Copyrighted Material
`
`
`
`
` Disiitei
`(Auiisieclia
`
`Starjeclerels
`ee
`
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`4S fle5
`
`
`
`
`TANDARD Joan L. Mitchell,
`
`WN)=le
`
`MPRESSION
`
`William B. Pennebaker.
`Chad E. Fogg. and
`Didier |. LeGall
`
`1
`
`SAMSUNG-1039
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`1
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`SAMSUNG-1039
`
`

`

`Copyrighted Material
`
`Distributors for North, Central and South America:
`Kluwer Academic Publishers
`101 Philip Drive
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
`
`MPEGvideo : compression standard / Joan L. Mitchell...[et al.].
`poem.
`Includesbibliographical references and index.
`ISBN G-412-08771-5
`1. Digital video, 2. Video compression—Standards. 3, Sound -
`- Recording and reproducing—Digital techniques—Standards.
`4. Coding theory. L Mitchell, Joan L.
`TK6680.M64
`1996
`621.388--de20
`
`96-31 124
`cP
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
`
`Copyright © 1996 by Chapman & Hall
`Fifth printing 2000 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
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`Cover design: Curtis Tow Graphics
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`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
`or transmitted in any form or by any means, nvechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher, Khawer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip
`Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, Massachusetts 02061
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`Printed im the United States of America
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`Copyrighted Material
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`3
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`

`

`358
`
`MPEG VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARD
`
`will be available on an equal basis to everyone at fair and reasonable rates.
`Should an owner not provide such a statement, ISO requires the standard to
`be redrafted excluding the pertinent technoiogy, or failing that the standard
`is withdrawn.
`Beyond this, ISO has no jurisdiction over this issue, and IPR matters
`are not a part of the ISO agenda.
`
`16.3 MPEG patent problem C
`
`Traditionally, IPR for consumer products have been licensed by bilateral or
`perhaps trilaterai agreements between major industrial corporations, often
`characterized by cross-licensing arrangements. In the case of MPEG how-
`ever, the technology is too diverse. Many disciplines from different fields of
`engineering, different applications, different markets, and different segments
`of markets are involved. Owners of IPR include communication companies.
`semiconductor companies, consumer electronics companies, hardware sys-
`tems companies, computer companies, and universities. It is very unlikell'
`that such a group of organizations could negotiate a multilateral agreement.
`and even if they did, the time involved likely would stretch into years.
`From an implementer's perspective, there are several problems. First.
`just bging able to identify the holders of IPR.1 Second, the time and expense
`of negotiating individual licenses with all the holders. Third, the aggregate
`cost of all the licenses.
`The danger foreseen was that the market for MPEG-based systems couid
`be stalled by uncertainty about the access to and cost of required IPR, and
`further that such a situation could be exploited by a provider of a proprietarl-
`solution.
`
`L6.4 Sponsorship of the patent effort o
`
`Cablelabs has sponsored a patent effort as an interested user of MPEG
`technology lTan92l. Baryn Futa, COO Cablelabs, architected and led the
`program of work. A series of open-invitation meetings were initiated to con-
`film interest in both the licenser and licensee communities. These meetings
`were colocated with MPEG meetings for convenience, but were not part of
`the official MPEG meeting agenda. In parallel, Cablelabs established a re-
`search and analysis effort to determine the exact position of IPR both legalll-
`tThe MPEG standards do contain annexes listing companies who have provided state-
`ments to ISO stating they may have technology relevant to implementation of the stan-
`dard, and agreeing to the ISO terms and conditions. It should be understood however.
`that due to the Iimited jurisdiction of ISO, these statements have not been checked to
`validate relevance. The lists of these companies are provided near the end of this chapter.
`
`4
`
`

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`

`360
`
`MPEG VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDAR-
`
`A definition was made for the purposes of organizing the search. \--
`that this definition was independent of any definition subsequently made '.
`the members of the patent pool, it merely served to direct the backgrou:-
`investigation. The basic definition was "those patents essential to pracr--
`the art". This was interpreted to mean several things in the context of i:-
`standard. It covers elements of technology that are:
`
`o Normative for implementing decociers
`
`o Normative for constructing bitstreams
`
`o Essential within encoders for making bitstreams
`
`In addition, other categories were defined for relevant, but not essel:-.--
`IPR:
`
`o Encoder technology, especially for smart encoders
`
`o Pre- and postprocessing technology
`
`o Specific hardware implementation techniques
`
`No attempt was made to evaluate the validity of the claimed patel :
`The patents were taken at face value.
`For the searches) the net was cast very wide. Technologies wele Searc'=-
`that were not a part of the standard, but which used common element= --
`technology and therefore potentially would contain relevant patents. i ,:
`example, TV standards converters started using motion compensation s'--''-.
`years before the MPEG effort was started.
`
`L6.7 Results of the video patent analysis o
`Table 16.1 summarizes the results of the video patent analysis. The nun--.:
`of abstracts reviewed was mole than 6,000 of which somewhat mole t:-:":
`10% were judged relevant to MPEG. These patents were reviewed in fui-.
`-
`those, about 30 were judged essential, about 200 were related to MPEC. : ,
`not essential, and about 100 concerned hardware implementation of \IP:
`-
`technology.
`
`16.8 Patent holders in MPEG video standards -
`MPEG-1 Video (ISO/IEC 7L772-2) Annex F (List of Patent Holders) sia::':
`that information about patents can be obtained from the following cor'::-
`nies (and provides their addresses): AT&T (USA), Aware (USA). Be---...
`
`6
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`7
`
`

`

`362
`
`NIPEG VIDEO CONIPRESSION STA.'iD -
`
`man-u, of the tr,IPEG-1 listed companies, the iist adds Belgian ScierLc. ,
`icy Office, BOSCH, Columbia Universitl', Dayid Sarnoff Research C.
`Deutsche Thomson-Brandt GmbH. Fujitsu Ltd, GC Technologl'Corp
`eral lnstruments, Goldstar co. Ltd.. IRT. Nippon Telegraph and Teir:
`corp.. Nokia corp. Norrvegian Telecom, oKI Electric Industrl' co.. -
`Inc., Royal PTT Nederland N.V.. PTT Research NL. Samsti;'-
`qullcol,I
`Electronics Co. Ltd.. Scientific-Atlanta Inc., SHARP Corp'.Siemens ACI
`Texas Instruments Inc.. and TV/CONI International. At least trvo moie
`countries are no\\r represented in this patent holder list'
`
`16.9 For more information C
`For more information about joining the patent pool or obtaining an \IPEC.
`license contact:
`
`Baryn Futa, Esq., Chief Operating Officer,
`Cable Teler.ision Laboratories
`.100 Centennial Parklr'a,v
`Louisville. CO U.S.A' 80027
`
`16.10 AcknowledgmentsC
`
`Considerable work on the anal-v*sis has been performed
`of Nleltzer. Lippe, et al. His thoughtful, independent
`invaluable.
`
`b-v Evan Kahn Esi
`thinking has pror-e
`
`8
`
`