`AD-A277 076
`PL
`
`ARMY ReseaRCcH LABORATORY
`
`Performanceof the Sony Lithium-Ion
`Rechargeable Battery
`
`George Au and Martin Sulkes
`
`
`ARL-TR-71
`December 1993
`
`DTIC
`
`ELECTE
`my, MAR16 1994
`
`\
`
`
`
`
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`DTIC QUALITY tSLFSCOTS
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`¥
`CTSD 1
`6 : 94-08460
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`APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTIONIS UNLIMITED.
`
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`
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`Og" 15 052
`
`APPLE 1012
`
`APPLE 1012
`
`1
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`

`

`
`
`NOTICES
`
`Disclaimers
`
`The findingsin this report are not to be construed as an
`official Departmentof the Army position, unless so desig-
`nated by other authorized documents.
`
`The citation of trade names and names of manufacturers in
`this report is not to be construed as off.cial Government
`endorsement or approval of commercial products or services
`
`referenced herein.
`
`2
`
`

`

`=,
`
` 6. AUTHOR(S)
`George Au and Martin Sulkes
`
`
`
`Public reporting burden tor thn collection of information 4 estimated to average | hour ger response. including the time for reviewing metructom, werching exiting date source,
`
`gathering and mamntanwng the deta needed. and completung and rewewing ihe collection of information. Send comments
`thes burden estimate or any other spect of Owe
`
`<collachon of etormetion. inchading wagestions fos reducing thet Durden, to Washington Meadaguerters Services, Directorateforinformation Operetions and Reporn. 1215 Jefferson
`Daves Highway. Suite 1206, Aringtan. VA
`222024302. and to the Office of Management and Gudget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0 188), Washington, OC 20503
`
`
`1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)|2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND OATES COVERED
`December 1993
`Technical Report:
`Dec 91 to Dec 92
`4. TITLE ANO SUBTITLE
`5. FUNDING NUMBERS
`
`PERFORMANCE OF THE SONY LITHIUM-ION RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
`
` REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
`
`
`
`
`
`7, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES}
`
`US Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
`ARL-TR-71
`
`Electronics and Power Sources Directorate (EPSD)
`
`ATTN: AMSRL-EP-PA
`
`Fort Monmouth, NJ
`97703-5601
`
`8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
`REPORT NUMBER
`
`10. SPONSORING / MONITORING
`AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
`
`
`
`
`12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
`Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
`
`Sony lithium-ion celis type 20500 were tested and evaluated at different tempera-
`tures, discharge rates from C/2 to 3C, and with different charge voltage cutoffs.
`
`The capacity was typical 0.8 Ah at the C/2 rate at 25 deg C when charged to 4.1-volt
`
`cutoff.
`An energy density of 70 Wh/kg and 400 or more cycles was demonstrated.
`Charging to 4.25 volts and higher cutoffs was tested without a safety problem.
`The Sony charger provided a constant potential charge at 8.2 volts (4.1 volts/cell).
`
`xt replaces 90% of capacity within one hour and it shut off the charging after
`
`2-1/2
`
`hours.
`
`
`
`
` 14, SUBJECT TERMS
`
`
`
`Lithium-ion batteries; rechargeable batteries; electrodes;
`electrolytes; organic; charging
`
`
`17, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION|18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION|19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION|20. LIMITATION OF ASSTRACT
`
`OF REPORT
`OF THIS PAGE
`OF ABSTRACT
`
`
`Unclassified
`Unclassified
`Unclassified
`NSN 7540-01-280-5500
`
`
`
`15. NUMBER OF PAGES
`37
`
`UL
`Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
`Preaceitord By ANSI StS 739-18
`
`3
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`Page
`
`1.
`
`INTRODUCTION... .. cc ccc nncnsccccnnscseanse sete ecco wee ene eee lL
`
`2. APPROACH. 2... 2... ccc ccc ccc wee cw ee meen teen e ween cece nese eeccel
`
`3. TEST PROCEDURES AND CONDITIONS. .....-2ccececeeees seeceeeeeld
`
`3.1 Visual and Teardown Inspection..........cccecereeeece ed
`3.2 Electrical Testing... ......cccccccccsasarsvccnseceveced
`
`4. TEST RESULTS... 0... cece cree cree ccene eee ence eet ecsenesed
`
`4.1 External and Internal Cell Examination.............++.3
`4.2 Analytical Results... . cc. c cece n cence cece eee e sewn cece er ed
`4.3 Sony charger Characteristic. ..........0-0c.200- ene ee eS
`4.4 Electrical Results... cece ecccnrcccsecerecrcccserscsed
`
`5. CONCLUSIONS... .. ccc cece ccr ee reccccc scence secccscnccsccel
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`6. RECOMMENDATIONS... 2... ccc c cece rere cern ccc er ec ccescec erence ed
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`7. REFERENCES .. 2... cc cc ccc cc ec cc eect eee eee eee c eee ed
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`FIGURES... ccc ce cc cw cece rere reese ewes eee esesccceseececseer eld
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`TABLES... . creer ccc cece reac eect e teen e ec eter ctw w wate ee wee ae ee Le
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`CRA&d
`NTIS
`DTIC TAB
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`Oo
`Unannounced
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`Justification wee-.
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`BYeeeeeeeceneen
`Distribution |
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`Avail and jor
`Special
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`
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`FIGURES
`
`Page
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`10.
`
`11.
`
`12.
`
`13.
`
`14.
`
`SONY S3 CHARGE TO 3.9 VOLTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES...
`
`10
`
`SONY S6 CHARGE TO 4.1 VOLTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES...
`
`SONY S5 CHARGE TO 4.25 VOLTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES...
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 0.5 AMPERE TO 2.5 VOLTS AT 25°C
`AFTER CHARGE TO 4.4, 4.25, 4.1, AND 3.9 VOLTS ..........
`
`11
`
`12
`
`13
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 0.5 AMPERE TO 2.5 VOLTS AT DIFFERENT
`TEMPERATURES AFTER CHARGE TO 3.9 VOLTS AT THE SAME
`TEMPERATURE... 2... 2c cc cc cece ce re cceseneccescccsvsseceescee
`
`14
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 0.5 AMPERE TO 2.5 VOLTS AT DIFFERENT
`TEMPERATURES AFTER CHARGE TO 4.1 VOLTS AT THE SAME
`TEMPERATURE... 2.2.0.2 cc cece cc rc cn nec cnnscnsenccssncsensecs LF
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 0.5 AMPERE TO 2.5 VOLTS AT DIFFERENT
`TEMPERATURES AFTER CHARGE TO 4.25 VOLTS AT THE SAME
`TEMPERATURE... 2c ec cece ene ncc tres cceseresevecccsssccsccee 16
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 0.5 AMPERE AT -20°C AFTER CHARGE TO
`4.25, 4.1, AND 3.9 VOLTS AT 25°C... cee c cece cence neencee LT
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 0.5, 1, 2, AND 3 AMPERES AFTER
`CHARGE TO 4.1 VOLTS... ccc ecw ccc eres c sce c nner cetccscceces LB
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY AT 4.5 AMPERES ON 5 SECONDS, OFF 25
`SECONDS TO 2.5 VOLTS AFTER CHARGE TO 4.25 VOLTS.......... 19
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY BEFORE AND AFTER STORAGE AT 45°C FOR
`14 DAYS AFTER CHARGE TO 4.1 VOLTS... ... ccc ccccsecevevece 20
`
`DISCHARGE CAPACITY BEFORE AND AFTER STORAGE AT 45°C FOR
`14 DAYS AFTER CHARGE TO 4.25 VOLTS... ..c.cccccccncescseee 21
`
`SONY LI-ION #ST1 LIFE CYCLE CHARGE TO 4.1 VOLTS,
`O.5AMPERE/2.5 VOLTS...... 2... ccc cccc cnet ccecccescecvecsee
`
`SONY #ST2 LIFE CYCLE CHARGE TO 4.25 VOLTS
`0.5 AMPERE/2.5 VOLTS... ccc ccc ccc ccc ccc ccc eres veccesces
`
`22
`
`23
`
`iv
`
`
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`5
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`

`

`
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`
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`TABLES
`
`Page
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Charging input at indicated temperature............¢.
`
`24
`
`Effect of charge voltage on discharge capacity at
`various temperatures... .. cece cece reece cer eeeesacccsecs§
`
`Storage tests at 45°C and 50°C...... cece ec ererencees
`
`Characteristics of rechargeable systems...........2++.
`
`25
`
`26
`
`27
`
`
`
`6
`
`

`

`1.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Rechargeable lithium batteries which contain free lithium metal
`have exhibited safety problems which jeopardize their widespread
`usage.
`To date,
`they have short cycle lives and the high reac-
`tivity of cycled lithium metal is a prime safety concern. Re-
`chargeable batteries which
`contain lithium intercalation com-
`pounds,
`instead of the free lithium metal, should be much safer
`and have a greater cycle life.
`Such systems are called "rocking
`chair" types, since the lithium-ions move back and fort. between
`the cathode and anode on charge and discharge.
`The Sony Corp
`produced a lithium-ion rechargeable battery which is incorporated
`into cellular phone equipment only in Japan.
`Each battery
`consisted of two 5/4 C, size cells. Sony claimed that cell type
`20500 has a rated capacity of 1080 milliampere hours when dis-
`charged at C/3 rate. But this phone battery is rated at only 900
`milliampere hours. Eighteen batteries and two chargers were
`obtained and subjected to the evaluation described in this re-
`port.
`
`2.
`
`APPROACH
`
`The Sony battery packs which were manufactured 12/91 were disman-
`tled and the cells recovered.
`They were then
`subjected to
`testing and evaluation as follows:
`
`oaoo0qgo0
`
`Visual and mechanical inspection
`Discharge at various rates and temperatures
`Various charging conditions
`Storage
`Cycle life
`
`3.
`
`TEST PROCEDURES AND CONDITIONS
`
`3.1 Visual and Teardown Inspection
`
`Cells to be evaluated were weighed and examined to insure their
`physical integrity. Dimensions were recorded.
`The cells were
`then dissected and an analysis performed to determine their
`internal composition.
`
`3.2 Electrical Testing
`
`3.2.1 Charging.
`
`It consists of essentially a con-
`(1) Sony Charging Method.
`stant potential charge with a 1.1 ampere limit to 4.1 volts.
`Charge temperatures tested were -30°C, O°C, 25°C and 50°C.
`The
`capacities in ampere hours were recorded. This data is the
`benchmark for comparing the Sony charging method with the multi-
`step constant current charging methods described below.
`
`
`
`7
`
`

`

`(2) Multistep Constant Current Charging. Constant current
`charging was performed at various temperatures,
`to a cutoff
`voltage on each step of 3.9, 4.1 and 4.25 volts:
`
`First step:
`Second step:
`Third step:
`
`700 mA
`200 mA
`50 mA
`
`3.2.2 Discharging.
`
`(1) Constant Current. After being charged by one of the above
`methods at 25°C,
`the cells were then discharged at a constant
`current of 500 mA,
`at various temperatures,
`to a 2.5 volt end
`point. Additional discharges were conducted at 0.5, 1,
`2 and 3
`amperes at 25°C using the standard charge cutoff voltage of 4.1
`volts.
`
`(2) Pulse Discharge. Cells were charged to 4.1 volts and then
`discharged on a cycle consisting of 5 amperes for 5 seconds,
`then
`off for 25 seconds to a 2.5 volt cutoff at 25°C. The test was
`repeated using a charging cutoff voltage of 4.25 volts and a
`pulse of 4.5 amperes.
`
`3.2.3 Storage.
`
`Cells were charged to three voltage levels: 3.9, 4.1, and 4.25
`volts.
`They were then stored at 45°C for 14 days.
`The cells
`were subsequently discharged at 25°C at 0.5 ampere to 2.5 volts.
`Several charge/discharge cycles were run to establish whether a
`temporary or permanent loss occurred as a result of the storage.
`Afterwards the same cells were charged and stored for 20 days at
`50°C.
`The cells were then discharged at 0.5 ampere to 2.5 volts
`at 25°C and recharged.
`
`3.2.4 Cycle Life.
`
`Cells were cycled on a regime consisting of a multistage constant
`current charge, as indicated in paragraph 3.2.1(2) above and then
`discharged at a constant current of 0.5 ampere to a 2.5 volt
`cutoff.
`The cells were to be cycled until they reached 60% of
`their initial capacity.
`
`3.2.5 Test Equipment.
`
`Cells were charged and discharged using a Techware Automatic
`Battery Cycler.
`
`3.2.6 Recorded Data.
`
`voltage and current during
`The following data were recorded:
`charge/discharge, ampere-hours, and watt-hours during both charge
`and discharge.
`
`8
`
`

`

`4. TEST RESULTS
`
`They were then cut apart to
`Cells were weighed and dimensioned.
`The results of the examinations
`examine the internal components.
`are as follows:
`
`4.1.1 External Dimension
`
`Diameter
`Height
`Volume
`Weight
`Cell type
`
`2.1 cm
`5.2 cm
`18.0 em?
`41 gm
`20500 lithium-ion (5/4 SUB C)
`
`4.1.2 Internal Construction
`
`Electrode configuration
`Outside electrode
`Mandrel
`
`Outer separator fastener
`Polarity
`Anode lead weld point
`
`Spirally wound
`Anode
`3.5 mm diameter
`stainless steel tube
`Green tape
`Case negative
`Bottom of case
`
`4.1.3 Electrode and Separator Dimension
`
`Anode
`thickness
`Anode
`length
`Anode width
`Anode area:
`Cathode thickness
`Cathode length
`Cathode width
`Cathode area
`Separator thickness
`
`0.0095 inch (0.24 mm)
`24.75 inches (62.9 cm)
`1.63 inches (4.14 cm)
`520 cm?
`0.0075 inch (0.19 mm)
`23.5 inches (59.7 cm)
`1.585 inches (4.03 cm)
`480.6 cm?
`1 mil isotactic
`polypropylene (Celgard)
`
`
`
`
`
`9
`
`

`

`Analytical Results (see Reference 1)
`
`Cathode
`
`Active Material
`Active Material Loading
`Active Material Capacity
`Binder
`Current collector
`Lead
`
`Lico02
`10.46 gm (total)
`1.43 Ah (Lig, 5Co02)
`Undefined
`0.001 inch thick Al foil
`Aluminum tab
`
`4.2.2 Anode
`
`Active Material
`
`Active Material Loading
`Active Material Capacity
`Binder
`
`Current collector
`Lead
`
`Carbon (polyfurfuryl
`alcohol-derived carbon)
`6.56 gm (total)
`1.22 Ah (Lig 5C¢)
`(Polyvinylidene
`fluoride)
`0.001 inch thick Cu foil
`Aluminum
`
`4.2.3 ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
`
`Solute
`Solute concentration
`Solvents
`
`Total electrolyte weight
`
`LiPF¢
`Undefined
`PC
`(70 volume percent)
`DEC (30 volume percent)
`4.05 gm
`
`4.2.4 CELL CASE
`
`Material
`
`Nickel-plated steel
`
`10
`
`

`

` 4.3 Sony Charger Characteristic.
`
`JC2-H211 has two channels for charg-
`The Sony charger, Model No.
`ing two BA2-H211 cellular phone batteries at the same time. Each
`channel has four contact pins directly connected to the battery.
`Although the charger has a capability to access each cell in the
`battery, it does not charge or control each cell
`in the battery
`separately. It had been reported that earlier models of this
`charger did control
`the voltage on a single cell,
`rather than a
`battery basis. The two cells are charged in series with a con-
`stant potential
`limit of 8.2 volts. The JC2-H211 charges at a
`constant current of 1.1 amperes until the battery voltage reaches
`approximately 7.9 volts and starts to taper off to 70 millianm-
`peres. It will completely shut off the current after two and a
`half hours of charge. The charger has three indicator lights:
`
`(1)
`
`A green light for AC power.
`
`to indicate the bat-
`One red light each for each channel
`(2)
`tery is being charged. A steady red light indicates current
`limiting at 1.1 amps.
`
`A blinking red light indicates that the battery is par-
`(3)
`tially charged and in the voltage limited mode. When the red
`light is out, no current is flowing and charge is completed.
`
`4.4 Electrical Results
`
`4.4.1 Charging.
`
`Figures 1 through 3 are the curves for a 3-step constant cur--ent
`charging to 3.9, 4.1 and 4.25 volts respectively, at different
`temperatures.
`Table 1 summarizes the charging input
`in ampere-
`hours under the various charging scenarios.
`
`(1) Charge Curves for Charging to 3.9, 4.1 and 4.25 Volts at
`Different Temperatures. Figures 1-3 show that the total time to
`charge the cell is decreased as the temperature is increased. As
`the charging cutoff voltage is raised, the total time to fully
`charge the cell is increased because of the significantly higher
`capacity. At the lower temperatures, charging requires a high
`voltage to overcome increased impedance, and thus full charge is
`not obtained. Figures 4 through 7 give the discharge curves
`obtained after charging at different charge voltages and varying
`temperatures using a discharge end voltage of 2.5 volts and a
`discharge constant current of 0.5 ampere.
`
`(2) Charging Input at Indicated Temperature. Table 1 shows
`that higher charge input is obtained at the high temperature of
`50°C.
`The charge input is greatest for the highest charging
`cutoff voltage of 4.25 volts. As the temperature gets lower,
`the
`charging input drops, until at -20°C and below only a very small
`portion of the charge is inputted at 0.7 and 0.2 ampere.
`The
`importance of lowering the charge rate at the lower
`temperature
`
`
`
`
`11
`
`11
`
`

`

`
`
`Therefore,
`is evident regardless of the charge cutoff voltage.
`at
`low temperatures the cell can only accept a low rate of
`charge.
`This is attributed to the higher impedance at
`low tem-
`perature.
`
`4.4.2 Discharging.
`
`(1) Effect of Charging Voltage on Discharge. The higher the
`charging cutoff voltage used,
`the higher the average closed
`circuit voltage on discharge, as seen in figure 4. The capacity
`is approximately doubled in going from a charging voltage of 3.9
`volts to 4.4 volts. Table 2 summarizes the effect of charge
`voltage on discharge capacity at various temperatures. The higher
`charge voltage,
`together with high temperature. gives the highest
`capacity. However, when the cell is operating at high temperature
`(50°C), it will have the highest permanent loss (see the storage
`discussion, para. 4.4.2(5), for detail).
`
`(2) Effect of Temperature on Discharge. Figures 5 through 7
`give the curves obtained at different temperatures with a dis~-
`charge of 0.5 ampere to a 2.5 volt endpoint. Charging conditions
`were as previously stated in para. 3.2.1(2). Charge and discharge
`temperatures are the same. Compared to the 25°C discharge capaci-
`ty,
`the 50°C result was approximately 7% higher, while at O°C and
`-20°C it was lower by
`18.0% and 64.0%, respectively.
`The dis-
`charge capacity is affected by both the charge and discharge
`temperatures.
`However,
`the major factor in obtaining greater
`output capacity was by increasing the charge cutoff voltage and
`charging at room temperature or higher. This is not only demon-
`strated by comparing the discharges of Figures 5-7, but even more
`vividly by comparing figure 8 with figure 7, when discharging the
`cell at
`-20°C after a room temperature charge (figure 8) and
`after a -20°C charge (figure 7). The discharge capacity can be
`increased 45% at
`-20°C after charging at
`room temperature and
`using the 4.25 volt cutoff.
`
`(3) Effect of Discharge Rate. Figure 9 depicts the discharge
`curves obtained for discharges at the 0.5, 1,
`2 and 3 ampere
`rates. Capacity drops off steeply as the discharge rate is in-
`creased above 1 ampere, with much lower average operating volt-
`ages as well. The Li-ion cell does yield almost full capacity for
`a 1C rate discharge.
`
`(4) Pulse Discharge. Figure 10 shows that at a 4.25 volt charge
`voltage cutoff, a capacity of 0.773 ampere-hour was obtained on
`the subsequent discharge cycle of 4.5 amperes for 5 seconds,
`then
`off for 25 seconds to an end voltage of 2.5 volts at 25°C. This
`indicates that
`lithium-ion cells are capable of relatively high
`current pulses as long as the average discharge rate is not
`excessive.
`
`
`
`12
`
`12
`
`

`

`Storage. The data obtained on cells subjected to storage
`(5)
`are in Table 3.
`The initial loss in capacity on the first cycle
`after storage and the permanent
`loss are higher as the charge
`cutoff voltage is increased.
`This was also confirmed for the
`subsequent storage and cycling at 50°C of the same cells. Figures
`ll and 12 (charge cutoff voltages of 4.1 and 4.25, respectively)
`compare the discharge curves and capacities before storage for
`the first discharge immediately after storage, and after re~
`charge.
`
`(6) Cycle Life. One cell shown in figure 13 was subjected to
`a regime consisting of a charge cutoff voltage of 4.1 volts and
`discharge of 0.5 ampere to 2.5 volts. It has reached 400 cycles
`to date. Initially,
`the cell gave 0.85 ampere-hour then dropped
`to 0.75 ampere-hour at 75 cycles and gradually decreased to 0.73
`ampere-hour at 400 cycles.
`For the first 40 cycles and again at
`around 125 to 165 cycles there were big dips in capacity. After
`that the cell recovered to give normal capacity.
`The reason for
`the dips has not been substantiated, but it is attributed to an
`intermittent contact in the circuitry for
`short periods of time.
`In figure 14, where the charge voltage was 4.25 volts,
`the ini-~
`tial capacity is approximately 12% higher than for the 4.1 volt
`charge cutoff voltage. However, capacity does drop more quickly
`until the same capacity is reached as for the 4.1 charge cutoff
`voltage cell. At 350 cycles,
`the capacities are
`about equal,
`after which the capacity for the 4.25 charge cutoff voltage cell
`dropped below that of the
`4.1 volt one.
`The cells are still
`being cycled until they reach 60% of their initial capacity.
`Additional cell cycling at
`these and slightly higher voltages
`should establish the charging voltage to achieve optimum capacity
`and cycle life.
`
`5.
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`
`The advantages of the Sony lithium-ion rechargeable cell
`(1)
`are in its carbon anode which when combined with a high voltage
`cathode (such as LiCo0j) makes for a high voltage, high cycle
`life and a very safe cell compared to other types of lithium
`rechargeable cells.
`
`The Sony lithium-ion cell was well built. It was similar
`(2)
`in construction to other types of spirally wound electrode/sepa-
`rator constructions.
`
`(3) Charging the Sony lithium-ion cell in accordance with Sony
`instructions and/or using the Sony charger,
`produced the capaci-
`ty and energy density close to their battery rated values, but
`not
`their original claimed values. Cells typically gave 20% less
`capacity than claimed and the same capacity as rated.
`
`13
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`13
`
`

`

`
`
`The Sony charger can recharge the cellular phone battery
`(4)
`in one hour to about 90% of capacity. It will fully charge within
`two and a half hours. It was demonstrated that using a multi-step
`(3 steps: 700 mA, 200 mA, 50 mA) constant current method of
`charge gave equivalent capacities to that using the Sony method
`of charge. Salient results for this charging are:
`
`The highest temperature (50°C) of charge
`(a) Temperature.
`gave the highest charge input. No excessive overcharge was noted
`even with a 4.25 volts charge cutoff.
`
`The highest charging cutoff
`(b) Charging cutoff voltage.
`voltage gave the highest charge input and discharge output.
`Energy density is increesed about 13% per 0.1 volt rise in charge
`cutoff.
`
`the lower temperature of charge, more charge is
`(c) At
`inputted at low charge rates. Practical charge temperature limits
`wre 0°C to 40°C, because below 0°C only low current is accepted,
`aud, at 50°C and above, data indicated that there is high perma-
`nent loss in capacity.
`
`For the 14 day storage at 45°C, a higher charg-
`(5) Storage.
`ing cutoff voltage (prior to storage) resulted in a higher ini-
`tial loss and a permanent loss in capacity after storage. For the
`20 days storage at 50°C, a loss of 1.2% per day was measured. 80%
`of that capacity loss was permanent and not recoverable with cy-
`cling. This indicates that 50°C and higher temperatures can
`Significantly reduce the capacity and cycle life of the Sony
`cell.
`
`(6) Cycling. Although a higher charge voltage cutoff (4.25
`volts versus 4.1 volts) produced higher initial capacity, a
`greater drop off in capacity is noted when cycling with the
`higher charge cutoff voltage cell until around 350 cycles. At
`that point,
`the lower charge cutoff voltage (4.1 volts) cell
`began to outperform the higher charge cutoff voltage (4.25 volts)
`cell. Cycle life can be extended by limiting charge voltage but
`at the expense of initial capacity. However, voltages as high as
`4.25 volts appear to yield an acceptable cycle life.
`
`The performance obtained for the Sony lithium-ion re-
`(7)
`chargeable cell was compared to that of other rechargeable sys-
`tems. Data are presented in table 4.
`They show that the Li-ion
`rechargeable cell, using the highest charge cutoff voltage, gives
`greater energy densities than the present aqueous systems [nick-
`el-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)], but
`lower
`than the LiniO2 system. However, its cycle life is much better
`and it has given indication of being safer than metallic
`lithium
`rechargeable systems.
`
`
`
`14
`
`14
`
`

`

`of extreme importance was the fact that for the
`(8)
`charge/discharge conditions imposed on the Sony lithium-ion
`rechargeable 5/4 C, cells, no safety incidents were encountered.
`This is very encouraging and positive information which should
`give the go ahead for a more thorough evaluation of the Sony
`lithium-ion battery (two cells or more) under more stringent
`conditions and full characterization of its performance, cycle
`life, storage and safety features.
`
`6. RECOMMENDATION
`
`Based on the promising preliminary data collected to date, it is
`recommended that a more complete evaluation be conducted to
`further characterize the performance of the Sony and other
`“rocking chair”
`(RCT)
`lithium-ion rechargeable cells and batter-
`ies. At the present time the RCT is one of the most promising
`lithium rechargeable batteries for military use.
`The data have
`indicated:
`
`o High cell voltage (fewer cells to produce a given battery
`voltage)
`High cycle life
`Quick recharge capability
`Reasonable storage
`Safe operation
`
`oaqooa
`
`7.
`
`REFERENCE
`
`1. Rayovac Corporation, "Ultrasafe High Performance Recharge-
`able Ambient Temperature Battery." Program Review, Contract
`DAALO1-92-C-0221, Nov. 18, 1992.
`
`15
`
`
`
`15
`
`

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`

`

`ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY
`ELECTRONICS AND POWER SOURCES DIRECTORATE
`CONTRACT OR IN-HOUSE TECHNICAL REPORT
`MANDATORY DISTRIBUTION LIST
`
`October 1993
`Page 1 of 4
`
`Information Center*
`
`Defense Technical
`ATTN:
`OTIC-OCC
`Cameron Station (Bidg 5)
`Alexandria, VA
`22304-6145
`(*Note: Two copies will be sent from
`STINFO office, Fort Monmouth, NJ)
`
`Commander, CECOM
`R&D Technical Library
`Fort Monmouth, NJ
`07703-5703
`(1) AMSEL-IM-T-IS-L-R (Tech Library)
`(3) AMSEL-IM-T-IS-L-R (STINFO ofc)
`
`Director
`US Army Material Systems Anaiysis Actv
`ATTN:
`DRXSY-MP
`(1) Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
`
`21005
`
`Commander, AMC
`ATTN:
`AMCDE-SC
`5001 Eisenhower Ave,
`(1) Alexandria, VA
`22333-0001
`
`Director
`Army Research Laboratory
`ATTN:
`AMSRL-D (John W. Lyons)
`2800 Powder Mil] Road
`(1) Adelphi, MD
`20783-1145
`
`Deputy Director
`Army Research Laboratory
`ATTN:
`AMSRL-DD (COL William J. Miller)
`2800 Powder Mill Road
`(1) Adelphi, MD
`20783-1145
`
`Director
`Army Research Laboratory
`2800 Powder Mil] Road
`Adelphi, MD
`20783-1145
`(1) AMSRL-OP-CI-AD (Tech Pubs)
`(1) AMSRL-OP-CI-AD (Records Mgt)
`(1) AMSRL-OP~CI-AD (Tech Library)
`
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`Army Research Laboratory
`Electronics and Power Sources Directorate
`Fort Monmouth, NJ
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`(22) Originating Office
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`ATTN: Documents
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`
`28
`
`34
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`34
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`

`ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY
`ELECTRONICS AND POWER SOURCES DIRECTORATE
`SUPPLEMENTAL DISTRIBUTION LIST
`(ELECTIVE)
`
`October 1993
`Page 2 of 4
`
`Deputy for Science & Technology
`Office, Asst Sec Army (R&D)
`Washington, DC
`20310
`
`Cdr, Marine Corps Liaison Office
`ATTN:
`AMSEL-LN-MC
`(1) Fort Monmouth, NJ
`
`07703-5033
`
`22186-5100
`
`Dir, ARL Sensors, Signatures,
`Signal & Information Processing
`Directorate (S31)
`ATTN: AMSRL-SS
`2800 Powder Mill Road
`Adelphi, MD
`20783-1145
`
`HQDA (DAMA-ARZ-D/
`Dr. F.D. Verderame)
`Washington, DC
`20310
`
`Director
`Naval Research Laboratory
`ATTN:
`Code 2627
`Washington, DC
`
`20375-5000
`
`Cdr, PM JTFUSION
`ATTN:
`JTF
`1500 Planning Research Drive
`McLean, VA
`22102
`
`Rome Air Development Center
`ATTN: Documents Library (TILD)
`Griffis AFB, NY
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`Dir, ARL Battlefield
`Environment Directorate
`ATTN:
`AMSRL-BE
`White Sands Missile Range
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`Electronic Sensors Directorate
`ATTN: AMSEL-RD-NV-D
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`ATTN: AMSEL-RD-IEW-D
`Vint Hill Farms Station
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`
`35
`
`35
`
`

`

`ELECTRONICS AND POWER SOURCES DIRECTORATE
`SUPPLEMENTAL CONTRACT DISTRIBUTION LIST
`(ELECTIVE)
`
`Page 3 of 4
`
`Dow Chemical Company
`M.E. Pruitt Research Center
`Midland, MI
`48674
`ATTN: Mr. Don Dix
`
`Michigan Molecular Institute
`1910 West St., Andrews Road
`Midland, MI
`48640
`ATTN: Dr. Robert Hotchkiss
`
`Westinghouse Electric Corp.
`R&D Center
`1310 Beulah Road
`15235
`Pittsburgh, PA
`ATTN: Dr. L. Mandikorn
`
`3M Company
`3M Center
`55144-1000
`St. Paul, MN
`ATTN: Dr. Dave Redmond
`
`Sprague
`Film Capacitor Group
`Longwood, FL
`32750
`ATTN: Dr. Mark Carter
`
`3M Company
`3M Center
`55144-1000
`St. Paul, MN
`ATTN: Dr. E.F. Hamp]
`
`Aerovox, Inc.
`740 Belleville Ave.
`New Bedford, MA
`02745
`ATTN:
`Tim Egan
`
`General Electric
`Capacitor and Power Division
`381 Upper Broadway
`Fort Edward, NY
`12828
`ATTN:
`Don Nicols-MESS
`
`ABB Power T&D Company
`300 North Curry Pike
`Bloomington,
`IN 47402
`ATTN: George S. Papadopolous
`
`E.I. DuPont
`P.O. Box 2700
`23261
`Richmond, VA
`ATTN: Dr. Thomas K. Bednarz
`
`E.I. DuPont, Electronics Dept
`BMP21-2126
`P.O. Box 80021
`19880-0021
`Wilmington, DE
`ATTN: Dr. Roger 0, Uhler
`
`Celanese Hoechst
`8¢ Morris Avenue
`Summit, NJ
`07901
`ATTN: Bill Timmons
`
`Eni Chem Americas, Inc.
`2000 Princeton Park Corp Ctr
`Monmouth Junction, Nd
`08852
`ATTN: Dr. Alex Jen
`
`Jet Propulsion Laboratory
`4800 Oak Grove Drive
`Pasadena, CA
`91109
`ATTN: Dr. S.P.S. Yen
`
`Sandia Nationa) Laboratories
`Passive Components Division 2552
`P.0. Box 5800
`Albuquerque, NM 87185
`ATTN: Dr. James 0. Harris
`
`General Electric
`Capacitor Division
`381 Upper Broadway
`Fort Edward, NY
`12828
`ATTN: Larry Bock
`
`3M Company
`Federal Systems Research &
`Development
`Building 224-25-25
`St. Paul, MN
`55144
`ATTN:
`Ed Westlund
`
`
`
`30
`
`36
`
`36
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Page 4 of 4
`
`Maxwel}) Laboratories,
`888 Balboa Avenue
`San Diego, CA
`92123-1506
`ATTN:
`Joel B. Ennis
`
`Inc.
`
`Defense Nuclear Agency
`6801 Telegraph Road
`Alexandria, VA
`22310
`ATTN:
`John Farber
`
`Commander
`U.S. Army AMCCOM, ARDEC
`ATTN:
`SMCAR-FSP-E/E.J. Zimpo
`Bidg 1530
`Picatinny Arsenal, NJ
`
`07801
`
`Allied-Signal, Inc.
`P.O. Box 1987R
`07960
`Morristown, NJ
`ATTN: Dr. Cheng-Jiu Wu
`
`Exfluor Research Company
`P.O. Box 7807
`Austin, TX
`78713
`ATTN: Or. H. Kawa
`
`Defense Nuclear Agency
`6801 Telegraph Road
`Alexandria, VA
`22310
`ATTN:
`Janet Meiserhelder
`
`GE Corporate Research & Development
`K1-2S886, P.O. Box 8
`Schenectady, NY
`12301