(12)
`
`United States Patent
`Agee et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`US007248841B2
`
`METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
`OPTIMIZATION OF WIRELESS
`MULTIPOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC
`COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
`
`7/1997 Frerking ...........0... 455/435.1
`§,649,286 A *
`8/2000 Scherzer .........s000 455/562.1
`6,108,565 A *
`6317411 BL* 11/2001 Whinnett et al.
`....00..... 370/204
`6,351,499 BL*
`2/2002 Paulraj et al.
`..
`a0) 7 I2OF
`
`6,836,469 BL* 12/2004 WU ..ccccccceseceeseeerneres 370/922
`
`(54)
`
`(76)
`
`Inventors: Brian G. Agee, 1596 Wawona Dr., San
`Jose, CA (US) 95125; Matthew C,
`Bromberg, 106 Holland Wood Rd.,
`Leominster, MA (US) 01453
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`Primary Examiner—Huy D. Vu
`Notice:—Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`Assistant Examiner—Blanche Wong,
`patent
`is extended or adjusted under 35
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—George 8. Cole, Esq.
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 312 days.
`
`(21)
`
`Appl. No.: 09/878,789
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Jun. 10, 2001
`
`(65)
`
`(60)
`
`(51)
`
`(52)
`(58)
`
`(56)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2004/0095907 Al
`
`May20, 2004
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`Provisional application No. 60/243,831, filed on Oct.
`27, 2000, provisional application No. 60/211,462,
`filed on Jun. 13, 2000.
`
`Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`HO3C7/02
`UWS. Ch. ccccccecccne,
`455/101; 455/132; 455/272
`Field of Classification Search .............. 455/101,
`455/132, 272, 273, 277.1, 277.2, 278.1
`See application file for complete searchhistory.
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Exploiting the substantive reciprocity of internode channel
`responses
`through dynamic,
`adaptive modification of
`receive and transmit weights, enables locally enabled global
`optimization of a multipoint, wireless electromagnetic com-
`munications network of communication nodes. Each diver-
`sity-channel-capable node uses computationally efficient
`exploitation of pilot tone data and diversity-adaptive signal
`processing ofthe weightings and the signal to further convey
`optimization and channel information which promote local
`and thereby network-global
`efficiency. The preferred
`embodiment performs complex digital signal manipulation
`that includes a linear combining and linear distribution of
`the transmit and receive weights, the generation of piloting
`signals containing origination and destination node infor-
`mation, as well as interference-avoiding pseudorandom
`delay timing, and both symbol and multitone encoding, to
`gain the benefit of substantive orthogonality at the physical
`level without requiring actual substantive orthogonalityat
`the physical level.
`
`5,610,617 A *
`
`3/1997 Gans et al. .....ceee 342/373
`
`183 Claims, 42 Drawing Sheets
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 1 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`
`S
`
`FIG. 1
`
`Prior Art
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000002
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 2 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`
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`FIG. 2
`
`Prior Art
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000003
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 3 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`
` FIG. 3A
`
`Prior Art
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`Prior Art
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`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000004
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 4 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`
`
`
`FIG. 4
`
`Prior Art
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000005
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 5 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`
`103
`
`102
`
`104
`
`FIG. 5
`
`Prior Art
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000006
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 6 of 42
`
`
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000007
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 7 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
`
`[A
`
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`
`FIG. 7A
`
`Prior Art
`
`FIG. 7B
`Prior Art
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000008
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 8 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000009
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 9 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
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`Prior Art
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000010
`
`

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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24,2007
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`Sheet 11 of42
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`248,841 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`

`

`Jul. 24, 2007
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 18 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000019
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`

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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 19 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 21 of 42
`
`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000022
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000029
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 29 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000030
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 30 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000031
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 31 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000032
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 32 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000033
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 33 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`i ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee
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`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000034
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 34 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`580
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(Base Station)
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`Interfering BSs
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`FIG. 34
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000035
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 35 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000036
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 36 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000037
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`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 37 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000038
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 38 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000039
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`
`

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`U.S. Patent
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`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 39 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000040
`
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 40 of 42
`
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jul. 24, 2007
`
`Sheet 41 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`Jul. 24, 2007
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`Sheet 42 of 42
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`US 7,248,841 B2
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`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000043
`
`

`

`US 7,248,841 B2
`
`1
`METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
`OPTIMIZATION OF WIRELESS
`MULTIPOINT ELECTROMAGNETIC
`COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`PROVISIONAL PATENT APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a continuation ofthe provisional patent
`application 60/211,462 and 60/243.831 titled (respectively)
`Method and System for Wireless, Multiple-Input, Multiple
`Output (MIMO) Network Optimization and Method and
`Apparatus for Locally Enabled Global Optimization of
`Multipoint Networks, filed (respectively) on Jun. 13, 2000
`and Oct. 27, 2000 by the same inventors.
`STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY
`SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
`
`Not Applicable.
`BACKGROUNDOF THE INVENTION
`
`1. Field of the Invention
`This invention relates to the field of optimization of
`networks, principally wireless electromagnetic communica-
`tion networks, more particularly cellular communication
`networks; and more particularly the field of high perfor-
`mance broadband wireless networks designed for data trans-
`missions in the high, very high, and ultrahigh frequency
`bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
`2. Description of the Related Art
`Wireless electromagnetic communication networks both
`enable competitive access to fixed link networks, whether
`they employ fiber, optical, or even copperlines, and provide
`a competitive alternative (such as linking computers in a
`WAN,or multiple appliances in an infrared network). The
`demand for high signal content capacity (above 1
`to 2
`MB/second) has increased dramatically in the last few years
`due to both telecommunications deregulation and the new
`service opportunities presented by the Internet.
`Originally, wireless communication was either single-
`station to single-station (also knownas point-to-point, PTP),
`or single-station to multiple station (also known as point-
`to-multiple-point, or PMP). PTP communication generally
`presumed equal capabilities at each end of the link; PMP
`communication usually presumed greater capabilities at the
`single core point than at any of the penumbral multiple
`points it communicated with, The topology of any PTP
`network was a disconnected set oflinear links (FIG. 1); the
`topology of a PMP network wasa ‘star’ or ‘hub and spoke’
`(FIG, 2).
`As the price for more complex hardware has declined and
`capability increased, PMP is winning over PTP. For eco-
`nomic reasons, a wireless electromagnetic communication
`network’s nodes, or transceivers, usually vary in capacity.
`Most such wireless electromagnetic communication net-
`works have a core hierarchy of Base Stations (BS), each
`comprising a multiplicity of sector antennae spatially sepa-
`rated in a known configuration, and a penumbral cloud of
`individual subscriber units (SU). If each BS communicates
`over a different frequency, then each SU must either have a
`tuned receiver for eachstation to which the subscriber tunes
`or, more commonly, a tunable receiver capable of reaching
`the range of frequencies encompassing those BSs to which
`it subscribes. (FIG. 3 shows two BSs and six SUs, four of
`whom subscribe to each BS, with different
`frequencies
`indicated in 3A and 3B.)
`
`wh
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`30
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`ra wn
`5
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`a
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`To increase the coverage in a given geographical area,
`PMPnetworks are typically deployed in multiple cells over
`the total service area of the network, with each SU linked to
`a single BS at a time except (in some mobile communication
`instantiations) during handoff intervals whenit is transition-
`ing from one cell
`to another. Although these cells are
`nominally non-overlapping, in reality emissions contained
`within one cell easily and typically propagate to adjacent
`cells, creating newproblems ofinterference, as one cell's
`signal becamenoisetoall other surrounding cells (intercell
`interference).
`Anumberof different topologies (driven somewhat by the
`technology, and somewhat by the geography ofthe area in
`which the network existed), have been developed, including
`ring networks, both open and closed, and mesh networks.
`These efforts tried to maximize the coverage and clarity for
`the network as a whole, while minimizing the number of BS
`locations, mimimizing BS complexity (and thus cost), and
`minimizing SU complexity (and thus cost).
`The inherently multipoint nature of wireless communica-
`tion networks,
`i.e., their ability to arbitrarily and flexibly
`connect multiple origination and destination nodes, has
`spawned a growing demand for methods and apparatus that
`will enable each particular wireless electromagnetic com-
`munication network to exploit their particular part of the
`spectrum and geography in constantly-changing and unpre-
`dictable economic and financial environments. Efficient use
`of both capacity and available power for a network, for a
`particular constraint set of frequencies, power, and hard-
`ware, is more in demand than ever as the competitive field
`and available spectrum grows more and more crowded.
`The prior art
`includes many schemes for maximizing
`signal clarity and minimizing interference between nodes in
`a complex, multipoint environment. These include differen-
`tiation by: (a) Frequency channels; (b) time slots; (c) code
`spreading: and (d) spatial separation.
`First generation systems (e.g.AMPS, NORDIC) devel-
`oped for cellular mobile radio systems (CMRS) provide
`frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) communica-
`tion between a BS and multiple SUs, by allowing each SU
`to communicate with the BS on only one of several non-
`overlapping frequency channels covering the spectrum
`available to the system. ‘This approach allows each SU to
`‘tune out’ those frequencies that are not assigned, or not
`authorized, to send to it. Intercell interference is then miti-
`gated by further restricting frequency channels available to
`adjacent BS’s in the network, such that BS’s and SU’s
`reusing the same frequency channel are geographically
`removed from each other: factor-of —7 reductions in avail-
`able channels (“reuse factors”) are typically employed in
`first generation systems.
`The total number of channels available at each BS is
`therefore a function of channel bandwidth employed by the
`system and/or economically usable at the SU. Hardware and
`regulatory limits on total spectrum available for such chan-
`nels, and interference mitigation needs ofthe cellular net-
`work (cellular reuse factor), effectively constrain the divis-
`ibility of the spectrum and thus the geographical interacting
`complexity of current networks. (i.e. ifthe hardware requires
`a 200 kHz differentiation, and the network has 5 MHz of
`spectrumavailable, then 25 separate channels are available.)
`Channelization for most 1G cellular is 25-30 kHz (30 kHz
`in US, 25 kHz most other places: for 2G cellular is 30 kHz
`(FDMA-TDMA)for IS-136, 200 kHz for (FDMA-TDMA)
`GSM, 1.25 MHz for (FDMA-CDMA) IS-95; 2.5G main-
`tains GSM time-frequency layout: and proposed and now-
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000044
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`is FDMA-
`instantiated channelization for 3G cellular
`TDMA-CDMA with 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz
`frequency channels.
`Most so-called second generation CMRS and Personal
`Communication Services (PCS) (e.g. GSM and IS-136), and
`*2.5 generation’ mobility systems (e.g., EDGE),
`further
`divide each frequency channel into time slots allocated over
`time frames,
`to provide Time Division Multiple Access
`(TDMA) between a BS and SUs. (For example,
`if the
`hardware requires at
`least
`| ms of signal and the polling
`cycle is 10 ms, only 10 separate channels are available; the
`first from 0 to 1 ms, the second from |
`to 2 ms, and so on.)
`The combination ofTDMA with FDMA nominally multi-
`plies the number ofchannels available at a given BS fora
`given increase in hardware complexity. This increase hard-
`ware need comes fromthe fact that such an approach will
`require the system to employ a more complex modulation
`format, one that can support
`individual and combined
`FDMA-TDMA, e.g., FM (for FOMA AMPS)versus slotted
`root-Nyquist a/4-DQPSK (for IS-136 and EDGE) orGMSK
`(for GSM).
`Some second generation mobility systems (e.g. 1S95), and
`most third generation mobility systems, provide code divi-
`sion multiple access (CDMA) between a BS and multiple
`SUs (for example, IS-136 provides FOMA at 1.25 MHz),
`using different, fixed spreading codes for each link. The
`additional “degrees of freedom” (redundant
`time or fre-
`quency transmission) used by this or other spread spectrum
`modulation can (among other advantages) mitigate or even
`exploit channel distortion due to propagation between nodes
`over multiple paths, e.g., a direct and reflection path (FIG.
`4), by allowing the communicator to operate in the presence
`of multipath frequency “nulls” our outages that may be
`significantly larger then the bandwidth of the prespread
`baseband signal (but less than the bandwidth of the spread
`signal).
`Different spreading, code techniques include direct-se-
`quence spread spectrum (DSSS) and frequency hop multiple
`access (FMEA); for each implemented, the hardware at each
`end of a link has to be able to manage the frequency and/or
`time modulation to encode and decode the signal correctly.
`Spreading codes can also be made adaptive, based on user,
`interference, and channel conditions. But each increase in
`the complexity of spread spectrum modulation and spread-
`ing code techniques useable by a network increases the
`complexity of the constituent parts ofthe network, for either
`every BS and SUcanhandle every technique implemented
`in the network, or therisk arises that a BS will not be able
`to communicate to a particular SU should they lack common
`coding
`Finally, communication nodes may employ further spatial
`means to improve communications capability e.g. to allow
`BS’s to link with larger numbers of SU's, e.g. using
`multiple antennae with azimuthally separated mainlobe gain
`responses, to communicate with SU's over multiple spatial
`sectors covering its service area. These antennae can provide
`space division multiple access (SDMA) between multiple
`SU’s communicating with the BS over the same frequency
`channel,
`time slot, or spreading code, or to provide reuse
`enhancement by decreasing range between BS’s allowed to
`use the same time slot or frequency channel (thereby reduc-
`ing reuse factor required by the communication system). A
`BS may communicate with an intended SU using a fixed
`antenna aimed at a well-defined, fixed-angle sectors (e.g.
`Sector | being between 0 and 60 degrees, Sector 2 between
`60 and 120 degrees, and so forth), or using an adaptive or
`“smart” antenna that combines multiple antennae feeds to
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`optimize spatial response on each frequency channel and
`time slot. The latter approach can further limit or reduce
`interference received at BS or SU nodes, by directing
`selective ‘nulls’ in the direction of SU's during BS opera-
`tions. (FIG. 5). This is straightforward at the BS receiver,
`more difficult at the BS transmitter [unless if the systemis
`time-division duplex (TDD) or otherwise single-frequency
`(e.g., simplex, as commonly employed in private mobile
`radio systems)], or if the SU is based at “large” platforms
`such as planes, trains, or automobiles, or are used in other
`applications. This approach can provide additional benefits,
`by mitigating or even exploiting channel distortion due to
`propagation between nodesover multiple paths, e.g., a direct
`and reflection path. A further refinement that has been at
`least considered possible to adaptive SDMAsignal manage-
`ment is the use of signal polarization, which can double
`degrees of freedom available to mitigate interference or
`multipath at BS or SU receivers, or to increase capacity
`available at individual links or nodes in the network. How-
`ever, current
`implementations generally require antennae
`and transmissions with size or co-location requirements that
`are infeasible (measurable in meters) for high-mobility
`network units.
`Various combinations of TOMA, CDMA, FDMA, and
`SDMAapproaches have been envisioned or implemented
`for many other applications and services, including private
`mobile radio (PMR)services; location/monitoring services
`(LMS)and Telematics services: fixed wireless access (FWA)
`services: wireless local, municipal, and wide area networks
`(LAN’s, MAN’s, and WAN’s), and wireless backhaul net-
`works.
`In other prior art implementations, a more-complex and
`capable BS assigns and managesthe differentiation scheme
`or schemes among its SU’s, using, scheduling and assign-
`ment algorithms of varying power, complexity. and coordi-
`nation to manage communications between the BS and its
`SU’s, and between BS’sin the overall wireless electromag-
`netic communications network. For all such networks, the
`key goal of these implementations are to provide a desired
`increase in capacity or performance(e.g., quality ofservice,
`power consumption,
`range, availability, or deployment
`advantage) in exchange for the increasing complexity and
`cost of the implementation. Everyone wants ‘more bang, for
`the buck’, despite the limitations imposed by physics and
`hardware.
`It is worth noting for the momentthat noneofthe prior art
`contains means for managing powerat the local level, that
`is, at each particular node, which benefits the wireless
`communications network as a whole. It is also worth noting
`that all encounter a real-world complexity: the more power
`that is poured into one particular signal, the more that signal
`becomes ‘noise’ to all other signals in the area it is sent to.
`(Evenspatial differentiation only ‘localizes’ that problem to
`the givensector of the transmission; it does not resolve it.)
`In two-way communication networks, the network must
`provide means to communicate in eachlink direction, i.e.,
`from the BS to the SU, and from the SU back to the BS.
`Most PMP networks provide communication not only from
`the BS to the SU, and from the SUto the BS, but from one
`SU to a BS. thence to another BS, and eventually to another
`SU (FIG. 6A). This requires additional channels and fails to
`exploit possible diversity already present (FIG. 6B). Gen-
`erally, each individual SU is less complex (in hardware and
`embedded software) than a BS to leverage the higher cost of
`the more complex BS over the many lesser SU nodes.
`Considerations affecting this provision in the prior art
`include: two-way communication protocols (so your signal
`
`IPR2024-00613
`Petitioner's Exhibit 1004
`Page 000045
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`is recognized as distinct from noise); traflic symmetry or
`asymmetry at the link or node, and user traffic models. Each
`of these is briefly discussed in turn.
`Protocols are necessary to govern the transmission and
`reception process, Protocols that have been used to accom-
`plish this in prior art include: (a) Simplex, (