COMPILED BY HOWIE BAUM
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`BAR, QR, AND RFID CODES –OH MY !!
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`MICROSOFT 1020
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`BAR, QR, AND RFID CODES –OH MY !!
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`MICROSOFT 1020
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`tracked, or where tracking of item-specific information is necessary.
`It is especially useful in situations where vast quantities of goods must be moved or
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`tag about the item it is affixed to.
`is picked up and read by a special wireless RFID reader, conveying information from the
`shape and capabilities. The tag with its small antenna emits a radio frequency signal that
`RFIDinvolves applying RFID tags to items or boxes or pallets. Tags vary greatly in size,
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`provide a good explanation about the product, by using a QR code app on a Smart phone.
`mug, on a banner at a sales event and on all types of food and grocery products to
`QR CODES are well suited for marketing purposes, use on business cards, on a coffee
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`in retail, grocery stores, manufacturing settings, and in transportation of products.
`Barcodes have been around for decades, are versatile, and have a lot of uses —especially
`BARCODES
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`for.
`distinct differences between all 3 —and differences in the purposes they are best suited
`They offer speed, labor savings and cost savings, among other benefits.But there are
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`conveying large amounts of data in a small format.
`Barcodes, QR codes and RFID (radio frequency identification) are all systems for
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`PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION METHODS
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`that make smart use of the information embedded in the object.
`communicate with a tablet, smartphone or computer that can connect to the Web; and applications
`communication (NFC), Zigbee, radio frequency (RF) or some such method for the object to
`There are several technologies fueling the IoT –chips or codes that store information; near-field
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`gateway).
`connecting this information to the Web (generally by using a computer, tablet or smartphone as the
`through a bar code, a QR code, a chip, or a larger embedded system), and (b) there is some way of
`Simply put, the IoT is a concept where (a) there is information stored on every object (either
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`PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CODES AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
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`(cid:190)The last number is called a check digit which enables the scanner to determine if the barcode was
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`scanned correctly.
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`(cid:190)The first six numbers of the barcode is the manufacturer’s identification number. The next five digits
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`represent the item’s product code.
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`(cid:190)The most visually recognizable, the UPC (Universal Product Code) is a linear (multiple vertical lines)
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`1D barcode made up of two parts: the barcode and the 12-digit UPC number.
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`(cid:190)There are two types of barcodes: linear –or 1D, and 2D.
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`1D (1 Dimensional) VS 2D (2 Dimensional) BARCODES
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`changed to the vertical lines that we know today.
`The first design for the Bar Code was a set of concentric rings but was later
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`with cameras.
`Later application softwarebecame available for devices that could read images, such as smartphones
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`Initially, barcodes were only scanned by special optical scannerscalled barcode readers.
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`geometric patterns, called QR, matrix codesor 2D barcodes, although they do not use bars as such.
`Later, two-dimensional (2D) variants were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagonsand other
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`and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D).
`Traditional barcodes systematically represent data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines,
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`Universal Product Code
`describes something about the object that carries the barcode. The abbreviation UPC stands for
`A barcode(also bar code) is an optical, machine-readablerepresentation of data; the data usually
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`the different sizes of QR codes
`2D codes (below) and showing
`The different types of 1D and
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`
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`UPC-E
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`UPC –A
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`products marked with a UPC-A code can be sold outside the USA.
`can automatically look up the price. The UPC-A andEAN-13codes are valid worldwide, so
`The barcode identifies the manufacturer and specific product so point-of-sale cash register systems
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`encodes only 6 numerical digits.
`The UPC-A variation encodes 12 numerical digits, while UPC-E is a smaller variation that
`in the United States, but also in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and other countries.
`UPC barcodes are used to label and scan consumer goods at points of sale around the world—mainly
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`such as the UPC (Universal Product Code) and EAN (European Article Numbering) codes.
`of the parallel lines. These include some of the most traditional and well-recognized barcode types,
`One-dimensional (or 1D) barcodes systematically represent data by varying the widths and spacings
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`ONE-DIMENSIONAL (1D) BARCODE TYPES
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`Used by Federal Express, in libraries, & blood banks
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`Codabar
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`Used in the shipping and warehouse industries
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`Interleaved 2 of 5
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`Used in preference to Code 39 because it is more
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`compact
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`Based on ISBN numbers and used on book covers
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`Code 128
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`Bookland
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`Encoding zip codes on U.S. mail
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`US Intelligent Mail barcode
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`Identification, inventory, and tracking shipments
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`Code 39 (Code 3 of 9)
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`Retail stores for sales checkout; inventory, etc.
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`Uniform Product Code (UPC)
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`1D BARCODE FONT DETAILS
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`of text.
`QR codes can hold as much as 7,000 digits or 4,000 characters
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`brand’s website quickly. Easily read by smartphones.
`Common in advertising because it provides a way to access a
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`QR Code
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`and electronic components industry.
`characters in an extremely small size. Popular in healthcare
`Data MatrixIdeal for marking small items due to it’s ability to encode 50
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`secondary message. Used by the United Parcel Service.
`MaxiCodesymbols can encode two messages; a primary and a
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`Maxicode
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`also used by airlines on boarding passes.
`compressed. Used to print postage accepted by the USPS. It is
`Large amounts of text and data can be stored because it can be
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`PDF417
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`2D BARCODE FONT DETAILS
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`and unprintable computer character code which is why it is used a lot.
`Code 39 includes upper case letters, digits, and a few symbols. Code 128 includes every printable
`The UPC code used on retail products is an all-numeric code; so is the Interleaved 2 of 5 Code.
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`There are different barcode symbologies, each with its own particular pattern of bars.
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`backward.
`codes help the reader detect the barcode and figure out whether it is being scanned forward or
`Every barcode begins with a special start character and ends with a special stop character. These
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`regular characters, and sends them on to a computer or portable terminal.
`measures the relative widths of the bars and spaces, translates the different patterns back into
`photosensor to convert the barcode into electrical signals as it moves across it. The scanner then
`Each character is represented by a pattern of wide and narrow bars. A barcode scanner uses a
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`BAR CODES
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`HOW DOES A BARCODE WORK?
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`NHS –(National Health Service)
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`because so much information can be put on it.
`on the format for a Code 128 linear bar code which is one of the most popular types used
`This is a typical bar code label for First class mail, sent in the United States. It is based
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`Service can read them correctly.
`All of these barcodes have different functions and must meet certain specifications so that the Postal
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`U.S. Post Office mail sack labels also have barcodes on them.
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`services (like USPS Tracking or Registered Mail).
`There are different kinds of barcodes for different aspects of the mail, such as the purchase of extra
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`mail and tells them where to deliver your mail.
`The Postal Service uses automated equipment that reads the barcode to process and sort
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`mail delivery and represents ZIP Codes, ZIP+4 codes, and delivery addresses.
`The term "Intelligent Mail" refers to services offered by theUnited States Postal Servicefor domestic
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`barbarcodefor use onmailin theUnited States.
`envelope or on a mailing label is the Intelligent Mail Barcode(IM barcode) and is a 65-
`U.S. POST OFFICE BARCODES -The barcode that you might see at the bottom of an
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`code and the extra 4 digits afterwards.
`This diagram shows how the Intelligent mail barcode (IMB) is laid out with the zip
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`barcode representation of the delivery ZIP+4.
`2) It tells the machine if the mail piece already has a Intelligent Mail
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`to the piece.
`1 It alerts the machine as to what type of postage is (or should be) affixed
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`envelope.
`The FIM tells a key USPS processing machine two things about the
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`What Does the FIM Tells USPS Mail Processing Equipment?
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`or use a FIM.
`The USPS equipment that processes flats and packages doesnotlook for
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`applied to letter and postcard mail.
`The FIM Is for Envelopes -NotShipping Labels and should only be
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`envelope mail through the USPS system.
`This small pattern of vertical bars plays an important role in speeding your
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`processing of letter mail.
`bars on it is used by the US Postal Service (USPS) to assist in the
`usually see at the top right of an envelope, with only 5 –6 vertical
`The Facing Identification Mark (or FIM), small bar code that you
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`ON ENVELOPES
`UNDERSTANDING FIM (FACING IDENTIFICATION MARKS)
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`Intelligent Mail encoded envelope gets to them quickly so they get your money that much sooner!
`drop it in the mailbox. The billing company wins big time on this because their pre-addressed and
`You are expected to place your payment in that envelope, affix a stamp or postage meter mark, and
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`envelope as a courtesy to you.
`This type of envelope is called a courtesy reply envelope -they have provided a preaddressed
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`typically will have a small FIM A bar code on it.
`The pre-addressed envelope you receive from your water company or credit card company
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`Canceller.
`source -emit a green or red signal which can be detected by a USPS machine called a Facer
`contains a red fluorescent trace. Both materials -when excited with a short wave light
`Conventional stamps contain an invisible phosphorescent ink and red postage meter ink
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`conventional stamp or a red postage meter ink mark.
`TheFIM Ais used to designate an envelope which has a Intelligent Mail barcode and should contain a
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`There are 3 types of FIM bar codes.
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`top, showing the redder color.
`under Ultraviolet light, at the
`compared to the same stamp
`Canadian stamp at the left, as
`standard orange colored
`A good comparison of a
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`encoded reply mail.
`holder to process non-Intelligent Mail
`USPS charges much more to the permit
`You will seldom see this because the
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`barcode.
`which doesn’t have an Intelligent Mail
`AFIM Bis used for Business Reply mail
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`You can see dozens of Business Reply postcards in any magazine you pick up.
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`They are only billed for the post cards sent back to them.
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`The postage is paid by the recipient of the mail, using a permit billing system.
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`indicates that there will be no fluorescent ink to detect.
`This tells the USPS facer canceller the mail piece contains a Intelligent Mail barcode but also
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`AFIM Cis used for Business Reply mail as depicted in the figure below.
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`at the top right and the Intelligent Mail Barcode (IMB) at the lower right.
`This is the required layout of a #10 envelope, showing the locations for the small FIM bar code
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`And if you choose to celebrate it, June 26this Barcode Day !!
`
`HistoryinWashington, D.C.
`Museum of American
`theSmithsonian Institution'sNational
`This item is on display at
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`was the first one picked up.
`had barcoded items in it, but the gum
`cents.The entire shopping cart also
`TheNCRcash register rang up 67
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`first UPC scan.
`cashier Sharon Buchanan made the
`The shopper was Clyde Dawson and
`ofWrigley’sJuicy Fruitchewing gum.
`and was a 10-pack (50 sticks)
`Ohioat 8:01a.m. on June 26, 1974,
`theMarsh supermarketinTroy,
`scanned at a retail checkout was at
`The first UPC marked item ever
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`of data: numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and Kanji. They are public domain and free to use.
`readability, though they can’t be read with a laser scanner. QR codes support four different modes
`magazines and business cards. They are flexible in size, offer a high fault tolerance and have fast
`QR codesare most often used in tracking and marketing initiatives, such as advertisements,
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`QR CODE (Quick Response)
`
`barcodes include some newer barcode types, such as the QR Code and PDF417.
`and shapes. They are similar to a linear 1D barcode, but can represent more data per unit area. 2D
`Two-dimensional, (or 2D) barcodes systematically represent data using two-dimensional symbols
`Two-Dimensional (2D) Barcode Types
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`41
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`Industry: Electronics, Retail and Government
`and Government
`
`Similar to QR codes, they have high fault tolerance and fast readability.
`
`components.
`Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) recommends that they be used to label small electronic
`Their tiny footprint makes them ideal for small products in logistics and operations. In fact, the U.S.
`
`Datamatrixcodes are usually used to label small items, goods and documents.
`
`DATAMATRIX CODE
`
`42
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`
`
`Like QR codes, PDF417 barcodes are public domain and free to use.
`
`nment
`Industry:Logistics and Government
`
`other 2D barcodes.
`They can hold over 1.1 kilobytes of machine-readable data, making them much more powerful than
`
`photographs, fingerprints and signatures.
`PDF417codes are used for applications that require the storage of huge amounts of data, such as
`
`PDF417
`
`43
`
`
`
`Industry:Transportation
`
`some other 2D barcode types.
`They can also take up less space because they don’t require a surrounding blank “quiet zone,” unlike
`
`are printed poorly or presented on a phone.
`The barcodes can still be decoded even if they have bad resolution, making them useful when tickets
`
`boarding passes.
`Azteccodes are commonly used by the transportation industry, particularly for tickets and airline
`
`AZTEC
`
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`RFID (RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTICATION) TAKES MANY FORMS…
`
`50
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`
`
`4)Pet and person tagging with very small RFID chips, that are put under the skin.
`
`3)People have also been carrying access cards embedded with RFID chips to pass through turnstiles
`
`on public transport systems in many cities for sometime.
`
`2)Manufacturing sectortags may be attached to components, such as car parts in an automotive
`
`plant, which can then be tracked as they move along the production line.
`
`1)Logistics industry -RFID tags have traditionally been attached to shipping containers, so as trucks
`
`departure.
`carrying containers enter or exit the port the RFID readers at the gate would track their arrival or
`
`APPLICATIONS:
`
`unique information and attached to objects in order to track their presence and movement.
`responsive tags that can be picked up by specialized readers. Each tag can be embedded with
`An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system is made up of electromagnetically
`
`PRODUCTS, VEHICLES, AND MORE, BY READING THEM
`RFID IS THE METHOD USED TO IDENTIFY ALL KINDS OF
`
`WITH A RFID READING DEVICE OR SCANNER.
`
`51
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`
`
`supply chain level (calledsmart label tracking).
`This gives RFID tags a clear advantage when it comes to driving visibility and efficiency at the
`
`quickly as 700 products per second.
`order to be read —meaning entire pallets or truckloads of products can be read as
`Because RFID tags use radio wave technology, they don’t require direct line-of-sight in
`
`information.
`Similar to barcodes, RFID tags are commonly used to quickly retrieve product-or pallet-level
`
`pallets or even high-value equipment depending on the application.
`can be programmed into each individual RFID tag, which are then affixed to products, boxes,
`information-carrying signal. Unique information —such as a GS1 Electronic Product Code™ (EPC)—
`At its simplest level, an RFID reader sends a signal out to an RFID tag and the tag sends back an
`
`between a tag and a reader.
`WHAT ARE RFID TAGS? -RFID technology relies on radio waves to send and receive information
`
`52
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`assisted).
`Each RFID type can be either active (powered), passive (un-powered) or semi-passive (battery-
`
`and ultra-high).
`There are a variety of RFID tags on the market today, differentiated by frequency range (low, high
`
`COMPARING RFID TAG TYPES: UHF VS. HF VS. NFC VS. LF RFID
`
`54
`
`
`
`layer with a printed bar code on the top layer
`layers, that has a Passive RFID tag in a middle
`You can buy an adhesive-backed label with 3
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`passive tags. They do not broadcast like active tags.
`Reading operation is performed through Electromagnetic (EM) fields emitted from reader like
`
`Semi-active tags: Although they have their own power source, it is used to energize the chip.
`
`a)Active and b) passive RFID tag
`
`thousands of products, and in a smart building context, they could tag pretty much everything.
`retailer can tag every piece of clothing in a store; a supermarket could tag all of their tens of
`tens of dollars), a passive RFID tag only costs a few cents. These economics mean a fashion
`While the cost of basic IoT sensors has come down to a matter of dollars (smarter versions in the
`
`58
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`(less than $0.05 in 10,000+pcs volumes).
`layers of paper) and are extremely cheap
`(allowing them to be placed between
`a second). They are extremely thin
`to be read at a fast rate (10 or more times
`Passive tags have the benefit of being able
`
`information.
`‘hello world’ and its identification
`reader, powers up, and responds with
`electromagnetic energy from the card
`the vicinity. The tag gathers the
`feet, providing the energy for any tag in
`The reader emits an energy field of a few
`
`energy to run from the reader.
`use a battery; instead, they receive their
`In a passive RFID system, the tags do not
`Passive
`
`of system it is.
`The tag power system defines which type
`types of RFID systems: passive or active.
`Types of RFID Systems -There are two
`
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`(a) PASSIVE, (b) ACTIVE, AND (c) SEMI-ACTIVE RFID TAGS
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`WORK, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO RFID.
`OR NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION TO
`CHARGE, AND VISA. THE CARD USES NFC
`EMV STANDS FOR EUROPAY, MASTER
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`the battery is exhausted), increased cost per tag, and varying report rates.
`Downsides to active tags include greater bulk (because of the battery), limited life span (tag is dead when
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`An active tag can be read over much larger distances than passive tags (tens of feet).
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`this chirp.
`After a preset amount of time the tag emits an RF ‘chirp’. A reader in the vicinity can listen and hear for
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`Active -Active RFID systems include tags that have their own internal power supply for increased range.
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`Active tags possess a battery and usually have larger SMD components.
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`Identification) devices.
`(Radio Frequency
`They both work as RFID
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`throughout your vacation.
`cards allow you to travel lighter
`license. Both MagicBandsand
`plastic credit card or driver’s
`but physically resemble a
`Cards work in a similar fashion,
`
`sensor called a touch point.
`quickly and easily touch to a
`or bracelet—that you can
`wristbands—resembling a watch
`They are colorful, waterproof
`
`with”My Disney” Experience.
`choices that you’ve made
`access the plans and vacation
`that allow you to effortlessly
`are secure all-in-one devices
`World, MagicBandsand cards
`For people who go to Disney
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`71
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`wood loom. (the reading is actually for June)
`making a wool blanket while she sits at a
`May, which shows an image of a woman
`This is what the person hears for the month of
`
`then saved to a “SoundCloud” website.
`professionally read, some with sound effects, and
`The scanned QR code connects to words that were
`
`something different for each of the months.
`of the page, which is on each page, it describes
`When a person scans the QR code at the lower left
`
`Clovernook.
`women –Alice Cary, who with her sister, started
`many years ago, with poetry written by one of the
`pictures made from wood blocks of scenes from
`their 2019 calendar in an antique format, using
`The Clovernook Center for the Blind printed
`
`Visually-Impaired.
`calendar, for persons who are Blind or
`background information about a picture in a
`An interesting use of a QR code is to provide
`
`73
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`
`889746
`https://vimeo.com/24
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`Amy Goodman.
`all of the parts of 9 years of videos from the online program –“Democracy Now” that is hosted by
`For this portrait by the artist Scott Blake, a total of 2,304 QR codes were used, and each one links to
`
`Amy Goodman
`
`74
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`https://youtu.be/5-yevDAY-7U
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`AUTONOMOUS SUITCASE THAT FOLLOWS YOU, BY HAVING A WRIST BAND ON,
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`WITH RFID CONNECTIONS.
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`waves the appropriate pill container over the Hub.
`screen displays precise dosage information. To indicate that the dosage has been taken, the patient
`light and emits a tone whenever it is time for a user to take his or her pills, and its large LCD
`Once a person's medication schedule is programmed into the PillDrillwebsite, the Hub flashes a
`
`containers (pods), each with its ownRFID tagattached to its base.
`The company also offers anRFID-enabled weekly pill organizer consisting of seven removable pill
`Users can attachpassiveRFIDtags to pill bottles, pill packs and other types of medicine containers.
`
`inRFIDreader.
`The solution, also known as PillDrill, is based around a device called a Hub, which contains a built-
`
`patients manage their medications and monitor their well-being.
`A company calledPillDrilllaunched anRFID-enabled pill-dispensing system designed to help
`
`77
`
`
`
`operations.
`asset information to guide supply chain
`communications range, and delivers real-time
`It supports 400 feet (122 m) of RFID
`
`containers.
`unloading and transportation of shipping
`risk of tag damage during the loading,
`the outside, which significantly reduces the
`the low profile, external antenna casing is on
`components inside the shipping container. Only
`door-mount design places the sensitive RFID
`The ST-656’s unique C-clamp
`
`move through the global supply chain.
`monitor their shipments in real time as they
`carriers and logistics service providers to
`shipping containers that enables shippers,
`The SaviST-656 is an active RFID tag for
`
`SaviST-656-030 Active RFID tag
`
`78
`
`
`
`Wireless (WLAN)
`Storage (SAN)
`Home (HAN)
`
`Internet
`Cloud (IAN)
`Wide (WAN)
`Metropolitan (MAN)
`Backbone
`Campus (CAN)
`
`Local (LAN)
`
`Network)
`AN stand for Area
`Networks: (the letters
`communication
`different types of
`These are the
`
`Near-me (NAN)
`Personal (PAN)
`Body (BAN)
`Near-field (NFC)
`Nanoscale
`
`connections.
`be used to bootstrap more capable wireless
`low-speed connection with simple setup that can
`identity documents and keycards and offers a
`NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic
`
`sharing contacts, photos, videos or files.
`NFC is also used for social networking, for
`
`systems.
`payment to replace or supplement these
`and electronic ticket smartcards and allow mobile
`systems, similar to those used in credit cards
`NFC devices are used in contactless payment
`
`4cm (1.6in) of each other.
`financial transaction, by bringing them within
`establish communication, usually for making a
`portable device such as a smartphone, to
`electronic devices, one of which is usually a
`communication methods that enable two
`Near-field communication(NFC) is a set of
`
`79
`
`
`
`show you a product video when you walk by.
`the “Internet of Things,” transmitting their location in the warehouse or triggering your smartphone to
`These types of tags enable non-connected objects, like boxes or clothing, to become an active part of
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`into more and more items.
`barcodes, is the incorporation of radio tags, like RFID or increasingly NFC tags, being incorporated
`RFID and NFC(Near Field Communication), the third rapidly rising trend we are seeing in the future of
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`80
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`As scanner technology continues to evolve, there will be less need and demand for 1D barcodes.
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`itself.
`the way we traditionally think aboutbarcodes, because the entire object becomes scan-able by
`Photo recognition is becoming a large scale reality has a fantastic potential application in replacing
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`NEW CONCEPTS IN PROTECTIVE PACKAGING
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`81
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`/watch?v=jdpIBK7BsSo
`https://www.youtube.com
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