(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/0258267 A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Sep. 8, 2016
`PAYNE et al.
`
`US 20160258267A1
`
`(54)
`
`(71)
`
`(72)
`
`(73)
`
`(21)
`
`WELL FRACTURING SYSTEMIS WITH
`ELECTRICAL MOTORS AND METHODS OF
`USE
`
`Applicant: STEWART & STEVENSON, LLC,
`Houston, TX (US)
`Inventors: MARK PAYNE, HOUSTON, TX (US);
`HAOMIN LIN, HOUSTON, TX (US);
`TOM ROBERTSON, HOUSTON, TX
`(US)
`
`Assignee: STEWART & STEVENSON, LLC
`
`Appl. No.: 15/060,296
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Mar. 3, 2016
`
`(60)
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`Provisional application No. 62/128.291, filed on Mar.
`4, 2015.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`E2IB 44/00
`E2IB 43/26
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`CPC ................. E2IB 44/00 (2013.01); E2IB 43/26
`(2013.01)
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`A system for stimulating oil or gas production from a well
`bore includes a hydraulic fracturing pump unit having one or
`more hydraulic fracturing pumps driven by one or more elec
`trical fracturing motors, a variable frequency drive (VFD)
`controlling the electrical fracturing motors, a fracturing pump
`blower unit driven by a blower motor, and a fracturing pump
`lubrication unit having a lubrication pump driven by a lubri
`cation motor and a cooling fan driven by a cooling motor. The
`system may further include a blender unit and a hydration
`unit. A system control unit may control the operational
`parameters of the system.
`
`
`
`8.
`
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`rearrarar
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 7
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 8
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`105Oa -
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 16
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`Patent Application Publication
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 17
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Sep. 8, 2016 Sheet 17 of 17
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`- Any refining N.
`pumps operating at
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`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 18
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`US 2016/0258267 A1
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`Sep. 8, 2016
`
`WELL FRACTURING SYSTEMIS WITH
`ELECTRICAL MOTORS AND METHODS OF
`USE
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`0001. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provi
`sional Application No. 62/128.291, filed on Mar. 4, 2015,
`which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all
`purposes.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`0002 1. Field
`0003. The following description relates to remotely moni
`toring and controlling electrical motors in oil and gas well
`stimulation hydraulic fracturing applications. For example,
`an apparatus and method allows an operator to remotely
`monitor and control, through wired connections and/or wire
`lessly, one or more alternating current motors in oil and gas
`well Stimulation hydraulic fracturing applications.
`0004 2. Description of Related Art
`0005 Hydraulic fracturing is the process of injecting treat
`ment fluids at high pressures into existing oil or gas wells in
`order to stimulate oil orgas production. The process involves
`the high-pressure injection of “fracking fluid' (primarily
`water, containing sand or other proppants Suspended with the
`aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in
`the deep-rock formations through which natural gas, petro
`leum, and brine will flow more freely. When the hydraulic
`pressure is removed from the well, Small grains of hydraulic
`fracturing proppants (such as sand or aluminum oxide) hold
`the fractures open. A typical stimulation treatment often
`requires several high pressure fracturing pumps operating
`simultaneously to meet pumping rate requirements.
`0006 Hydraulic-fracturing equipment typically consists
`of one or more slurry blender units, one or more chemical
`hydration units, one or more fracturing pump units (powerful
`triplex or quintuplex pumps) and a monitoring unit. Associ
`ated equipment includes fracturing tanks, one or more units
`for storage and handling of proppant and/or chemical addi
`tives, and a variety of gauges and meters monitoring flow rate,
`fluid density, and treating pressure. Fracturing equipment
`operates over a range of pressures and injection rates, and can
`reach 100 megapascals (15,000 psi) and 265 litres per second
`(9.4 cu ft/s) (100 barrels per minute).
`0007 Hydraulic fracture treatment can be monitored by
`measuring the pressure and rate during the formation of a
`hydraulic fracture, with knowledge of fluid properties and
`proppant being injected into the well. This data, along with
`knowledge of the underground geology can be used to model
`information Such as length, width and conductivity of a
`propped fracture. By monitoring the temperature and other
`parameters of the well, engineers can determine collection
`rates, and how much fracking fluid different parts of the well
`US
`0008 Diesel engines have been used as the primary driv
`ing mechanism for fracturing pumps in the past. Using diesel
`engines, however, has serious disadvantages, including the
`relative inefficiency of the internal combustion engine and the
`fact that its operation is costly. In addition, off-road diesel
`engines of the types used for hydraulic fracturing are noisy
`while pumping, limiting the areas in which they may be used.
`Also, diesel engines have many moving parts and require
`
`continuous monitoring, maintenance, and diagnostics. Ancil
`lary Subsystems are typically driven hydraulically in tradi
`tional diesel-driven systems, which also contribute to other
`operational problems.
`0009. In view of the above deficiencies, electrical motors
`for hydraulic fracturing operations potentially offer an attrac
`tive alternative. Electrical motors are lighter, have fewer mov
`ing parts, and can more easily be transported. Further, the
`control of electrical motors provides many advantages over
`traditional diesel-driven, variable gear ratio powertrains, for
`example, through more precise, continuous speed control.
`During operation, electrical motors may be controlled with
`specific speed settings and can be incremented or decre
`mented in single RPM (revolutions per minute) intervals
`without interruption. Also, automatic control operations can
`allow for the most efficient distribution of power throughout
`the entire system. The use of electrical motors obviates the
`need for Supplying diesel fuel to more traditional fracturing
`pumps, and reduces the footprint of the site, and its environ
`mental impact. Other advantages of electrical motors include,
`but are not limited to, the ability to independently control and
`operate ancillary Sub Systems.
`0010 Electrical motors are available in two main varieties,
`dependent on the methods of Voltage flow for transmitting
`electrical energy: direct current (DC) and alternating current
`(AC). With DC current, the current flow is constant and
`always in the same direction, whereas with AC current the
`flow is multi-directional and variable. The selection and uti
`lization of AC motors offers lower cost operation for higher
`power applications. In addition, AC motors are generally
`Smaller, lighter, more commonly available, and less expen
`sive than equivalent DC motors. AC motors require virtually
`no maintenance and are preferred for applications where reli
`ability is critical.
`0011 Additionally, AC motors are better suited for appli
`cations where the operating environment may be wet, corro
`sive or explosive. AC motors are better suited for applications
`where the load varies greatly and light loads may be encoun
`tered for prolonged periods. DC motor commutators and
`brushes may wear rapidly under this condition. VFD drive
`technology used with AC motors has advanced significantly
`in recent times to become more compact, reliable and cost
`effective. DC drives had a cost advantage for a number of
`years, but that has changed with the development of new
`power electronics like IGBTs (Insulated-gate bipolar tran
`sistors).
`0012 Despite the potential advantages associated with
`electrical motors of both types, and the continuing need for
`improvement, the use and control of hydraulic fracturing
`operations using electrical motors has not been Successfully
`implemented in practice.
`
`SUMMARY
`0013 This summary is provided to introduce a selection of
`concepts in a simplified form that are further described below
`in the Detailed Description. It is not intended to identify
`essential features of the invention, or to limit the scope of the
`attached claims.
`0014. In an aspect, a system for stimulating oil or gas
`production from a wellbore is disclosed, which includes a
`hydraulic fracturing pump unit having two or more fluid
`pumps, each fluid pump being driven by an alternating current
`(AC) electrical pump motor coupled to the fluid pump, and a
`variable frequency drive (VFD) controlling the electrical
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 19
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`US 2016/0258267 A1
`
`Sep. 8, 2016
`
`pump motor, an electrically powered hydraulic blender unit
`configured to provide treatment fluid to at least one of said
`one or more fluid pumps for delivery to the wellbore, wherein
`the blender unit comprises at least one AC electrical blending
`motor, and a system control unit communicating with each of
`said hydraulic fracturing pump unit and electrically powered
`hydraulic blender unit, for controlling operational parameters
`of each of the units where the system control unit is config
`ured to separately control parameters of each of the two or
`more fluid pumps of the hydraulic fracturing pump unit.
`0015. In another aspect, a system for stimulating oil orgas
`production from a wellbore is disclosed, which includes a
`hydraulic fracturing pump unit having a hydraulic fracturing
`pump driven by an electrical fracturing motor, a variable
`frequency drive (VFD) controlling the electrical fracturing
`motor, a fracturing pump blower unit driven by an electrical
`blower motor, and a fracturing pump lubrication unit com
`prising a lubrication pump driven by an electrical lubrication
`motor, and a cooling fan driven by an electrical cooling
`motor, an electrically powered hydraulic blender unit config
`ured to provide treatment fluid to the hydraulic fracturing
`pump unit for delivery to the wellbore, the blender unit com
`prising at least one electrical blending motor, and a system
`control unit including a hydraulic fracturing pump unit con
`troller configured to control the hydraulic fracturing pump
`unit; a hydraulic blender unit controller configured to control
`the hydraulic blender unit; and a hydration unit controller
`configured to control the hydration unit.
`0016. In yet another aspect, a system control unit for use
`with a system for stimulating oil or gas production from a
`wellbore is disclosed, which includes a hydraulic fracturing
`pump unit controller configured to control a hydraulic frac
`turing pump unit having one or more hydraulic fracturing
`electrical motors, the hydraulic fracturing pump unit control
`ler including a hydraulic fracturing pump controller config
`ured to control a hydraulic fracturing pump; and a hydraulic
`fracturing blower unit controller configured to control a
`hydraulic fracturing pump blower unit; and a hydraulic frac
`turing lubrication unit controller configured to control a
`hydraulic fracturing pump lubrication unit; and a hydraulic
`blender unit controller configured to control a hydraulic
`blender pump unit having one or more hydraulic blender
`electrical motors, the hydraulic blender pump unit controller
`including a blender control unit for controlling the operation
`of one or more blender units, a blender slurry power unit
`(SPU) pump control unit for controlling the operation of one
`or more blender SPU units, a blender SPU blower control unit
`for controlling the operation of one or more blender SPU
`blower units, and a blenderblower control unit for controlling
`the operation of one or more blender blower units.
`0017. In an additional aspect, a method is disclosed for
`stimulating oil or gas production from a wellbore using an
`electrically powered fracturing system includes establishing
`a data channel connecting at least one hydraulic fracturing
`unit and an electrical fracturing blender with a control unit of
`the system; controlling, using one or more variable frequency
`drives (VFDs), a plurality (Na2) of electrical fracturing
`motors powered by alternating current (AC) electricity to
`drive at least one fluid pump of the at least one hydraulic
`fracturing unit; controlling, using a VFD, at least one electri
`cal blending motor powered by alternating current (AC) elec
`tricity to produce a fracturing fluid from an electrical fractur
`ing blender, and pumping, using the at least one fluid pump
`driven by the plurality of electrical fracturing motors, a
`
`blended fracturing fluid down a wellbore located at the well
`site, where speed sets of each AC motor are controlled indi
`vidually based upon at least one of a desired set of hydraulic
`fracturing design parameters including injection rate or pres
`Sures, pressure limits established for the individual pumps;
`and measured aggregate flow rate of the pumped fluid.
`0018. Other features and aspects may be apparent from the
`following detailed description and the drawings.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`0019. The foregoing summary, as well as the following
`detailed description, will be better understood when read in
`conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of
`illustration, certain examples of the present description are
`shown in the drawings. It should be understood, however, that
`the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and
`instrumentalities shown. The accompanying drawings illus
`trate an implementation of systems, apparatuses, and meth
`ods consistent with the present description and, together with
`the description, serve to explain advantages and principles
`consistent with the invention, as defined in the attached
`claims.
`0020 FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
`hydraulic fracturing fleet layout for a well fracturing system
`using electrical motors.
`0021
`FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating an
`example of an electrical one line drawing for the overall well
`fracturing system including turbine generators, Switchgear
`modules, transformers, electrical subsystems for one or more
`fracturing pump units, and electrical Subsystems for one or
`more blender units and hydration units.
`0022 FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of an
`electrical diagram for a fracturing unit control system located
`on a fracturing trailer, truck, or skid.
`0023 FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an
`electrical diagram for a blender unit and a hydration unit
`control system located on an auxiliary trailer, truck, or skid.
`0024 FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of
`a hydraulic fracturing system for a well fracturing system
`using electrical motors.
`0025 FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of
`a fracturing pump unit for a well fracturing system using
`electrical motors.
`0026 FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example of
`a blender unit for a well fracturing system using electrical
`motorS.
`0027 FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of
`a hydration unit for a well fracturing system using electrical
`motorS.
`0028 FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
`system control unit for controlling a well fracturing system
`using electrical motors.
`0029 FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
`fracturing pump motor control state chart.
`0030 FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
`lubrication system control state chart.
`0031
`FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of
`motor blower control state chart.
`0032 FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example graph
`of AC motor efficiency as a function of rated Power output.
`0033 FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
`starter/breaker performance graph, Velocity ramp S curve
`over a 30 second time period.
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 20
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`

`US 2016/0258267 A1
`
`Sep. 8, 2016
`
`0034 FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, and 15E are algorithmic
`block diagrams illustrating examples of the operations of the
`system control unit in automatic target rate and/or automatic
`target pressure modes.
`0035. Throughout the drawings and the detailed descrip
`tion, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference
`numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements,
`features, and structures. The relative size and depiction of
`these elements may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration,
`and convenience.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`0036. The following detailed description is provided to
`assist the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of
`the methods, apparatuses, and/or systems described herein.
`Various changes, modifications, and Substantial equivalents
`of the systems, apparatuses and/or methods described herein
`will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. In certain
`cases, descriptions of well-known functions and construc
`tions have been omitted for increased clarity and conciseness.
`0037. The control of AC motors provides several advan
`tages over traditional diesel-driven, including variable gear
`ratio powertrains based on the more precise, continuous
`speed control. During operation, the described methods and
`systems enable the AC motors to be controlled with specific
`speed settings based on a specific speed input and can be
`incremented or decremented in single RPM (revolutions per
`minute) intervals without interruption.
`0038. This following description also relates to a method
`to control and monitor from a remote location the previously
`described AC motors. A wired or wireless data channel can be
`established that connects the hydraulic fracturing equipment
`to a remote monitoring and control station. The remote moni
`toring and control station may include a human machine
`interface (HMI) that allows the AC motors’ speed set points to
`be entered and transmitted such that the speed of the AC
`motors can be individually controlled. The fracturing pump
`units individual pumping rates and combined manifold pres
`sure can therefore be regulated by a remote controller oper
`ating from a distance.
`0039. In an example, the HMI may include a desktop
`computer, monitor, and keyboard, but can be extended to
`other HMI devices, such as touch enabled tablet computers
`and mobile phones. The HMI may be connected via a data
`channel to a distributed programmable automation controller
`(PAC) on each hydraulic fracturing unit. The PAC relays the
`speed set point from the operator at the HMI to a variable
`frequency drive (VFD). The VFD provides accurrent which
`turns the mechanically coupled motor and fracturing pump.
`In this example, the PAC also acts a safety device. If an unsafe
`condition is detected, for example, an over pressure event, the
`PAC can independently override the remote operator's com
`mand and take whatever action is appropriate, for example,
`shutting off the VFD,
`0040. In addition to the prime movers, additional AC
`motors provide the means for powering and controlling ancil
`lary Subsystems, such as lubrication pumps and cooling fans,
`which were conventionally driven hydraulically. The follow
`ing description also relates to control, either manually or
`automatically, of any ancillary Subsystem electric motors
`over the same data channel used to control the prime mover.
`Lubrication systems may be used in the overall operation of
`equipment in oil and gas well stimulation hydraulic fracturing
`application and the ability to independently control these
`
`systems through the use of AC motors is an advantage over
`diesel-driven engine applications.
`0041. The system supervisory control can also include a
`higher level automation layer that synchronizes the AC
`motors operation. Using this method, an operator can entera
`target injection rate and pump pressure limit, or alternatively,
`a target injection pressure and a pump rate limit, whereby an
`algorithm automatically adjusts the AC motors’ speed set
`points to collectively reach the target quantity, while not
`collectively exceeding the limit quantity. This high level auto
`mation layer can operate in either open loop or closed loop
`control modes.
`0042 FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a hydraulic fractur
`ing fleet layout for a well fracturing system using electrical
`motors. FIGS. 2A and 2B is a diagram illustrating an example
`of an electrical one line drawing for the overall well fracturing
`system.
`0043. Referring to FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B the hydraulic
`fracturing fleet includes fracturing pump unit trailers, trucks,
`or skids 20a, 20b. 20c, 20d, 20e, 20f 20g, 20h that are posi
`tioned around a well head 10. In this example, the fracturing
`fleet includes eight fracturing pump unit trailers, trucks, or
`skids 20a-20h with each of the fracturing pump unit trailers,
`trucks, or skids 20a-20h including one of the eight fracturing
`unit control systems 400a, 400b, 400c, 400d, 400e, 400?.
`400g, 400h illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Adjacent to the
`fracturing pump unit trailers, trucks or skids 20a-20h are
`transformer trailers, trucks, or skids 70a, 70b, 70c, 70d that
`are configured to change the input Voltage to a lower output
`Voltage. In this example, four transformer trailers, trucks, or
`skids 70a-70d are used and each of the transformer trailers,
`trucks, or skids 70a-70d includes a pair of the eight fracturing
`transformer units 300a,300b, 300c, 300d, 300e, 300f 300g,
`300h illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, one for each of the
`fracturing pump units 400a-400h.
`0044) Still referring to FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B, the hydraulic
`fracturing fleet further includes a pair of Switchgear trailers,
`trucks, or skids 80a, 80b. The switchgear trailers, trucks, or
`skids 80a, 80b include two switchgear modules 200a, 200b
`that are electrically connected to four turbine generators
`100a, 100b, 100c, 100d for protecting and isolating the elec
`trical equipment. The hydraulic fracturing fleet also includes
`a blender unit trailer, truck, or skid30a, a backup blender unit
`trailer, truck, or skid 30b, a hydration unit trailer, truck, or
`skid 4.0a, and a backup hydration unit trailer, truck, or skid
`40b. The motors and pumps for the blender and hydration
`units are physically on each of the respective blender and
`hydration unit trailers, truck, or skid30a,30b,40a, 40b, while
`an auxiliary trailer, truck, or skid 60 houses the two blender/
`hydration transformer units 300i, 300i and the blender/hydra
`tion control systems 500a, 500b illustrated in FIGS. 2A and
`2B. Additionally, a data van or system control center 50 is
`provided for allowing an operator to remotely control all
`systems from one location.
`0045 While a specific number of units and trailers, trucks,
`or skids and a specific placement and configuration of units
`and trailers, trucks, or skids is provided, the number and
`position of the units is not limited to those described herein.
`Further, the position of a unit on a particular trailer truck, or
`skid is not limited to the position(s) described herein. For
`example, while the blender/hydration control systems 500a,
`500b are described as being positioned on an auxiliary trailer,
`truck, or skid 60, it will be appreciated that the blender/
`hydration control systems 500a, 500b may be positioned
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1008, Page 21
`
`

`

`US 2016/0258267 A1
`
`Sep. 8, 2016
`
`directly on the respective blender and hydration unit trailers,
`trucks, or skids 30a, 30b, 40a, 40b. Accordingly, the figures
`and description of the numbers and configuration are
`intended to only illustrate preferred embodiments.
`0046 FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of an
`electrical one line drawing for a fracturing unit control system
`400a located on a fracturing pump unit trailer, truck, or skid
`20a.
`0047 Referring to FIG.3, a fracturing unit control system
`400a includes the operating mechanisms for a fracturing
`pump unit 700 (described in more detail below). The operat
`ing mechanisms for the fracturing pump unit include a vari
`able frequency drive housing that houses a first frac motor
`variable frequency drive (“VFD) 410a for driving a first frac
`motor 411a, a second frac motor VFD 410b for operating a
`second frac motor 411b, a power panel with a first connection
`412 and a second connection 417. The first connection 412 is
`connected to fracturing pump unit Subsystem control
`Switches 413 for operating fracturing pump unit Subsystems
`including first and second lubrication motors 414a, 414b, first
`and second cooler motors 415a, 415b, and first and second
`blower motors 416a, 416b. The second connection 417 is
`connected to a lighting panel 418 for operating miscellaneous
`systems including outdoor lighting, motor space heaters, and
`other units.
`0048 FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an
`electrical one line drawing for a blender/hydration control
`system 500a located on an auxiliary trailer, truck, or skid 60.
`0049 Referring to FIG.4, a blender/hydration control sys
`tem 500a includes the operating mechanisms for a blender
`unit 800 and a hydration unit 900 (described in more detail
`below). The operating mechanisms for the blender unit
`include a slurry power unit VFD 510 for operating a slurry
`power unit motor 511, a first blower control switch 512 for
`operating the blower motor 513 of the slurry power unit
`blower, a hydraulic power unit control switch 514 for oper
`ating a hydraulic power unit motor 515, and a second blower
`control switch 516 for operating the blower motor 517 of the
`hydraulic power unit blower. The operating mechanisms for
`the hydration unit include a hydraulic power unit control
`switch 518 for operating a hydraulic power unit motor 519.
`and a blower control switch 520 for operating the blower
`motor 521. In addition, the blender/hydration control system
`500a includes a connection 522 to a lighting panel 523 for
`operating miscellaneous systems including lighting, motor
`space heaters, and other units.
`0050 FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
`hydraulic fracturing system 600 for a well fracturing system
`using electrical motors and including a system control unit
`650.
`Referring to FIG. 5, the hydraulic fracturing system
`0051
`600 includes a system control unit 650, one or more hydraulic
`fracturing pump units 700, for example eight hydraulic frac
`turing pump units 700a-700h, one or more blender units 800,
`for example two blender units 800a, 800b. In a preferred
`embodiment, the system also includes one or more hydration
`units 900, for example two hydration units 900a,900b. Each
`of the fracturing pump units 700a-700h, the blender units
`800a, 800b, and the hydration units 900 may include one or
`more programmable automated controllers (PACs), a control/
`communication unit that is connected to the system control
`unit 650 via one or more data channels, preferably for bilat
`eral communication.
`
`Referring to FIG. 6, the hydraulic fracturing pump
`0.052
`unit 700 includes one or more electric motor-driven fractur
`ing pumps 710, for example two fracturing pumps 710a,
`710b. Each fracturing pump 710a, 710b may include a cor
`responding blower unit 720a, 720b and a corresponding
`lubrication unit 730a, 730b. Each of the fracturing pumps
`710a, 710b may be operated independently using a local
`control panel or from the system control unit 650. One or
`more PACs 702a, 702b may be used by the fracturing pumps
`710a, 710b and/or the blower units and lubrication units to
`communicate with the system control unit 650. The position
`ing of the PACs in FIG. 6 is for illustration purposes only, it
`will be understood that physically each PAC can be located
`proximate to the respective unit.
`0053 As described above in reference to FIG. 3, the frac
`motor 411a of a fracturing pump 710a is controlled by a frac
`VFD 410a. The control system provides a RUN/STOP signal
`to the VFD 410a to control the status of the frac motor 411a.
`The control system provides a speed request signal to the
`VFD 410a to control the speed of the frac motor 411a. The
`motor speed is displayed and can be controlled locally and
`remotely.
`0054) A normal stop