8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
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`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS
`
`MPEG-DASH vs.
`Apple HLS vs.
`Microsoft Smooth
`Streaming vs.
`Adobe HDS
`
`All existing adaptive HTTP streaming technologies,
`such as the proprietary Adobe HTTP Dynamic
`Streaming (HDS), Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS),
`Microsoft Smooth Streaming (MSS), and the only
`international standardized solution MPEG Dynamic
`Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) follow
`nearly the same principle
`
`Written by:
`Christopher Mueller
`March 29th, 2015
`
`HTML5 Player
`
`Stream Adaptive Video
`in any Browser on
`any Device
`
`All existing adaptive HTTP streaming technologies, such as the proprietary Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS),
`Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Microsoft Smooth Streaming (MSS), and the only international standardized
`solution MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) follow nearly the same principle.
`
`The basic idea is to generate multiple versions of the same content (e.g., dierent bitrates or spatial resolutions) and
`chop these versions into segments (e.g., two seconds).The segments are provided on a web server and can be
`downloaded through HTTP standard compliant GET requests. Typically, the relationship between the dierent versions
`is described by a manifest, which is provided to the client prior to the streaming session. The manifest represents the
`dierent qualities of the media content and the individual segments of each quality with HTTP Uniform Resource
`Locators (URLs). This structure provides the binding of the segments to the bitrate (resolution, etc.) among others (e.g.,
`start time, duration of segments). As a consequence each client will rst request the manifest that contains the
`temporal and structural information for the media content and based on that information it will request the individual
`segments that t best for its requirements.
`
`The adaptation to the bitrate or spatial resolution is done on the client side for each segment, e.g., the client can
`switch to a higher bitrate – if bandwidth permits – on a per segment basis, or to a lower bitrate – if bandwidth
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`1/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 1
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`

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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`
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`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`decreases. This has several advantages because the client knows its capabilities like the received throughput, delay,
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`device capabilities (e.g., screen resolution), etc. best.
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`Adaptive Streaming Feature Comparison
`
`The following table shows a feature comparison of the proprietary adaptive streaming technologies Adobe HTTP
`Dynamic Streaming (HDS), Apple HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Microsoft Smooth Streaming (MSS), and the MPEG
`Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) standard. Please note that this comparison is based on the
`standard’s capabilities, and not reecting the specic implementation from a certain vendor.
`
`Feature
`
`Adobe HDS
`
`Apple HLS
`
`Microsoft
`Smooth
`
`MPEG–DASH
`
`Deployment on Ordinary HTTP
`Servers
`
`Ocial International Standard (e.g.,
`ISO/IEC MPEG)
`
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`2/10
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`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 2
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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`
`Multiple Audio Channels (e.g.,
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`Languages, Comments, etc.)
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`Flexible Content Protection with
`Common Encryption (DRM)
`
`Closed Captions / Subtitles
`
`Ecent Ad Insertion
`
`Fast Channel Switching
`
`Protocol Support’s multiple CDNs in
`parallel
`
`HTML5 Support
`
`Support in HbbTV (version 1.5)
`
`HEVC Ready (UHD/4K)
`
`Agnostic to Video Codecs
`
`Agnostic to Audio Codecs
`
`ISO Base Media File Format
`Segments
`
`MPEG-2 TS Segments
`
`Segment Format Extensions beyond
`MPEG
`
`Support for multiplexed (Audio +
`Video) Content
`
`Support for non-multiplexed
`(separate Audio, Video) Content
`
`Denition of Quality Metrics
`
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`3/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 3
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`

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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`
`Client Logging & Reporting
`ENCODING PLAYER
`
`Client Failover
`
`Remove and add Quality Levels
`during Streaming
`
`Multiple Video Views
`
`Ecient Trick Modes
`
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`PRICING
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`MORE
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`Deployment on Standard HTTP Servers
`
`MPEG-DASH and also Apple HLS can be used with ordinary HTTP-Servers such as Apache, Nginx, IIS, etc. Adobe as well
`as Microsoft are using server side mechanisms that need additional logic on the server.
`
`Ocial International Standard
`
`MPEG-DASH is an international standard, ratied in 2012 and currently adopted by
`YouTube, Netix, etc. Several members of dierent companies such as Microsoft,
`Adobe, Apple, Samsung, Akamai, Cisco, Dolby, Ericsson, Harmonic, Qualcomm,
`Netix, Intel, bitmovin, InterDigital, etc. have contributed to the standardization. The
`Apple HLS IETF Internet-Draft *) is driven by one company that is able to change its
`direction from one day to another. Furthermore, Apple has made no eorts since
`May 2009 to move the HLS IETF Internet Draft to an international IETF standard.
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`4/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 4
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`

`

`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`*) Internet Draft: Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated,
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`replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. Internet-Drafts have no formal status, and are subject to
`change or removal at any time; therefore they should not be cited or quoted in any formal document.
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`Multiple Audio Channels
`
`Switching between multiple audio channels is especially important for multi language content. MPEG-DASH supports
`this feature as well as Apple HLS and Microsoft Smooth Streaming.
`
`Flexible Content Protection with Common Encryption
`
`MPEG Common Encyrption (CENC) allows content encrypted once to be compatible with multiple DRM systems. This is
`possible, as nearly every DRM system supports AES as content encryption method and only the license key exchange
`between the client and the server is dierent.
`
`Closed Captions / Subtitles
`
`All formats support closed captions or subtitles. Usually they are referenced in the manifest and stored as individual
`le, e.g., in WebVTT format.
`
`Ecient Ad Insertion
`
`Ad insertion is possible in all formats through chunk substitution. This means that individual chunks of the original
`video will simply be replaced by chunks that contain advertisements. MPEG-DASH enables through Periods a
`standardized interface that enables ad insertion in an ecient way. Which means that still ordinary HTTP servers can
`be used and no additional, proprietary logic is required to redirect requests for specic chunks to chunks that contain
`the advertisement.
`
`Fast Channel Switching
`
`Fast channel switching is a feature that is directly related to the chunk size. As smaller chunks allow faster channel
`change times than bigger chunks. Apple HLS typically uses 10 second chunks and is optimized for that chunk size.
`Adobe, Microsoft as well as MPEG-DASH are designed to work with 2 and 4 seconds chunks that allow faster channel
`change. Additionally the overhead of the MP4 format used in MPEG-DASH and Microsoft has signicantly lower
`overhead than the MPEG-2 Transport Stream (MP2TS) format used in Apple HLS. The tradeo between large and small
`chunk sizes is that, small chunks sizes enable fast channel switching, reducing startup latency for some systems (some
`players start the playback only if they have received the rst chunk fully), and allow a more exible adaptation
`behavior. On the other side small chunk sizes reduce coding eciency as Group of Pictures (GOP) need to be smaller
`and therefore the codec can probably not fully take benet of more temporal redundancies when larger GOPs are also
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`5/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 5
`
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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`allowed. Additionally, decreasing the chunk size introduces overhead on the network layer as every chunk needs to be
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`requested through HTTP, and therefore the protocol overhead gets introduced for each chunk.
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`Support multiple CDNs in parallel
`
`Using multiple CDNs is possible with all formats. But only MPEG-DASH oers through BaseURLs on MPD level a
`signaling mechanism for the client that multiple CDNs are in use. The client application is therefore able to select the
`CDN that ts best, i.e., the CDN that gives the best performance in the network of the individual client. Moreover, all
`formats that can not be deployed on ordinary HTTP servers such as Adobe HDS and Microsoft Smooth Streaming are
`more costly because the require specialized CDN features.
`
`HTML5 Support
`
`MPEG-DASH can utilize the HTML5 Media Source Extensions (MSE) to enable native playback in browsers.
`
`Support in HbbTV (version 1.5 and 2.0)
`
`MPEG-DASH is the ocial streaming format used in the HbbTV 1.5 and 2.0
`specication.
`
`Agnostic to Video Codecs
`
`MPEG-DASH is agnostic to video codecs and can be used with several video
`codecs such as, H.264/AVC, H.265/HEVC, MPEG-2 Video, VP8, VP9, etc.
`
`Agnostic to Audio Codecs
`
`MPEG-DASH is agnostic to audio codecs and can be used with several audio
`
`codecs such as, MP3, AAC, etc.
`
`ISO Base Media File Format Segments
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`6/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 6
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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`MPEG-DASH, Microsoft and Adobe can use ISO Base Media File Format based segments, e.g., MP4, that has a
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`signicant lower overhead than MPEG-2 TS segments used by Apple HLS.
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`MPEG-2 TS Segments
`
`MPEG-DASH and Apple HLS can use MPEG-2 TS format segments that have a signicant higher overhead than ISO
`Base Media File Format based segments. MPEG-2 TS consists of packets with 188 bytes in size, where each packet has
`headers with a varying size of 4 to 12 bytes. Therefore, they overhead caused by these headers increases
`proportionally with the segment size, which means that relative overhead does not tend to zero with increasing
`bitrates. Moreover, each MPEG-2 TS stream consists of several other data beside audio and video, such as Program
`Association Tables that introduce additional overhead. Additionally, audio and video streams are encapsulated in
`Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) which introduces an extra overhead per audio sample or video frame.
`
`HEVC Ready (UHD/4K)
`
`MPEG-DASH is agnostic to video codecs and could be used with HEVC and 4K content encoded with H.265/HEVC or
`H.264/AVC.
`
`Segment Format Extensions beyond MPEG
`
`MPEG-DASH supports also container formats beyond MPEG such as
`WebM.
`
`Support for multiplexed (Audio + Video) Content
`
`Adobe HDS, Apple HLS v6 and MPEG-DASH can be used with
`multiplexed audio video content, which means that audio and video
`elementary streams are packaged in one and the same segment.
`
`Support for non-multiplexed (separate Audio, Video) Content
`
`Apple HLS v8, MSS and MPEG-DASH can be used with separate audio video content.
`
`Denition of Quality Metrics
`
`MPEG-DASH denes quality metrics in the standard that enable the client to send specic reports about usage
`behavior, stalls, playback start, stop, etc. to a dened server.
`
`Client Logging & Reporting
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`7/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 7
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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
`The quality metrics interface dened in the standard can be used to gather information from several dierent client
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`vendors in the same way and enable universal reporting and client logging.
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`Client Failover
`
`MPEG-DASH enables through BaseURLs that are also used to signal dierent CDNs client failover mechanisms, as one
`client can possible choose several dierent locations to download a segment. A similar approach is available with
`Apple HLS using failover URLs, but the MPEG-DASH specication enables in that case more exibility and more
`sophisticated use cases.
`
`Remove and add Quality Levels during Streaming
`
`MPEG-DASH enables through Periods the dynamic insertion and deletion of quality representations during the
`streaming, with seamless handover at the client side.
`
`Multiple Video Views
`
`MPEG-DASH enables through AdaptationSets multiple views in one and the same MPD and the client can seamlessly
`choose between this view angles during the streaming. For example a Formula 1 use case that has three camera
`perspectives would have three AdaptationSets that contain the Representations of the specic view angle. The client
`could then switch between these AdaptationSets which will present a dierent perspective for the user. Inside of an
`AdaptationSet (perspective) the client can adapt based on the Representations that are available in the AdaptationSet
`to the bandwidth conditions or the user context (device).
`
`Ecient Trick Modes
`
`MPEG-DASH enables trough AdaptationSets ecient trick modes as one can add specic Representations that contain
`only I Frames to pretend fast forward and backward.
`
`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`8/10
`
`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 8
`
`

`

`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
`
`Conclusion
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`While from a feature perspective MPEG-DASH oers nearly everything it is still a very young standard and not many
`encoders or players have implemented all of this features. But soon or later there will be broad support available. If
`you want to test MPEG-DASH you can use the Bitmovin encoding service. We oer a free plan with 2.5GB encoding
`output per month. That’s great for testing MPEG-DASH and generating some content to play around.
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
`
`9/10
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`Genius Sports Ex. 1041
`p. 9
`
`

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`8/7/24, 1:34 PM
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`MPEG-DASH vs. Apple HLS vs. Microsoft Smooth Streaming vs. Adobe HDS - Bitmovin
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`https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215142/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-dash-vs-apple-hls-vs-microsoft-smooth-streaming-vs-adobe-hds/
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