GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic)
`
`GSM and UMTS
`
`Samsung Ex. 1215, Page 1 of 575
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`

`

`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic)
`
`GSM and UMTS
`The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`Edited by
`
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Consulting Engineer, Germany
`
`With contributions from 37 key players involved in the work for GSM and UMTS
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
`
`Samsung Ex. 1215, Page 2 of 575
`
`

`

`Copyright q 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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`Contents
`
`Contents
`
`Chapter 1 GSM’s Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Section 1
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 2 GSM and UMTS Milestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 3 GSM Success Measured by Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Chapter 2 The Agreement on the Concepts and the Basic Parameters of the GSM Standard
`(Mid-1982 to Mid-1987). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The Market Fragmentation in Europe and the CEPT Initiatives in 1982 . . .
`Thomas Haug
`Section 2 The GSM Standardisation Work 1982–1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Thomas Haug
`Section 3 The Franco-German, Tripartite and Quadripartite Co-operation from 1984 to 1987
`Philippe Dupuis
`Section 4 The GSM Memorandum of Understanding the Engine that Pushed GSM to the
`Market
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Stephen Temple
`Section 5 The Role of the European Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Philippe Dupuis
`
`Chapter 3 The Detailed Specification Work Leading to the GSM Phase 1 Standard used for
`the Opening of Service (1987–1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Thomas Haug
`
`Chapter 4 Consolidating GSM Phase 1 and Evolving the Services and System Features to
`GSM Phase 2 in ETSI SMG (1992–1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Philippe Dupuis
`
`Chapter 5 Evolving the Services and System Features to Generation 2.5 by the GSM Phase
`2+ Program (1993–2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The GSM Phase 2+ Work in ETSI SMG from 1993 to 1996 . . . . . . . . . .
`Philippe Dupuis
`Section 2 The GSM Work in ETSI SMG from May 1996 to July 2000 . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Section 3 GSM Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Ansgar Bergmann
`
`1
`
`1
`5
`7
`
`11
`11
`
`15
`
`23
`
`36
`
`52
`
`57
`
`61
`
`73
`73
`
`80
`
`99
`
`Chapter 6 GSM Goes to North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Don Zelmer
`
`105
`
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`Chapter 7 The UMTS Related Work of the European Commission, UMTS Taskforce,
`UMTS Forum and GSM Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The European Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Joa˜o Schwarz da Silva
`Section 2 The European Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Ruprecht Niepold
`Section 3 The UMTS Taskforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Bosco Fernandez
`Section 4 The UMTS Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Thomas Beijer
`Section 5 Spectrum Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Josef Huber
`
`Chapter 8 The UMTS Standardisation Work in ETSI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The Initial Work in ETSI SMG (up to Spring 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Philippe Dupuis
`Section 2 The Creation of the UMTS Foundations in ETSI from April 1996 to February
`1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`
`Chapter 9 The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The Creation of 3GPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Karlheinz Rosenbrock
`Section 2 UMTS in 3GPP (December 1998 to May 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Niels P.S. Andersen
`
`Chapter 10 Services and Services’ Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The Early Years up to the Completion of the First Set of Specifications for
`Tendering of Infrastructure (1982 to March 1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Section 2 The Years from Mid-1988 to early 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Alan Cox
`
`Chapter 11 System Architecture Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Michel Mouly
`
`Chapter 12 Radio Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The Early Years from 1985 to 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Didier Verhulst
`Section 2 The Development from 1995 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Michael Fa¨rber
`
`Chapter 13 The Subscriber Identity Module, Past, Present and Future . . . . . . . . .
`Klaus Vedder
`
`Chapter 14 Voice Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Kari Ja¨rvinen
`
`Chapter 15 Security Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Mike Walker
`
`115
`115
`
`128
`
`147
`
`156
`
`165
`
`179
`179
`
`184
`
`221
`221
`
`247
`
`263
`
`263
`
`286
`
`301
`
`309
`309
`
`319
`
`341
`
`371
`
`385
`
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Chapter 16 Short Message and Data Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The Early Years up to the Completion of the First Set of Specifications in March
`1988 for Tendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Section 2 The Development from Mid-1988 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Kevin Holley
`Section 3 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Wolfgang Roth and Ju¨rgen Baumann
`
`Chapter 17 Mobile Stations Type Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Remi Thomas and David Barnes
`
`Chapter 18 Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Gisela Hertel
`
`Chapter 19 Professional Technical Support and its Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 The PN in the CEPT Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Bernard Mallinder
`Section 2 PT12 and PT SMG in the ETSI Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Ansgar Bergmann
`Section 3 MCC in the 3GPP and ETSI Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Adrian Scrase
`
`Chapter 20 Working Methods and their Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Ansgar Bergmann
`
`Chapter 21 The Contributions of the GSM Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 Co-operation of the Operators from the Agreement of the GSM MoU to the
`Opening of Service in 1991/1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Renzo Failli
`Section 2 God Send Mobiles, the Experiences of an Operator Pioneer. . . . . . . . . . .
`George Schmitt
`Section 3 The Evolution from the Informal GSM MoU Group to the GSM Association from
`1992 to 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Arne Foxman
`Section 4 The Evolution of the GSM Association from 1998 to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . .
`Petter Bliksrud
`Section 5 The Work on Services Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Armin Toepfer
`Section 6 The Work on Data Interchange for International Roaming . . . . . . . . . . .
`Michael Gießler
`Section 7 The Third Generation Interest Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Neil Lilly
`
`Chapter 22 GSM and UMTS Acceptance in the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Section 1 Global Acceptance of GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Section 2 Global Acceptance of UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Bernd Eylert
`
`Chapter 23 GSM Success Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`
`407
`
`407
`
`417
`
`425
`
`431
`
`445
`
`451
`451
`
`453
`
`457
`
`463
`
`481
`
`481
`
`490
`
`495
`
`506
`
`511
`
`516
`
`525
`
`531
`531
`
`542
`
`547
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`Annex 1 Plenary Meetings of GSM, SMG, TSG SA, GSM MoU, GSMA . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Annex 2 Organisation Evolution of the Technical Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Annex 3 Lists of Chairpersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Annex 4 List of Key Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Index
`
`549
`
`555
`
`568
`
`573
`
`577
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`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic)
`
`Chapter 1: GSM’s Achievements
`
`Section 1: Introduction
`
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`
`1.1.1 Introduction to the Content of the Book
`
`This book describes how global mobile communication was made. It is written for those who
`want or need to know how this was achieved e.g.:
`† Young professionals who want to build their career on GSM and UMTS and need to
`understand the basics
`† Strategic and technical planners who want to drive the future GSM and UMTS develop-
`ment
`† Strategists who plan to repeat GSM’s success in the fourth generation
`† Academics, who want to understand and analyse the development of GSM and UMTS;
`† Activists in other large scale international communication projects who want to use
`experiences gained
`
`But the book is also written for those about two thousand colleagues who participated in
`the work and want to have a record of the events or to have a more comprehensive image, of
`what happened in the different branches of the very big network of groups.
`GSM is the system which started in Europe and was accepted by the world. It provides
`global mobile communication to:
`† anybody: 500 million users from professionals to children in May 2001
`† anywhere: 168 countries in all continents in May 2001
`† any media: voice, messaging, data, multimedia
`UMTS is built on the GSM footprint and plans to repeat the GSM success.
`This book is focused on the pre-competitive sphere, the big co-operative effort, which
`enabled the huge market success world-wide. The clarification of the strategies, the strategic
`decisions on the broad avenues in service and system design and commercial concepts are
`described. This book provides an insight into the process of how this was achieved and when.
`In selected cases it shows the complexity of the process and the antagonism of the interests of
`the different parties and the consensus building process in detail. The output of the process is
`well documented in the technical specifications produced by the different groups. They can be
`retrieved from the Internet.1
`1 www.ETSI.org, www.3GPP.org, www.gsmworld.org or www.umtsforum.org. The GSM phase 1 standard can be
`found on the attached CD ROM in folder A3, since it is not available from the Internet.
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`2
`
`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`This book describes the building of the will and momentum to create a Pan-European
`system to end the market segmentation and barriers to growth. Principles were agreed.
`Advanced services’ requirements including international roaming were agreed. To fulfil
`these requirements an advanced new digital system was developed. The system provided
`for a competition of several operators in a country. Advanced low cost terminals were
`achieved by large markets and manufacturers competition. Advanced low cost infrastructure
`was enabled by large markets, multivendor concepts and manufacturers competition. All
`major decisions were made in time, even the most difficult ones. A far-reaching system
`evolution – even leading from second to third generation – was implemented. Manufacturers
`and operators promoted GSM in Europe and beyond. The world was invited to become a
`partner with equal rights in this process.
`The book covers intensively the two phases which lead to the long-term strategic orienta-
`tion of GSM and UMTS. There were protracted and deep controversial debates, which lead to
`a consensus:
`† The debate about the concepts and the basic parameters of the GSM standard from the end
`of 1986 to mid-1987 showed that the Europeans could agree on one solution and meant
`business with GSM. It lead to the creation of a new more open organisation by moving all
`work from CEPT GSM to ETSI GSM opening the doors for manufacturers to participate
`with equal rights and the GSM MoU Group to participate as the operators’ club.
`† The debate about the strategy, the concepts and the basic parameters of UMTS in 1996–
`1997 lead to a re-orientation of the UMTS concept and an agreement on its cornerstones
`within ETSI and with key players in North America and in Asia. This required also a new
`more open and more efficient organisation of the work in 3GPP, which allowed access
`with equal rights to non-European players.
`
`In both cases a stable base and framework for the following phase of more detailed work
`was achieved.
`The much more competitive situation in the market created by the licensing of several
`operators in a country did in principle not deteriorate the consensus building process, since
`the new players understood very quickly that a constructive co-operation in the pre-compe-
`titive sphere was the prerequisite of the success. These new players brought often more
`demanding requirements. This was essential for the vivid and fertile system evolution.
`The founding documents of the GSM/UMTS system are the GSM/UMTS Technical Speci-
`fications and Standards and the Permanent Reference Documents (PRDs). The Technical
`Specifications contain the basic technical definitions: services, system architecture, selected
`interfaces and operation and maintenance functions, and test specifications. Some of these,
`which are needed for regulatory purposes, are converted into formal Standards. The Tech-
`nical Specifications and Standards were elaborated by groups who varied over time: CEPT
`GSM, ETSI GSM and SMG, ANSI T1P1 and 3GPP. The PRDs cover commercial and
`operational aspects, e.g. service and commercial requirements, test specifications for roam-
`ing, security algorithms, protocols for the interchange of charging data for roamers. They
`were elaborated by working groups in the GSM MoU Group, later called GSM MoU Asso-
`ciation and now GSM Association.
`The book provides in the rest of Chapter 1 key milestones and success statistics. It
`describes in Chapters 2–9 the GSM phases and the evolution towards UMTS built on
`GSM. Chapters 10–20 provide more details on technical aspects and working methods.
`
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`Chapter 1: GSM’s Achievements
`
`3
`
`Chapter 21 deals with operators co-operation and the elaboration of the PRDs. Chapter 22
`describes the world-wide acceptance of GSM and UMTS. Chapter 23 tries to explain from
`our point of view, which factors enabled this success which surpassed all expectations. A CD-
`ROM is attached to the book, which contains all reference documents mentioned in the
`footnotes of the different contributions.
`The success of GSM and UMTS was created by the working together of a very large
`number of people in a network. The catalyst of this process was the co-operation of a smaller
`number of people in the pre-competitive sphere using different forums. All these colleagues
`created the technical system specifications for GSM and UMTS and the technical and
`commercial documents needed for the marketing and operation of GSM and UMTS with
`special emphasis on international roaming. All these people worked in a network. They
`shared visions and strategy. It was for all of them a privilege to have the opportunity to
`contribute to this ‘‘inner circle’’.
`The book is structured into contributions, which are written as named contributions by key
`players who played a long-term key role in the development of GSM and UMTS. The views
`expressed in the different contributions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
`the views of their respective affiliation entities. There has been a lot of dialogue between all
`authors during the writing of the book. However, it was the intention to provide different
`views from different perspectives to the reader. We did not try to iron out all differences of
`opinion. The book shows how different personalities could work together like a big orchestra,
`create and play a great symphony. In selected cases the reader will find cross references by the
`editor in footnotes highlighting to key differences. It is a major achievement of this book that
`so many people – despite their loaded agenda took the time to report about their experiences
`and views.
`It was a pleasure for me to act as editor of this book and work together with so many
`excellent colleagues to provide this record of events and our explanations. We are open to
`dialogue with our readers. Our CVs and e-mail addresses are provided in the attached CD
`ROM File G.
`
`1.1.2 Practical Advice on how to use the Book
`
`The content list is structured into chapters and sections containing the individual contribu-
`tions written by named authors. A short CV and e-mail address of each author is provided in
`the attached CD ROM file G. All footnotes in a contribution are numbered locally.
`The decision making plenary meetings changed over time from GSM (Groupe Spe´cial
`Mobil) to SMG (Special Mobile Group) to 3GPP TSG SA (Technical Specification Group
`Services and System Aspects). The Plenary meetings are numbered in sequence: GSM#1 to
`32, SMG#1 to 32 and SA#1...
`Similarly the subgroups reporting to the plenary changed their names. The group
`responsible for services was WP1 (Working Party), then GSM1, then SMG1 and finally
`TSG SA WG SA1. Equal developments had the radio groups using the number 2 and the
`network aspects group using the number 3. The data group started as IDEG and became
`GSM4 and SMG4.
`Reference documents, which are relevant and often difficult to retrieve are provided on
`the attached CD-ROM. Reference documents are mentioned in footnotes in the sections. The
`
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`4
`
`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`vast majority are temporary documents of the different standardisation groups. Their number
`contains a serial number and a year number. Often the format is SSS/YY (e.g. 123/87 ¼
`temporary document 123 of 1987). This was changed in later years to YY-SSS. The CD-
`ROM uses file names of uniform format with the year followed by the serial number for an
`easy automatic sorting. The CD-ROM provides the quoted reference documents and all
`Plenary Meeting Reports of the technical standardisation groups: CEPT, ETSI GSM and
`SMG and 3GPP. In addition key documents of other areas are provided e.g. the GSM
`Memorandum of Underatanding and the UMTS Task Force report. Finally a folder F contains
`funny things and a video and some photographs. More details are given in the contents list of
`the CD-ROM in the file ‘‘Introduction’’.
`Several overview lists and descriptions are provided:
`† Milestones: Chapter 1, Section 2
`† Plenary Meeting Lists in Annex 1
`† Technical groups and their evolution in Annex 2
`† Chairpersons lists in Annex 3
`† Key abbreviations in Annex 4
`The current version of the complete GSM and UMTS Specifications can be found at the
`following website: www.3gpp.org. The GSM Phase 1 specifications of 1990/1 can be found
`on the attached CD-ROM in folder A3.
`
`Samsung Ex. 1215, Page 11 of 575
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`

`

`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic)
`
`Chapter 1: GSM’s Achievements
`
`Section 2: GSM and UMTS Milestones
`
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`
`1982
`
`1982 (December)
`1984 (August)
`
`1986 (June)
`1986
`
`1987 (February)
`
`1987 (May)
`1987 (June)
`
`1987 (7 September)
`
`1988 (I Quarter)
`
`1988 (29 February)
`1988 Autumn
`1988 (October)
`
`1989
`
`1990
`1991
`1991 (October)
`1991 (October)
`
`1991-1992
`1992
`1992 (June)
`1992 (17 June)
`
`1993
`
`CEPT allocates 900 MHz spectrum for the use by a Pan-European mobile communication
`system, forms the ‘‘Groupe Spe´cial Mobile’’ (GSM) and recommends the reservation of
`frequencies in the 900 MHz band for the future Pan-European cellular system.
`First meeting of the Group Spe´cial Mobile (GSM) in Stockholm.
`Decision of France and Germany to terminate the planned common 900 MHz analogue
`system development and to concentrate on a standardised Pan-European digital system.
`GSM Permanent Nucleus established in Paris.
`Trials of different digital radio transmission schemes and different speech codecs in several
`countries, comparative evaluation by CEPT GSM in Paris.
`CEPT GSM#13 meeting in Madeira: decision on the basic parameters of the GSM
`system.
`Finalisation of the decision on the basic parameters of the GSM system.
`The European council agrees to the issue of a Directive reserving 900 MHz frequency
`blocks.
`GSM Memorandum of Understanding, an agreement to support the development of
`GSM and to implement it in 1991, signed in Copenhagen by 14 operators from 13
`European countries.
`Completion of first set of detailed GSM specifications for infrastructure tendering
`purposes.
`Simultaneous issue of invitation to tender for networks by ten GSM network operators.
`Ten GSM infrastructure contracts signed by ten network operators.
`Public presentation of the first set of GSM specifications at a conference in Hagen
`(Germany), which attracts 600 participants from Europe, USA and Japan and where copies
`of the specifications could be bought.
`Standardisation work transferred from CEPT to ETSI. CEPT Groupe Spe´cial Mobile
`becomes ETSI Technical Committee GSM.
`GSM Phase 1 specifications ‘‘frozen’’ in ETSI Technical Committee GSM.
`GSM MoU Permanent Secretariat established in Dublin.
`Pilot GSM networks demonstrated at ITU’s Telecom ‘91 in Geneva.
`ETSI Technical Committee GSM put in charge of UMTS specification activities in addi-
`tion to the GSM work and renamed ‘‘SMG’’ ( ¼ Special Mobile Group).
`Search for a system name leads to ‘‘Global System for Mobile Communications’’.
`First commercial GSM networks come into service.
`First true hand-portable terminals become available.
`First international roaming agreement signed between the GSM networks of Telecom
`Finland and the UK’s Vodafone.
`1 million GSM users.
`
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`6
`
`1993
`
`1993
`
`1993 (September)
`
`1994
`1995 (June)
`
`1995 (Autumn)
`1995 (October)
`1995 (November)
`
`1995
`1996 (March)
`1996 (Summer)
`
`1996 (Spring)
`
`1996 (August)
`1996
`1997 (February)
`
`1997 (February)
`1997 (Autumn)
`1997 (End)
`1998 (I Quarter)
`
`1998 (Mid)
`1998 (End)
`1998 (December)
`
`2000 (March)
`
`2000 (June)
`
`2001 (May)
`
`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`Australian operators are first non-European operators who decide to implement
`GSM and to sign the MoU.
`ETSI Technical Committee SMG agrees objectives and methodology for an open
`evolution of GSM beyond phase 2, to be implemented as phase 2 1 .
`The world’s first DCS 1800 (now GSM 1800) personal communication network opened in
`the UK by Mercury One-2-One (now One 2 One).
`Data capabilities launched in GSM networks.
`GSM MoU Group becomes a legal body, registered as a GSM MoU Association in
`Switzerland.
`10 million GSM users in 100 GSM networks on air in (60) countries world-wide
`GSM Phase 2 standardisation frozen in ETSI Technical Committee SMG.
`The first North American PCS 1900 (now GSM 1900) network opened by American
`Personal Communications in Washington, DC.
`Fax, data and SMS services started, video over GSM demonstrated.
`UMTS Task Force Report on a UMTS strategy for Europe completed.
`PCS-1900 (now GSM 1900) service, provided to the US Republican National
`Convention which was held in San Diego, CA.
`Creation of the UMTS Forum as a world-wide body, dealing with market, regulation and
`spectrum aspects of UMTS.
`GSM MoU Association signs co-operation agreement with ETSI.
`DCS 1800 renamed GSM 1800 and PCS 1900 renamed GSM1900.
`GSM release 96, the first release of phase 2 1 , completed by ETSI Technical Committee
`SMG.
`Consensus on UMTS strategy achieved by ETSI Technical Committee SMG.
`100 countries on air (70 million users in 200 networks).
`GSM release 97 completed by ETSI Technical Committee SMG.
`Decision on the basic concepts of the UMTS standard including services, radio and
`network aspects.
`100 million GSM users world-wide.
`GSM release 98 completed by ETSI Technical Committee SMG.
`Creation of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), transfer of the UMTS
`standardisation work.
`GSM/UMTS release 99, the basis for GSM evolution and UMTS opening in 2002,
`completed by 3GPP and ETSI Technical Committee SMG and ANSI T1P1.
`Transfer of the remaining GSM specification work to 3GPP, closing of ETSI Technical
`Committee SMG, creation of a new Technical Committee MSG ( ¼ Mobile Standards
`Group) responsible for European regulatory standards for terminals.
`500 million GSM users world-wide.
`
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`

`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`Edited by Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Copyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`ISBNs: 0-470-84322-5 (Hardback); 0-470-845546 (Electronic)
`
`Chapter 1: GSM’s Achievements
`
`Section 3: GSM’s Success Measured in Numbers
`
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`
`This section presents figures achieved in the years from 1992 to the end of 2000. It looks at
`the values for GSM in total, i.e. GSM 900, 1800 and 1900.
`
`1.3.1 GSM User Numbers World-wide
`
`Figure 1.3.1 shows the explosive growth from 0.25 million in 1992 the first year of commer-
`cial operation to 450 million at the end of 2000. The never expected number of 500 million
`was passed in May 2001. A duplication to 1 billion users can be expected in 2005.
`
`Figure 1.3.1 GSM user numbers world-wide
`
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`8
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`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`1.3.2 GSM Networks and Countries on Air (Figure 1.3.2)
`
`From the initial base of 13 networks in seven European countries in 1992 these figures grew
`to 392 networks in 147 countries on all continents. International roaming connects all these
`countries. This means that GSM is present in more countries than nearly all the famous mass
`market brands like Coca Cola, McDonalds.
`
`Figure 1.3.2 GSM networks and countries on air
`
`1.3.3 International Roaming
`
`The GSM user enjoys a truly global infrastructure.1 All GSM operators have international
`roaming. The advanced operators have 100 or more roaming relations working. Every new
`operator has typically after 6 months of operation at least ten roaming relations in operation.
`In total more than 20 000 roaming agreements were concluded in Autumn 1999.
`There were 40 operators, who have roaming with 70 or more countries, based on 5600
`roaming agreements.
`The roaming traffic exceeded the expectations. In August 1999 there were more than 400
`million calls/month originated by roamers in visited networks. Many networks have 10% or
`more of their traffic from roamers.
`
`1.3.4 Short Message Service
`
`The GSM Short Message Service is the first mobile data service that reached the mass market.
`Mainly young people love to exchange text messages and little drawings. Large European
`operators transmitted between 500 and 1000 million short messages in December 2000.
`World-wide 50 billion short messages were sent in the first quarter of 2001 after 12 billion
`in the first quarter of 2000 (source: GSMA)
`
`1 Japan and Korea have not admitted GSM. Japan offers interstandard roaming GSM/PDC.
`
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`Chapter 1: GSM’s Achievements
`
`9
`
`1.3.5 Competition with other Standards
`
`The competition on the world market in the first half of the 1990s was mainly between GSM
`and analogue systems since the other digital systems were either not available outside their
`home market or not yet ready. In most developed market the digital systems dominated
`clearly at the end of 2000. In Europe GSM serves 98% of the mobile users.
`The competition between digital mobile systems took place mainly between four systems
`(Table 1.3.1).
`The competition lead to a clear decision in the world market. GSM served 69% of all
`digital mobile users at the end of 2000 (Figure 1.3.3).
`
`Table 1.3.1 Four standards were ready for the world market competition in the early 1990s
`
`Radio
`
`Network
`
`Standard
`
`System
`
`GSM
`
`PDC
`
`Advanced TDMA
`
`Basic TDMA
`
`ISDN
`MAP
`ISDN
`MAP
`ANSI 41 evolution
`ANSI 41 evolution
`
`1991
`
`1992
`
`1991
`1991
`
`ANSI 54/136 TDMA
`ANSI 95 CDMA
`
`Basic TDMA
`Narrow band CDMA
`
`Figure 1.3.3 Competition in the world market
`
`1.3.6 Forecasts and Reality in Europe
`
`Compared to today’s reality in Europe, the mobile and wireless communications evolution
`perspective of the world, at the beginning of 1985, looks retrospectively rather conservative.
`While the promise of an accelerated development of mobile communications was sensed as a
`likely possibility, due notably to the anticipated success of GSM, the most optimistic scenar-
`ios for market deployment called for a few million subscribers at the turn of the century.
`A famous study by a recognised consulting company2 forecasted at the end of 1990 a total
`number of 22.5...24.5 million mobile users in the year 2000 in Europe (European Union with
`
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`10
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`GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`15 member states and Norway and Sweden). They expected that 18.5...21.3 million of them
`would use GSM.
`In the mid 90s, there were about 13 million users of mobile communications in Europe and
`estimates suggested that the market potential would be of the order of 50 m