encourage turbulence and/or other flow
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`disruption that increases the area and/or time of contact between the radiating members 127 and
`
`the air flow 202, thereby increasing convection and/or other transfer of heat from the radiating
`
`members 127 to the air flow 202.
`
`[0057]
`
`The filter 210 may be inclined at an angle 206 (between parallel and perpendicular
`
`relative to the direction of the air flow 202) relative to the base plate 126, as depicted in FIG.4,
`
`so that particles 220 too large to pass between the radiating members 127 can be deflected past
`
`the filter 210 (e.g., along the alternate path 204). Anotherfilter (not shown) similar to the
`
`inclined filter 210 may also extend from the inclinedfilter 210 over the radiating members 127,
`
`such as parallel with the base plate 126, to prevent the particles 220 deflected by the inclined
`
`filter 210 from dropping back downinto the array of radiating members 127. Thefilter(s) may
`
`be positioned before and/or after (relative to the direction of air flow) the fans 150 that establish
`
`the air flow 202 into the array of radiating members 127.
`
`[0058]
`
`FIG. 7 is aschematic view of another implementation of the radiator 125 shown in
`
`FIG.3, designated in FIG. 7 by reference number 250. The radiator 250 includes radiating
`
`members 252 resembling blades extendingparallel to the direct