USOO8891347B2
`
`(12) United States Patent
`Yin
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 8,891,347 B2
`Nov. 18, 2014
`
`(54) USER-FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR
`WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
`
`(75) Inventor: Xuefeng Yin, Shanghai (CN)
`(73) Assignee: Empire Technology Development LLC,
`Wilmington, DE (US)
`
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`CPC ... H04L 5/0001; H04L 5/0003; H04L 5/0014:
`H04L 570026. H04L 5/0028; H04L 5/0021;
`HO4L 5AOO16
`USPC ............ 455/114.3, 114.2, 63.1: 370/203,338
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`
`(56)
`
`(*) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 178 days.
`13/522,422
`Jul. 28, 2011
`PCT/CN2011/077718
`
`(21) Appl. No.:
`(22) PCT Filed:
`(86). PCT No.:
`S371 (c)(1),
`Jul. 16, 2012
`(2), (4) Date:
`(87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2013/013407
`PCT Pub. Date: Jan. 31, 2013
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2013/O1 O7733 A1
`May 2, 2013
`
`(2006.01)
`(2009.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2009.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`H04 II/00
`H0474/00
`H04B I/04
`H04L 5/00
`H04/24/02
`H04L I/00
`H04L27/0
`H04L I/2
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`CPC ............. H04L5/0001 (2013.01); H04W 24/02
`(2013.01); H04L I/0026 (2013.01); H04L
`27/01 (2013.01); H04L5/0014 (2013.01);
`H04L 1/12 (2013.01); H04L 5/0003 (2013.01);
`Y02B 60/50 (2013.01)
`USPC ..... 370/203; 370/338; 455/114.3:455/1142:
`455/63.1
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`2007/0177551 A1* 8, 2007 Joham et al. .................. 370,332
`2010/017774.6 A1* 7, 2010 Gorokhov et al. ............ 370,336
`2011 0103457 A1
`5/2011 Phan Huyet al.
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`CN
`WO
`
`1021383.09. A
`2011/O12031 A1
`
`T 2011
`2, 2011
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`International Search Report dated May 3, 2012 as received in appli
`cation No. PCT. CN2011/077718.
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner — Kwang BYao
`Assistant Examiner — Adam Duda
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Maschoff Brennan
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`Systems and methods for wireless communication in a sys
`tem including a transmitter, a receiver, and a plurality of
`propagation paths formed between the transmitter and the
`receiver which are capable of carrying a signal transmitted by
`the transmitter to the receiver. The method includes transmit
`ting a first signal from the transmitter to the receiver via a
`propagation path of the plurality of propagation paths, receiv
`ing the first signal at the receiver, performing a channel esti
`mation of the first signal to obtain path parameter information
`of the propagation path, sending the channel estimation from
`the receiver to the transmitter via the propagation path, pre
`distorting a second signal at the transmitter according to the
`channel estimation, transmitting the predistorted signal from
`the transmitter to the receiver via the propagation path, and
`receiving the predistorted signal at the receiver.
`25 Claims, 4 Drawing Sheets
`
`Performing a channel estimation of the first
`sigrai to obtain path parameter information
`of the propagation path
`
`Transmit a first signal from the transmitter
`to the receiver via aptopagation path
`
`Receiving the first signal at the receiver
`
`-43
`
`Sending the channel estimation from
`the receiver to the transliter
`via the propagation path
`
`Pre-distorting a second signal
`at the transmitter according to
`the chare estiation
`
`4:
`
`is:
`
`Transmitting the pre-distored signal from
`the transliter to the receiver
`via the propagation path
`
`-6)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Receiving the pre-distored signal
`at the receiver
`
`- 470
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`US 8,891,347 B2
`Page 2
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`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority dated May
`3, 2012 as received in application No. PCT/CN2011/077718.
`"3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group
`Radio Access Network; Further Advancements for E-UTRA Physical
`Layer Aspects (Release 9), 3GPP TR36.814, V0.4.1(Feb. 2009), pp.
`1-31.
`Sampath et al., “Pre-Equalization for MIMOWireless Channels with
`Delay Spread', 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEEVTS
`Fall VTC 2000, vol. 3, pp. 1175-1178.
`Holfeld et al., “Order-Recursive Precoding for Cooperative Multi
`Point Transmission'. Proceedings of the International ITG/IEEE
`Workshop on Smart Antennas (WSA 2010), 2010, pp.39-45.
`
`Saleeb, "Design of a Smart antenna for reducing co-channel interfer
`ence in cellular mobile communications'. Antennas and Propagation
`Society International Symposium, IEEE, 1999, vol. 3, pp. 1620
`1623.
`Fleury et al., “Channel Parameter Estimation in Mobile Radio Envi
`ronments. Using the SAGE Algorithm”, IEEE Journal on Selected
`Areas in Communications, 1999, vol. 17. Issue 3, pp. 434-450.
`Odhah et al., “Frequency domain pre-equalization for MIMO broad
`band CDMA communication systems', National Radio Science
`Conference, 2009(NRSC 2009), Mar. 17-19, 2009, pp. 1-8.
`Ning et al., "Joint Processing Precoding for Coordinated Multi-Point
`Transmission in LTE-A'. ZTE Communications, Feb. 2010, vol. 16,
`No. 1, pp. 37-39. <http://wwwen.Zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/
`ztecommunications/2010Year/nol/articles/201003/t20100321
`181531.html>.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 18, 2014
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`Sheet 1 of 4
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`US 8,891,347 B2
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`240
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`25C
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 18, 2014
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`Sheet 2 of 4
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`US 8,891,347 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 18, 2014
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`Sheet 3 of 4
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`US 8,891,347 B2
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`Performing a channel estimation of the first
`signal to obtain path parameter information - 4 t (
`of the propagation path
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`Transmit a first signal from the transmitter
`to the receiver via a propagation path
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`Receiving the first signal at the receiver s 43
`
`Sending the channel estimation from
`the receiver to the transfitter N 44O
`via the propagation path
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`Pre-distorting a second signal
`at the transmitter according to
`the chare estination
`
`s. SO
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`Transmitting the pre-distored signal from
`the transfitter to the receiver
`via the propagation path
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`---. 46
`M
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`Receiving the pre-distored signal
`at the receiver
`
`.
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`st-470
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`U.S. Patent
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`Nov. 18, 2014
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`Sheet 4 of 4
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`US 8,891,347 B2
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`Equalization
`54.
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`Pre-Distortion
`Bocks
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`Bocks
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`US 8,891,347 B2
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`1.
`USER-FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR
`WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Wireless communication systems confront more and more
`challenges. One such challenge exists in hot-spots where
`highly concentrated groups of mobile users create large
`demands of system capacity. Other challenges exist where
`co-located heterogeneous networks in certain areas create
`interference and difficulties in inter-network handover. In
`order to address these and other problems, various techniques
`have been developed, such as relay techniques and coordi
`nated multi-point (CoMP) transmission. Both the relay and
`the CoMP techniques are used to increase the number of
`parallel channels between the source of a signal and the
`destination. While these techniques increase system perfor
`mance, they also require careful network planning and
`require high computation resources. In some instances, the
`techniques operate by exploiting additional resources from
`propagation channels.
`Other techniques, such as equalization techniques achieve
`the same purposes without changing current system configu
`rations. Equalization techniques are used in the receivers of
`the system in order to recover the original transmitted signal
`by removing any distortions that arise in the transmittal.
`When the impact of a channel is perfectly equalized, the
`signals arriving at the receiver from the different paths are
`then “aligned in phases and can be added constructively.
`Typical examples of equalization techniques include the fol
`lowing: (1) RAKE receiving technique, which equalizes the
`channel in the delay domain; (2) the frequency equalization
`technique which has been widely adopted in the receivers
`based on OFDM transmission; and (3) the time-frequency
`equalization technique used in the receivers of 4G systems,
`35
`such as the TD-Long-Term-Evolution (LTE) wireless com
`munication systems.
`One problem with these techniques, however is that they
`require that channel equalization be performed at the receiver,
`meaning that the receiverhave additional resources in order to
`perform the equalization.
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`SUMMARY
`
`In one embodiment, a method is provided for conducting
`wireless communications in a communications system. Such
`a communications system can include a transmitter, a
`receiver, and a plurality of propagation paths formed between
`the transmitter and the receiver. The propagation paths can be
`configured to be capable of carrying a signal transmitted by
`the transmitter to the receiver. The method can include: trans
`mitting a first signal from the transmitter to the receiver via a
`propagation path of the plurality of propagation paths; receiv
`ing the first signal at the receiver, performing a channel esti
`mation of the first signal to obtain path parameter information
`of the propagation path; sending the path parameter informa
`tion from the receiver to the transmitter via the propagation
`path; predistorting a second signal at the transmitter accord
`ing to the path parameter information; transmitting the pre
`distorted signal from the transmitter to the receiver via the
`propagation path; and receiving the predistorted signal at the
`receiver.
`In one embodiment, a communications system can be pro
`vided for conducting wireless communications. The system
`can include a receiver, a transmitter and a plurality of propa
`gation paths formed between the transmitter and the receiver
`which are capable of carrying a signal transmitted by the
`
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`transmitter to the receiver. The receiver can be configured to
`receive a first signal from the transmitter, perform a channel
`estimation of the first signal to obtain path parameter infor
`mation of the propagation path, and send the path parameter
`information of the path to the transmitter via the propagation
`path. The transmitter can be configured to predistort a second
`signal according to the channel estimation received from the
`receiver, and transmit the predistorted signal to the receiver
`via the propagation path.
`In one embodiment, a base station can be provided for
`performing wireless communications with a receiver in a
`wireless device via a plurality of propagation paths. The base
`station can include at least one transmitter; a computing
`device; and a computer-readable storage medium having
`computer-executable instructions stored thereon that are
`executable by the computing device to perform operations.
`The computing device operations can include: transmitting a
`first signal from the transmitter to the receiver via a propaga
`tion path of the plurality of propagation paths; receiving a
`channel estimation of the first signal including path parameter
`information of the propagation path; predistorting a second
`signal according to the channel estimation; and transmitting
`the predistorted signal from the transmitter to the receiver via
`the propagation path.
`The foregoing Summary is illustrative only and is not
`intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustra
`tive aspects, embodiments, and features described above, fur
`ther aspects, embodiments, and features will become appar
`ent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed
`description.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
`
`The foregoing and following information as well as other
`features of this disclosure will become more fully apparent
`from the following description and appended claims, taken in
`conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understand
`ing that these drawings depict only several embodiments in
`accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be
`considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be
`described with additional specificity and detail through use of
`the accompanying drawings, in which:
`FIG. 1 includes a schematic representation of an embodi
`ment of a wireless communication system which is capable of
`performing a user-focusing technique as described herein;
`FIG. 2 includes a block diagram illustrating an embodi
`ment of a transmitter and a receiver which may be used in
`performing a user-focusing technique as described herein;
`FIG. 3 includes a diagram representing an embodiment of
`a computing unit of a transmitter used in performing a user
`focusing technique as described herein;
`FIG. 4 includes a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment
`of a user-focusing technique in a wireless communication
`system;
`FIG. 5A includes a diagram representing a conventional
`wireless communication system;
`FIG. 5B includes a diagram representing a wireless com
`munication system which is capable of performing a user
`focusing technique as described herein; and
`FIG. 5C includes a diagram representing a wireless com
`munication system according to another embodiment of a
`system which is capable of performing a user-focusing tech
`nique as described herein,
`all arranged in accordance with at least one of the embodi
`ments described herein, and which arrangement may be
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`modified in accordance with the disclosure provided herein
`by one of ordinary skill in the art.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
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`In the following detailed description, reference is made to
`the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof. In the
`drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar compo
`nents, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative
`embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings,
`and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments
`may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without
`departing from the spirit or scope of the Subject matter pre
`sented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of
`the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and
`15
`illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, Substituted, com
`bined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different
`configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated
`herein.
`FIG. 1 includes a schematic representation of an embodi
`ment of a wireless communication system which is capable of
`performing a user-focusing technique as described herein.
`FIG. 1 illustrates a single-link communication scenario
`between a base station which is configured so as to act as a
`transmitter 110 and a mobile station which is configured so as
`to act as a receiver 150. Between the transmitter 110 and the
`receiver 150 are a number of buildings 120-124, which act as
`scatterers and bouncing points of communication signals
`traveling between the transmitter 110 and the receiver 150 via
`propagation paths 170, 175, and 180.
`Simply speaking, the methods and systems described
`herein use the propagation paths 170, 175, and 180 as mul
`tiple parallel carriers of the communication signals. In most
`communications currently used in the art, these various
`propagation paths 170,175, and 180 are usually considered to
`be problematic rather than being considered as a resource
`bank.
`Using the method and systems described herein, however,
`the wireless connection between the transmitter 110 and the
`receiver 150 becomes analogous with multiple wired connec
`tions linking the two points. Using this configuration, many
`existing problems, e.g. the interference cancellation, capacity
`limitations, may be removed. The system and methods
`described herein are referred to as “user-focusing and make
`use of multiple propagation paths 170, 175, and 180 between
`the transmitter 110 and receiver 150 as the parallel carriers.
`These paths are different in delay, direction of arrival, direc
`tion of departure and Doppler frequency. Along these paths,
`an electromagnetic wave may arrive at the receiver with dif
`ferent phases. However, in the user-focusing method and
`system described herein, the transmitted signal modulates the
`parallel carriers in Such a way that the wave arriving at the
`receiver 150 from different paths 170, 175, and 180 have the
`same phase, and may be Superimposed coherently.
`The effect when using this user-focusing technique is that
`the system can send the signals directly to the location of the
`receiver 150, i.e. create a “focus of the signal at the receiver
`150. As may be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art,
`this system has various benefits, including but not limited to:
`1) the total transmit power may decrease because the trans
`mitter 110 wastes no energy on sending the signals to the
`regions where no paths exist; 2) the interference among users
`can be significantly reduced and consequently, the quality of
`service can be improved; 3) the currently used multi-point
`cooperative technologies might be unnecessary, as the meth
`ods and systems described herein provides acceptable perfor
`mance using just one transmitter 110.
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`FIG. 2 illustrates two block diagram illustrating exemplary
`components of the transmitter 110 and the receiver 150
`although the transmitter 110 and receiver 150 may include
`other components or omit any non-essential components
`without varying from the scope and meaning of the claims
`recited below. In this example, the receiver comprises a
`mobile station which includes a computing unit 200 which is
`capable of controlling the function of the other modules 200
`250 of the mobile station, a display 210 capable of displaying
`one or more images on the mobile station, a speaker 220
`including an electroacoustic transducer that produces Sound
`in response to an electrical audio signal input, an antenna
`array 230 including one or more antennas which are used to
`send and receive signals with the transmitter 110, a user
`interface 240 which enables a user of the mobile station to
`manipulate and interact with the processes of the computing
`unit 200 so as to control the various modules 200-250 of the
`mobile station, and a microphone 250 configured to capture
`an acoustic sound and convert it into an electronic signal
`using an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor.
`The transmitter 110, which includes a base station in this
`example, includes a computing unit 300 described more fully
`below and an antenna array 260 comprising one or more
`antenna which are used to send and receive signals with the
`receiver 150.
`FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram illustrating an example
`computing device 300 of the transmitter 110 or receiver 150
`that is arranged to implement the user-focusing technique for
`wireless communication described more fully below. In a
`very basic configuration 302, the computing device 300 typi
`cally includes one or more processors 304 and a system
`memory 306. A memory bus 308 may be used for communi
`cating between processor 304 and system memory 306.
`Depending on the desired configuration, processor 304
`may be of any type including but not limited to a micropro
`cessor (uP), a microcontroller (LLC), a digital signal processor
`(DSP), or any combination thereof. Processor 304 may
`include one or more levels of caching. Such as a level one
`cache 310 and a level two cache 312, a processor core 314,
`and registers 316. An example processor core 314 may
`include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a floating point unit
`(FPU), a digital signal processing core (DSP Core), or any
`combination thereof. An example memory controller 318
`may also be used with processor 304, or in Some implemen
`tations memory controller 318 may be an internal part of
`processor 304.
`Depending on the desired configuration, system memory
`306 may be of any type including but not limited to volatile
`memory (such as RAM), non-volatile memory (such as
`ROM, flash memory, etc.) or any combination thereof. Sys
`tem memory 306 may include an operating system 320, one
`or more applications 322, and program data 324. Application
`322 may include an authentication component or application
`326 that is arranged or configured to construct an authentica
`tion system or authenticate one or more devices or users.
`Program data 324 may include authentication data 328 for
`constructing an authentication system and/or authenticating
`one or more devices or users. In some embodiments, appli
`cation 322 may be arranged to operate with program data 324
`on operating system320 Such that an authentication system is
`generated. This described basic configuration 302 is illus
`trated in FIG.3 by those components within the inner dashed
`line.
`Computing unit 300 may have additional features or func
`tionality, and additional interfaces to facilitate communica
`tions between basic configuration 302 and any required
`devices and interfaces. For example, a bus/interface control
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`ler 330 may be used to facilitate communications between
`basic configuration 302 and one or more data storage devices
`332 via a storage interface bus 334. Data storage devices 332
`may be removable storage devices 336, non-removable stor
`age devices 338, or a combination thereof. Examples of 5
`removable storage and non-removable storage devices
`include magnetic disk devices such as flexible disk drives and
`hard-disk drives (HDD), optical disk drives such as compact
`disk (CD) drives or digital versatile disk (DVD) drives, solid
`state drives (SSD), and tape drives to name a few. Example
`computer storage media may include Volatile and nonvolatile,
`removable and non-removable media implemented in any
`method or technology for storage of information, Such as
`computer readable instructions, data structures, program
`modules, or other data.
`System memory 306, removable storage devices 336 and
`non-removable storage devices 338 are examples of com
`puter storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is
`not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other
`memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD)
`or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,
`magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or
`any other medium which may be used to store the desired
`information and which may be accessed by computing device
`300. Any such computer storage media may be part of com
`25
`puting device 300.
`Computing device 300 may also include an interface bus
`340 for facilitating communication from various interface
`devices (e.g., output devices 342, peripheral interfaces 344,
`and communication devices 346) to basic configuration 302
`via bus/interface controller 330. Example output devices 342
`include a graphics processing unit 348 and an audio process
`ing unit 350, which may be configured to communicate to
`various external devices such as a display or speakers via one
`or more A/V ports 352. Example peripheral interfaces 344
`include a serial interface controller 354 or a parallel interface
`controller 356, which may be configured to communicate
`with external devices such as input devices (e.g., keyboard,
`mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc.) or
`other peripheral devices (e.g., printer, Scanner, etc.) via one or
`more I/O ports 358. An example communication device 346
`includes a network controller 360, which may be arranged to
`facilitate communications with one or more other computing
`devices 362 over a network communication link via one or
`more communication ports 364.
`The network communication link may be one example of a
`communication media. Communication media may typically
`be embodied by computer readable instructions, data struc
`tures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data
`signal. Such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism,
`and may include any information delivery media. A "modu
`lated data signal” may be a signal that has one or more of its
`characteristics set or changed in Such a manner as to encode
`information in the signal. By way of example, and not limi
`tation, communication media may include wired media Such
`as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless
`media Such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), microwave,
`infrared (IR) and other wireless media. The term computer
`readable media as used herein may include both storage
`media and communication media.
`In addition to being a component of the transmitter 110
`base station, the computing unit 300 may be implemented as
`a portion of a small-form factor portable (or mobile) elec
`tronic device Such as a cell phone, a personal data assistant
`(PDA), a personal media player device, a wireless web-watch
`device, a personal headset device, an application specific
`device, or a hybrid device that include any of the above
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`6
`functions. As such, the computing unit 200 of the receiver 150
`configured as a mobile station may include the same or simi
`lar components as the computing device 300. Additionally,
`the computing device 300 may also be implemented as a
`personal computer including both laptop computer and non
`laptop computer configurations.
`One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other
`processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions per
`formed in the processes and methods may be implemented in
`differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and opera
`tions are only provided as examples, and some of the steps
`and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps
`and operations, or expanded into additional steps and opera
`tions without detracting from the essence of the disclosed
`embodiments.
`The foregoing detailed description has set forth various
`embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of
`block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as Such
`block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or
`more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by
`those within the art that each function and/or operation within
`Such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be imple
`mented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of
`hardware, Software, firmware, or virtually any combination
`thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject
`matter described herein may be implemented via Application
`Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable
`Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or
`other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will
`recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed
`herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented
`in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs
`running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more
`programs running on one or more computer systems), as one
`or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as
`one or more programs running on one or more microproces
`sors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof,
`and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the
`software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one
`of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those
`skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the
`subject matter described herein are capable of being distrib
`uted as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an
`illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described
`herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bear
`ing medium used to actually carry out the distribution.
`Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not
`limited to, the following: a recordable type medium Such as a
`floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a
`computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium Such
`as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a
`fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link,
`a wireless communication link, etc.).
`Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common
`within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the
`fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering prac
`tices to integrate Such described devices and/or processes into
`data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the
`devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated
`into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of
`experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize
`that a typical data processing system generally includes one
`or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a
`memory Such as Volatile and non-volatile memory, proces
`sors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors,
`computational entities Such as operating systems, drivers,
`graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or
`
`Samsung Ex. 1001, Page 9 of 18
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`7
`more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen,
`and/or control systems including feedback loops and control
`motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or Velocity;
`control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/
`or quantities). A typical data processing system may be
`implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available
`components, such as those typically found in data computing/
`communication and/or network computing/communication
`systems.
`The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates
`different components contained within, or connected with,
`different other components. It is to be understood that such
`depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact
`many other architectures can be implemented which achieve
`the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrange
`ment of components to achieve the same functionality is
`effectively “associated such that the desired functionality is
`achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to
`achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated
`with each other such that the desired functionality is
`achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial compo
`nents. Likewise, any two components so associated can also
`be viewed as being “operably connected, or “operably
`coupled, to each other to achieve the desired functionality,
`and any two components capable of being so associated can
`also be viewed as being “operably couplable', to each other to
`achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of oper
`ably couplable include but are not limited to physically mate
`able and/or physically interacting components and/or wire
`lessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components
`30
`and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable com
`ponents.
`Returning to FIG. 1, as understood by one of ordinary skill
`in the art, the impulse response of the propagation channel
`can be viewed as the Superposition of multiple specular
`propagation paths 170, 175, and 180 between a transmitter
`110 and a receiver 150.
`As previously described with reference to FIG. 1, there are
`multiple propagation paths 170, 175, and 180 between the
`transmitter 110 and the receiver 150 wherein the signal, com
`40
`prising an electromagnetic wave may bounce off the various
`buildings or bouncing points 120-124. The interactions
`between the electromagnetic wave and the bouncing points
`120-124 can be reflection, diffraction or scattering. The sig
`nals radiated from the transmitter 110 experience different
`distortions along these propagation paths 170, 175, and 180.
`The resulting multiple replica of the