Industrial Revolutions: From Ctesibius to Mars
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`Author: Cort MacLean Johns, Ph.D.-HSG
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`New & Revised, July 2021
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1050, Page 1
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1050, Page 1
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`Copyrights
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`“Industrial Revolutions: From Ctesibius to Mars”
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`Pumbo.nl edition, ISBN/EAN: 978-94-6406-794-|
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`Published as a color hardback (Netherlands)
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`Currentcolor edition is a self-published book in June 2021
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`“The Industrial Revolution — Lost in Antiquity — Found in the Renaissance”
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`Pumbo.nl edition, ISBN 978-94-63458-44-3 Published as a color hardback (Netherlands)
`
`All rights reserved, Copyright © 2019, ©2020, ©2021
`
`NOT TO BE REPRODUCED OR SHARED WITHOUT THE AUTHOR’S EXPRESS WRITTEN PERMISSION
`
`Rial Edward Hamann, Publishing Editor and Mechanical Engineering Consultant
`William J. Lictenwanger, Editing Consultant’
`Pamela M. Piatkowiak, Graphic Arts Illustrator
`Cort Johannes Maclean, Legal Consultant
`Marian Johnson Johns, Editing/Historical Consultant
`Margery Ann Hamann, Editing Consultant
`Julia S. Simakina, Editing Consultant
`Thomas McCartney, Graphic’s Consultant
`Frank Philips, IT Consultant
`
`5 Bradley, C.J. (William Lictenwanger, Reference Librarian{U.S. Library of Congress]) 299-321
`4
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1050, Page 2
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1050, Page 2
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`Ctesibius had developedthe direct-pressure steam engine’s predecessor, the Hydraulis, in ancient Greece.
`Hedid this before Hero started his research into siphons and their vacuum effects. Papin’s Steam Engine
`of 1707 was not dependent on previous vacuum experiments nor devices, since it operated on an entirely
`different principle of steam expansion as opposedto the use of steam contraction inherentin the operation
`of Papin’s vacuum or atmospheric Steam Engine of 1690 nor Watt’s separate condenser concept. These
`two technologies carried the same commonly used term, “Steam Engine,” but the use of steam should
`not imply that they performed with common engineering principles or designs.
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`To better conceptualize the role each technology played in the onset of the Industrial Revolution,
`historians of technology should maintain each related, dependent innovation’s historical roots; otherwise,
`the entire relationship of technology to economic expansion taking place in the 18" and 19" centuries
`becomes hopelessly confused and lost. This approach may seem like a technical point; nonetheless, it is
`critical to the entire analysis for the longitudinal origins of the Industrial Revolution.
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`Relating the two-thousand-year history of the diffusion and transfer of the Hydraulis of Ctesibius and the
`siphon experiments of Herois naturally more complex. The Roman,architect/engineer, Marcus Vitruvius
`Pollio, described several of the Hydraulis’ technical details, however, he also omitted a few critical
`details. Those who attempted to reconstruct Ctesibius’ Hydraulis could rely only on Vitruvius’ Latin text
`description, since no sketches or diagrams remained ofit from Antiquity. Vitruvius appears to have not
`fully understood, and therefore, could not described fully its mechanical details such as the missing
`description of its piston-like, check or flap valves. Yet, he provided sufficient details so that
`approximately 1900 years later Franz von Reber and Michael Markovits could by 1865 and 2003,
`respectively, unravel its operation after archaeologists unearthed a Ctesibius-type pumpartifact from
`(c.100-150 A.D.). in Bolsena, Volsinii, Italy (Figure 7).
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`Interestingly, Jacob Leupold included his own design similar to the Bolsena Roman pump(Figure 7a).°!
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`on aner Aare Seite riGy
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`Figure 7 Ctesibius Greek Hydraulic Pump”
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`Figure 7a Leupold's Double-PumpFire
`Extinguisher °? Bolsena, Roman Volsinii
`(c.100-150 A.D.)
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`®! Hornung, W. (Die Entwicklung der Feuerléschpumpe vom ausgehenden Mittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert). Hornung
`explains that there were other fire extinguisher designs, one patented by Nicolas Mandell and John Grey in 1712 claimed to
`use a compresser to produce a continuous water stream “patentierte Spritzer einen kontinuierlichen Strahl erzeuge”. From the
`time oftheir patentfiling in 1712 until the British Museum obtained the Bolsena pumpartifact in 1892, we have a 80-year
`period in which wehaveyetto ascertain whether Mandel and Grey and others had the opportunity to inspect the Bolsena pump.
`© Drachmann, A.G. (The mechanicaltechnology of Greek and Romanantiquity: a study ofliterary sources) (Ktesibios, Philon,
`and Heron) 7. Ctesibius-type Hydraulic; the Romans copied his check valves, also used in the Hydraulis.
`3 Leupold, J. (Theatrum mach. hydr. Band I) Tab. XLV,Fig.I, Leipzig, 1724. 123. Acquired by the British Museum in 1892:
`https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=1298 17001 &objectId=
`3999 1 8&partld=1
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1050, Page 3
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1050, Page 3
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