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`
`ITU-T Recommendation G.9960
`Draft generation home Networking transceivers
`
`Table of contents
`
`Summary
`Keywords
`Introduction
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`
`5.1
`5.1.1
`5.1.1.1
`5.1.1.2
`5.1.1.3
`5.1.2
`5.1.3
`5.1.4
`5.1.5
`5.1.6
`5.1.6.1
`5.1.6.2
`5.1.7
`5.2
`5.2.1
`5.2.2
`5.2.2.1
`5.2.2.1.1
`5.2.2.1.2
`5.2.2.1.3
`5.2.2.1.4
`5.2.2.1.5
`5.2.2.1.6
`5.2.2.2
`5.2.2.3
`5.2.3
`
`6
`7
`
`7.1
`7.1.1
`7.1.2
`7.1.2.1
`7.1.2.2
`
`............................................................................................................ 4
`............................................................................................................ 4
`............................................................................................................ 4
`Scope .................................................................................................. 4
`References .......................................................................................... 4
`Definitions .......................................................................................... 5
`Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 9
`HN architecture and reference models ............................................... 10
`HN architecture and topology ............................................................ 10
`HN Domains ....................................................................................... 11
`General rules of operation .................................................................. 11
`Modes of operation ............................................................................ 12
`Relationship between domain and medium ....................................... 14
`Domain master functionality and node parameters ............................ 16
`Global master function ....................................................................... 17
`Quality of service (QoS) .................................................................... 18
`Security .............................................................................................. 19
`Inter-domain bridging ........................................................................ 20
`End-to-end QoS for multi-domain connections ................................. 22
`Security in multi-domain connections .............................................. 22
`Low power modes .............................................................................. 22
`Reference models ............................................................................... 23
`Protocol reference model of HN transceiver.. .................................... 23
`Interfaces - functional description ...................................................... 25
`A-interface .......................................................................................... 25
`AIF DATA.REQ ............................................................................... 25
`AIF DATA.CNF ............................................................................... 26
`AIF DATA.IND ................................................................................ 26
`AIF CTRL.REQ ................................................................................ 26
`AIF CTRL.CNF ................................................................................ 27
`AIF CTRL.IND ................................................................................. 27
`Medium-Independent Interface (MII) ................................................ 27
`Medium-dependent interface (MDI) .................................................. 28
`Functional model of an HN transceiver ............................................. 28
`Profiles ............................................................................................... 29
`Physical layer specification ................................................................ 30
`Media independent specification ........................................................ 30
`Functional model of the PHY ............................................................ 30
`Physical coding sub-layer (PCS) ........................................................ 31
`PHY frame ......................................................................................... 31
`MPDU mapping ................................................................................. 32
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`PHY-frame header ............................................................................. 32
`7.1.2.3
`7.1.2.3.1 Commonpartfields ............................................................................ 33
`7.1.2.3.1.4 Destination ID (DID) ......................................................................... 34
`7 .1.2.3.1.5 Multicast Indication (MI) ................................................................... 34
`7.1.2.3.1.7 Duration .............................................................................................. 34
`7 .1.2.3.2 Variable part specific fields ................................................................ 35
`Physical medium attachment (PMA) sub-layer ................................. 42
`7.1.3
`Scrambling ......................................................................................... 43
`7.1.3.1
`FEC encoding ..................................................................................... 43
`7.1.3.2
`7.1.3.2.1 Encoder .............................................................................................. 45
`7.1.3.2.2 FEC encoding parameters .................................................................. 47
`7.1.3.3
`Payload encoding ............................................................................... 47
`7 .1.3.3.1
`Payload repetition encoding ............................................................... 48
`7.1.3.4
`Header encoder. .................................................................................. 51
`7.1.3.5
`Segmentation into symbol frames ...................................................... 51
`7 .1.3.5.1
`Payload segmentation ......................................................................... 52
`7.1.3.5.2 Header segmentation .......................................................................... 52
`7.1.3.6
`Probeframe ........................................................................................ 52
`7 .1.4
`Physical medium dependent (PMD) sub-layer .................................. 52
`7.1.4.1
`Sub-carrier spacing and logical indexing ........................................... 53
`7.1.4.2
`ToneMapper ...................................................................................... 54
`7 .1.4.2.1
`Summary of sub-carrier types ............................................................ 54
`7.1.4.2.5
`Special mappings ............................................................................... 57
`7.1.4.2.6 Modulation of unloaded sub-carriers ................................................. 57
`7.1.4.3
`Constellation Encoder ........................................................................ 58
`7 .1.4.3.1 Constellation mapping ....................................................................... 58
`7 .1.4.3.2 Constellation point scaling ................................................................. 62
`7.1.4.3.3 Constellation Scrambler ..................................................................... 63
`7.1.4.4
`OFDM modulator ............................................................................... 64
`7.1.4.4.1
`IDFT ................................................................................................... 65
`7.1.4.4.2 Cyclic extension and OFDM symbol.. ............................................... 65
`7 .1.4.4.3
`Symbol Timing ................................................................................... 66
`7 .1.4.4.4 Windowing, overlap and add ............................................................. 67
`7 .1.4.4.5 Frequency up-shift ............................................................................. 68
`7 .1.4.4.6 Output signal ...................................................................................... 68
`7.1.4.5
`Preamble ............................................................................................. 69
`7.1.4.5.1 General preamble structure ................................................................ 69
`7.1.4.5.2 Preamble generation ........................................................................... 70
`7.1.4.6
`PMD control parameters .................................................................... 72
`7.1.4.7
`Symbol boost. ..................................................................................... 73
`7.1.5
`TransmitPSDMask ........................................................................... 74
`7 .1. 5 .1
`Sub-carrier masking (notching) .......................................................... 7 4
`PSD ceiling ......................................................................................... 74
`7.1.5.2
`PSD shaping ....................................................................................... 74
`7.1.5.3
`7.1.5.4
`Notching oflnternational Amateur radio bands ................................. 75
`Media dependent specification ........................................................... 75
`Physical layer specification over phone lines .................................... 75
`Control parameters ............................................................................. 75
`Preamble ............................................................................................. 76
`Default preamble structure ................................................................. 76
`
`7.2
`7.2.1
`7.2.1.1
`7.2.1.2
`7.2.1.2.1
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`PSD mask specifications .................................................................... 77
`7 .2.1.3
`99
`Physical layer specification over power lines .................................... 79
`7.2.2
`100
`Control parameters ............................................................................. 79
`7.2.2.1
`101
`Preamble ............................................................................................. 80
`7.2.2.2
`102
`7 .2.2.2.1 Default preamble structure ................................................................. 80
`103
`7.2.2.3
`PSD mask specifications .................................................................... 81
`104
`7.2.3
`Physical layer specification over coax ............................................... 83
`105
`7.2.3.1
`Control parameters ............................................................................. 83
`106
`7.2.3.2
`Preamble ............................................................................................. 84
`107
`7.2.3.2.1 Default preamble structure ................................................................. 84
`108
`7.2.3.3
`PSD mask specifications .................................................................... 85
`109
`7 .2.3.4
`Coexistence on coax ........................................................................... 89
`110
`7 .2.4
`Transmitter EVM Requirements ........................................................ 89
`111
`112 Annex A - Regional requirements for North America ............................................................ 90
`113 Annex C - Regional requirements for Japan ........................................................................... 91
`114
`C.1
`Scope .................................................................................................. 91
`115
`C.2
`Media dependent specification ........................................................... 91
`116
`C.2.1
`Physical layer specification over phonelines ..................................... 91
`117
`C.2.2
`Physical layer specification over powerlines ..................................... 91
`118
`C.2.2.1
`Frequency use for powerlines ............................................................ 91
`119
`C.2.3
`Physical layer specification over coax ............................................... 91
`120
`C.2.3.1
`Bandplan ............................................................................................ 91
`121
`C.2.3.2
`Transmitter EVM Requirements for RF coax .................................... 92
`122 Annex D - International Amateur radio bands ........................................................................ 93
`123 Appendix I: Consideration of Domains Comprising Multiple Wire Classes ........................... 94
`124 Appendix II: Examples ofHN topologies ................................................................................ 96
`125 Appendix III: Spectral usage .................................................................................................... 101
`126
`III.I
`Scope .................................................................................................. 101
`127
`III.2
`Spectral usage in Japan ...................................................................... 101
`128
`III.2.1
`Frequency allocation for coax ............................................................ 101
`129
`III.2.1.1
`Terrestrial broadcast signal mapped to coax cable ............................. 101
`130
`III.2.1.2
`Broadcast Satellite (BS) and Communication Satellite (CS) signal
`131
`mapped to coax cable ......................................................................... 102
`III.2.1.3
`132
`CATV services on coax cable ............................................................ 103
`III.2.2
`133
`Frequency allocation for phone line ................................................... 104
`III.2.3
`134
`Frequency allocation for power line .................................................. 104
`III.2.4
`135
`Bibliography ....................................................................................... 104
`136 Appendix IV - Priority Mapping .............................................................................................. 106
`137
`
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`ITU-T Draft Recommendation G.9960
`
`Next generation wireline based home networking transceivers - Foundation
`
`138
`
`139
`
`140
`
`Summary
`
`141
`This Foundation Recommendation specifies basic characteristics of next generation home
`142
`networking transceivers capable of operating over premises wiring including inside telephone
`143 wiring, coaxial cable, and power line wiring, and combinations of these, at data rates up to 1
`144
`gigabit/second. The specification includes a description of the home network architecture and
`145
`reference models along with major aspects of the transceiver physical layer specification. A future
`146
`version of this Recommendation will include the data link layer and regional Annexes to complete
`14 7
`the transceiver specification.
`
`148 Keywords
`
`149
`
`<Optional>
`
`150
`
`151
`152
`153
`154
`155
`156
`157
`
`158
`
`159
`160
`161
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`162
`
`163
`
`164
`165
`
`166
`
`Introduction
`
`This Foundation Recommendation specifies basic characteristics of home networking transceivers
`capable of operating over premises wiring including inside telephone wiring, coaxial cable, and
`power line wiring, and combinations of these. The transceivers defined by this specification provide
`the data rate and quality of service necessary for triple-play residential services as well as business-
`type services delivered over xDSL, PON, or other access technology. The transceivers use OFDM
`type of modulation and are designed to provide EMC and spectral compatibility of home
`networking transmission with VDSL2 and other types of DSL used to access the home.
`
`1
`
`Scope
`
`This Foundation Recommendation specifies basic characteristics of home networking transceivers
`designed for the transmission of data over in-premises networks operating over phoneline,
`powerline or coax.
`
`Specifically, this Recommendation defines:
`•
`
`the home network architecture and reference models;
`
`•
`
`major aspects of the physical layer specification (PCS, PMA and PMD), including PSD
`limit masks;
`
`These devices are intended to be compatible with other devices sharing the in-premises wiring.
`
`167 Additionally, the Recommendation provides for spectrum notching for compatibility with Amateur
`168
`radio services.
`
`169 A future version of this Recommendation will specify the data link layer, including APC, LLC and
`170 MAC.
`
`171
`
`2
`
`References
`
`172
`173
`174
`17 5
`
`The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions, which, through
`reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the
`editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision;
`users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
`
`

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`
`17 6 most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the
`177
`currently valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published.
`178
`The reference to a document within this Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone
`179
`document, the status of a Recommendation.
`180
`[1] ITU-T Recommendation X.1035 (2007), Password-authenticated key exchange (PAK) protocol
`
`181
`
`3
`
`192
`193
`194
`
`Definitions
`182
`This Recommendation defines the following terms:
`183
`184 Alien domain: any group of non-HN nodes connected to the same medium or operating in a close
`185
`proximity. Alien domains can interfere with HN domains. The bridging function to an alien domain,
`186
`as well as coordination with an alien domain to avoid mutual interference is beyond the scope of
`187 G.9960.
`188
`NOTE - HN nodes see interference from an alien domain as a generic external
`189
`noise and deals with it accordingly. An example of an alien domain could be the
`190
`in-home part of the access network or any non-HN home network operating over
`191
`the same wires or other type of media.
`Bridge to alien domain/network: an application device implementing an L2 or L3 bridging
`function to interconnect an HN node to a node of an alien domain (or alien network). Bridging to
`alien domains/networks is beyond the scope of G.9960.
`Broadcast: a type of communication where a node sends the same packet simultaneously to all
`195
`other nodes in the network or in the domain (domain broadcast).
`196
`197 Centralized (CTR): a type of communication within a domain in which an HN node can
`198
`communicate with other HN nodes through a relay node. The relay node receives a signal from the
`199 HN node and further forwards it to the addressee nodes.
`200 Channel: a transmission path between G.9960 nodes. One channel is considered to be one
`201
`transmission path. Logically a channel is an instance of communications medium used for the
`202
`purpose of passing data between two or more nodes.
`203 Client: an application entity distinguished in the network by its unique address (e.g., MAC
`204
`address).
`205 Client association Table (CAT): a table that associates a Client address with a G.9960
`206
`node through which this client can be reached from within the domain.
`207 Coding overhead: a part of the overhead used to carry the coding redundancy (such as redundancy
`208
`bits of error correction coding or CRC).
`209 Crosstalk: disturbance (including packet collision) introduced by or due to operation of alien
`210
`networks or other (independent) G.9960 networks.
`Data: bits or bytes transported over the medium or via a reference point that individually convey
`211
`information. Data includes both user (application) data and any other auxiliary information
`212
`( overhead, including control, management, etc.). Data does not include bits or bytes that, by
`213
`themselves, do not convey any information, such as frame alignment bits or preamble.
`214
`215 Data packet (packet): an ordered group of bits or bytes with start and stop delimiters.
`
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`216 Data rate: the average number of data elements (bits, bytes, packets or frames) communicated
`217
`(transmitted) in a unit of time. Depending on the data element, data bit rate, data byte rate, data
`packet rate, and symbol frame rate may be used. The usual unit of time for data rate is 1 second.
`218
`219 Device ID: a unique identifier allocated to a G.9960 node operating in the network by the domain
`220 master after registration.
`Domain: a part of a home network comprising all those G.9960 nodes that can communicate,
`221
`222
`interfere, or both with each other directly at the physical layer. There is no interference between
`223
`different domains of the same home network ( except crosstalk between closely routed wires).
`224 Domain access point: The unique relay node in centralized mode (CM) through which all nodes
`225
`communicate.
`226 Domain ID: a unique identifier of a G.9960 domain.
`227 Domain master (DM): node of a domain managing ( coordinating) all other nodes of the same
`228
`domain (i.e., assign bandwidth resources and manage priorities). Only one active domain master is
`229
`allowed in a domain, and all nodes within a domain are managed ( coordinated) by a single domain
`230 master. If a domain master fails, another node of the same domain, capable of operating as a domain
`231 master, should pick up the function of the domain master.
`Flow: a uni-directional stream of data between two G.9960 nodes related to a specific application
`232
`and/or characterized by a specific set of performance and traffic parameters (e.g. QoS parameters,
`233
`latency, jitter, PLR).
`234
`Flow ID: a unique identifier allocated to a flow within a domain.
`235
`236 Global master (GM): a function that provides coordination between different HN domains (such
`237
`as communication resources, priority setting, policies of domain masters, and crosstalk mitigation).
`238 A GM may also convey management functions initiated by the remote management system (e.g.
`239
`TR-69) to support broadband access. The GM is an optional function.
`240 Guard interval: the time interval intended to mitigate corruption of data carried by the symbol due
`241
`to ISI from the preceding symbols. In OFDM, the guard interval is implemented as a cyclic
`242
`extension ( cyclic prefix and/or cyclic suffix).
`243 Hidden node: a node that can't communicate directly with some other nodes within a domain.
`
`244
`245
`246
`24 7
`248
`
`NOTE - A hidden node may be able to communicate with another node or with a
`domain master using a relay node. A node that is hidden from a domain master
`uses a relay node as a proxy to communicate with the domain master.
`Inter-domain bridge: a bridging function above the physical layer to interconnect HN nodes of
`two different HN domains.
`Jitter: a measure of the latency variation above and below of the mean latency value. The
`249
`250 maximum jitter is defined as the maximum latency variation above and below the mean latency
`251
`value.
`Latency: a measure of the delay from the instant when the last bit of a packet has been transmitted
`through the assigned reference point of the transmitter protocol stack to the instant when a whole
`packet reaches the assigned reference point of receiver protocol stack. Mean and maximum latency
`estimations are assumed to be calculated on the 99th percentile of all latency measurements. If
`retransmission is set for a specific flow, retransmission time is a part of latency for the protocol
`reference points above MAC.
`Line data rate: the data rate at the MDI reference point of the transceiver reference model. This is
`the net data rate plus the overhead rate.
`
`252
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`
`

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`- 7 -
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`Logical (functional) interface: an interface in which the semantic, syntactic, and symbolic
`260
`attributes of information flows are defined. Logical interfaces do not define the physical properties
`261
`of signals used to represent the information. It is defined by a set of primitives.
`262
`263 Management overhead: a part of the overhead used for management purposes (such as network
`264
`discovery, channel estimation, acknowledge, establishing and tearing the flow).
`265 Medium: a wire-line facility, of a single wire class, allowing physical connection between network
`266
`nodes (see Appendix I for medium composed of multiple wire classes). Nodes connected to the
`267
`same medium may communicate on the physical layer, and may interfere with each other unless
`268
`they use orthogonal signals (e.g., different frequency bands).
`269 Multicast: a type of communication when a node sends the same packet simultaneously to one or
`270 more other nodes in the network (the addresses could be both inside and outside the domain).
`Net data rate: the data rate available at the A-interface of the transceiver reference model.
`271
`272 Node (network node): any home network device that contains a transceiver. An HN node is any
`273
`network device that contains a G.9960 transceiver.
`274 Operation modes of a domain:
`- peer-to-peer mode (PM): a mode of domain operation in which all HN nodes use only PP
`275
`276
`type of communication with other nodes (without relay nodes). In peer-to-peer mode, no
`277
`relay nodes are allowed.
`- centralized mode (CM): a mode of domain operation in which all HN nodes use CTR
`type of communication with a single relay node. In centralized mode, only one relay node is
`allowed and it is known as the domain access point (DAP).
`NOTE - A DAP is likely to serve also as a Domain Master
`- unified mode (UM): a mode of domain operation in which all nodes within a domain
`communicate using PP or CTR type of communication, as necessary, while some of the
`relay nodes may have additional functionalities. Unified mode can be used to support hidden
`nodes. In unified mode, more than one relay node is allowed.
`
`278
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`281
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`282
`283
`284
`285
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`289
`290
`291
`292
`293
`294
`
`NOTE - In UM, there is no domain access point defined.
`286
`287 Overhead rate: a part of the line data rate used to support network operation. It includes
`288
`transmission overhead, management overhead, and coding overhead.
`Packet error ratio (PER): a ratio of the number of errored packets received to the total number of
`received packets. The PER can be used for the total stream of packets ( aggregated PER) and for any
`of its tributary packet flows (PER per flow).
`Packet loss ratio (PLR): a ratio of the number of lost packets to the total number of received
`packets. The PLR can be used for the total stream of packets (aggregated PLR) and for any of its
`tributary packet flows (PLR per flow).
`Passband: the portion of the frequency spectrum that is allowed to be used for transmission. The
`passband may consist of multiple, disjoint portions of the frequency spectrum.
`Peer-to-peer (PP): a type of communication within a domain in which direct signal traffic is
`established between HN nodes with no relay nodes.
`Physical interface: an interface defined in terms of physical properties of the signals used to
`represent the information transfer. A physical interface is defined by signal parameters like power
`(power spectrum density), timing, and connector type.
`
`297
`298
`299
`300
`301
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`295
`296
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`

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`
`302
`303
`304
`305
`
`Primitives: basic measures of quantities obtained locally or reported by other nodes of the domain.
`Performance primitives are basic measurements of performance-related quantities, categorized as
`events, anomalies and defects. Primitives may also be basic measures of other quantities ( e.g., ac or
`battery power).
`Priority: a value assigned to the specific packet(s) that determines the relative importance of
`306
`transmitting packet(s) during the upcoming opportunity to use the medium.
`307
`308 Quality of service (QoS): a set of quality requirements on the communications in the network.
`309
`Support of QoS refers to mechanisms that can provide different priority to different flows, or can
`310
`guarantee a measurable level of performance to a flow based on a set of QoS parameters.
`311 Reference point: a location in a signal flow, either logical or physical, that provides a common
`312
`point for observation and or measurement of the signal flow.
`313 Registration: the process used by a G.9960 node to join the domain.
`314 Relay node: an HN node acting as an intermediary node, through which other nodes of the same
`315
`domain can pass their signal traffic ( data, control, or management) in either direction of
`316
`transmission.
`317 Residential Gateway: a device providing, among other functions, bridging between the access
`318
`network and the home network. Residential gateways are out of scope of G.9960.
`Stop band: the portion of the frequency spectrum that is not allowed for transmission.
`319
`Sub-carrier (OFDM sub-carrier): the center frequency of each OFDM sub-channel onto which
`bits may be modulated for transmission over the sub-channel.
`Sub-carrier spacing: the difference between frequencies of any two adjacent OFDM sub-carriers.
`Sub-channel (OFDM sub-channel): a fundamental element of OFDM modulation technology.
`323
`The OFDM modulator partitions the channel bandwidth into a set of parallel sub-channels.
`324
`Symbol (OFDM symbol): a fixed time-unit of an OFDM signal carrying one or more bits of data.
`325
`326 An OFDM symbol consists of multiple sine-wave signals or sub-carriers, each modulated by certain
`327
`number of data bits and transmitted during the fixed time called symbol period.
`Symbol frame: A frame composed of bits of a single OFDM symbol period. Symbol frames are
`328
`329
`exchanged over the 8-reference point between the PMA and PMD sub-layers of the PHY.
`Symbol rate: the rate, in symbols per second, at which OFDM symbols are transmitted by a node
`330
`onto a medium. Symbol rate is calculated only for time periods of continuous transmission.
`331
`Throughput (node): The amount of data transferred from the A-interface of a source node to the
`332
`333 A-interface of a destination node over some time interval, expressed as the number of bits per
`334
`second.
`Transmission overhead: a part of the overhead used to support transmission over the line (e.g.,
`335
`samples of cyclic prefix, inter-packet gaps, and silent periods).
`336
`337 Unicast: a type of communication when a node sends the packet to another single node (inside or
`338
`outside of the domain).
`339 Wire class: one of the classes of wire, having the same general characteristics: coaxial cable, home
`340
`electrical power wire, phone line wire and Category 5 cable.
`
`320
`321
`322
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`341
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`342
`
`343
`
`344
`
`4
`
`Abbreviations
`
`This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations:
`
`345 AE
`
`346 AN
`
`347 APC
`
`348
`
`349
`
`350
`
`351
`
`CM
`
`CoS
`
`CTR
`
`DAP
`
`352 DLL
`
`353 DM
`
`354 DSL
`
`355 GM
`
`356 HN
`
`application entity
`
`access network
`
`application protocol convergence
`
`centralized mode of domain operation
`
`class of service
`
`centralized type of communication
`
`domain access point
`
`data link layer
`
`domain master
`
`digital subscriber line
`
`global master
`
`home network comprising exclusively G.9960 network devices
`
`357
`
`358
`
`LDPC-BC
`
`low-density parity-check block-codes
`
`LLC
`
`logical link control
`
`359 MAC
`
`360 MAP
`
`361 MDI
`
`362 MII
`
`media access control
`
`media access plan
`
`medium-dependent interface
`
`media-independent interface
`
`363 OFDM
`
`orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
`
`364
`
`365
`
`366
`
`367
`
`368
`
`369
`
`PCS
`
`PM
`
`PMA
`
`PMD
`
`PON
`
`PP
`
`physical coding sub-layer
`
`peer-to-peer mode of domain operation
`
`physical medium attachment
`
`physical medium dependent
`
`passive optical network
`
`peer-to-peer type of communication
`
`370 QC-LDPC-BC Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check block-code
`
`3 71
`
`372
`
`QoS
`
`RG
`
`373 UM
`
`374
`
`quality of service
`
`residential gateway
`
`unified mode of domain operation
`
`

`

`- 10 -
`
`375
`
`5
`
`HN architecture and reference models
`
`376
`
`5.1
`
`HN architecture and topology
`
`377 A generic structure ofHN is presented in Figure 5-1. The model includes one or more domains,
`378
`inter-domain bridges, and bridges to alien domains of a home network ( e.g., WiFi, ethernet, USB),
`379
`and a bridge to the access network (e.g., DSL, PON, cable). The global master is an