12/11/23, 12:14 AM
`Henrik Frystyk, July 1994
`
`The World-Wide Web
`
` The World-Wide Web
`
` The official description of the World-Wide Web (WWW, W3) is a "wide-area hypermedia information
`retrieval initiative aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents". It is a way of viewing all
`the on-line information available on the Internet as a seamless, browsable continuum. This section introduces the
`general concept of the World-Wide Web and the basic elements in the model. The content of the section is as
`follows:
`
`1. Basic World-Wide Web Model
`2. Universal Resource Identifies
`3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`4. Hypertext Markup Language
`5. Interactive World-Wide Web Model
`Basic World-Wide Web Model
`
`The basic idea behind the World-Wide Web is based on a client server application and hypertext documents as
`illustrated in the figure below. The model is simplified in that it only contains elements that exists within the
`World-Wide Web concept. Later the model will be expanded to a generic resource accessing model.
`
`The Client
`The client is the user's interface to the Internet. Whatever type of service requested this interface stays the
`same, so users do not need to understand the differences between the many different access schemes in
`common use on the Internet. This principle is the same as is seen from other popular applications such as
`Microsoft Windows, Machintosh etc. where the user is always presented to the same GUI interface.
`Uniform Resource Identifier URI
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`https://www.w3.org/People/Frystyk/thesis/WWW.html
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`Dropbox, Inc. v. Entangled Media, LLC
`IPR2024-00285 - U.S. Patent No. 8,484,260
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`The World-Wide Web
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`The user initiates a request by specifying a Uniform Resource Identifier or a "hyperlink". This link can
`specify any accessible information or resource on the Internet as long as it can be uniquely identified as an
`object. The word "Web" refers to the combination of accessible objects and the links pointing to them
`throughout the Internet.
`The Server
`The server is responsible for handling the request sent from the client. This can either be a local accessible
`resource or the server can request the resource from another server in which case the first server
`temporarily turns into a client.
`Hypertext Transport Protocol HTTP
`The client sends of the user request to a WWW server using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This
`is a typical client-server application based on a stateless connection between the client requesting the URI
`and the server handling the request.
`Hypertext Markup Language HTML
`On a successful request, a data object is returned from the server to the client. The object is written in the
`Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) which is a hypertext language with the possibility of containing
`hyperlinks that the user can follow.
`The model basically reflects the first version of the World-Wide Web as it is described in the HTTP Protocol
`version 0.9 and HTML version 1.0. However, the WWW specifications have been rapidly changing during the
`last 3-4 years, even though the current model is still based on a client-server approach. From being a HTML and
`HTTP based model, the World-Wide Web is now capable of handling virtually any existing data format on the
`Internet using a large set of access methods apart from HTTP such as FTP, Gopher, WAIS, Telnet etc. In other
`words, the World-Wide Web represents a generic information exchange tool capable of accessing information
`throughout the Internet. Though, before the more advanced model is presented, it is necessary to get an overview
`of the basic elements in the WWW model mentioned above.
`Universal Resource Identifies
`
`In order to address a data object or more general, a resource, in the model above it is necessary to define a name
`space that not only contains information about hosts but also about resources available on each host. The World-
`Wide Web model defines Uniform Resource Identifiers or URIs that specifies a syntax for encoding the names
`and addresses of data objects on the Internet and how they can be accessed. The set of URIs covers
`
`Universal Resource Identifier (URI)
`A generic set of all addresses in the address space of all resources on the Internet. They describe a
`hierarchical naming scheme that together with the HTTP protocol makes a significant difference between
`the World-Wide Web model and other Internet access schemes such as FTP that has a flat address space.
`Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
`The term "URI" has been introduced by the IETF and is a a general description of all URL that are not
`persistent. In practice the URLs consist of the current set of Internet protocols supported by the WWW, i.e,
`HTTP, FTP, Gopher, WAIS, etc., followed by a directory path, a file name, and possibly a search directive.
`Uniform Resource Name (URN)
`However, the ultimate goal for URIs is to be a persistent naming scheme independent of the mean of
`access, i.e., the protocol used and of the physical structure of resources on the specific host. The only way
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`https://www.w3.org/People/Frystyk/thesis/WWW.html
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`Dropbox Exhibit 1013 - Page 2
`Dropbox, Inc. v. Entangled Media, LLC
`IPR2024-00285 - U.S. Patent No. 8,484,260
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`

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`The World-Wide Web
`12/11/23, 12:14 AM
`to obtain this is to have a naming scheme like the Internet Domain Name Service. URNs are currently
`under consideration in IETF but little is known about the status of the research.
`Uniform Resource Citation (URC)
`This is meta information about a URI. They consist of pairs of attribute/value which can contain
`information on the author, publisher etc. The URC are currently not used.
`Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`
`The Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) is a generic stateless presentation layer protocol with elements from
`other Internet presentation layer protocols. The HTTP protocol is built on a client-server model where the client
`initiates a request and the server replies with a response.
`
`The basic format of the HTTP protocol is based on the MIME Protocol with a set of HTTP Headers possibly
`followed by a message body containing a data object in any 7-bit or 8-bit accepted by the client. The client
`specifies what data format it can handle by having a list of accept headers in the request.
`
`The basic WWW-model indicates that the client initiates a request and the server responds by sending a data
`object to the client. However, often the client wants to post a data object to the server, e.g. to post a mail message
`to an email address, to a news group, or to create a new file on the remote server. The HTTP protocol provides
`two methods for the client to transfer a data object to the server. Though, the client is not guaranteed that the
`request can be fulfilled - even on a successful return code. The action can at all times be cancelled by the
`responsible person of the remote server.
`
`One of the characteristics of the HTTP protocol is that it is a superset of the other Presentation Layer supported
`by the WWW-model. This means that messages generated by other protocols can be handled by the HTTP
`protocol by wrapping a set of HTTP/MIME headers around the message. This is an essential feature for the
`concept of Proxy servers.
`
`The current version 1.0 of the HTTP protocol is built on top of the TCP Protocol that is a connection oriented
`protocol with a 3 way handshake connection establishment. This causes an substantial overhead in a client-server
`oriented environment like the HTTP protocol. It would therefore be an excessive optimization if the HTTP
`protocol was moved to a lighter Transport Layer protocol such as the Transactional TCP Protocol which still
`provides a reliable stream transport service.
`Hypertext Markup Language
`
`The Hypertext Markup language (HTML) is the users interface to create information on the World-Wide Web.
`The description of the World-Wide Web has until now focused on the technology that due to specifications and
`conventions provide the functionality necessary to request and serve information across the Internet. HTML is
`defined to be the hypertext language of communication which actually flows over the network. There is no
`requirement that files are stored in HTML. Servers may store files in any other formats and then generate a
`HTML on the fly upon a client request. This gives the possibility of having virtual documents instead of static
`documents on rapidly changing information like weather reports etc. HTML can be used to represent:
`
`Hypertext news, mail, online documentation, and collaborative hypermedia
`Menus and options
`Database query results
`Simple structured documents with inlined multi media elements like images, audio and movie
`URI-Links to other resources on the Internet.
`
`HTML is built on top of the International Standard ISO 8879 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
`SGML is a system for defining structured document types and markup languages to represent instances of the
`document types. That is, HTML is a Document Type Definition (DTD) used on top of a SGML parser. Every
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`https://www.w3.org/People/Frystyk/thesis/WWW.html
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`Dropbox Exhibit 1013 - Page 3
`Dropbox, Inc. v. Entangled Media, LLC
`IPR2024-00285 - U.S. Patent No. 8,484,260
`
`

`

`The World-Wide Web
`12/11/23, 12:14 AM
`SGML based document contains three elements as illustrated in the figure:
`
`HTML is now superseeded by HTML+ that is an enriched DTD with possibilities of handling tables, math,
`images etc. Currently many browsers support a subset of the HTML+ specifications in addition to the basic
`HTML features.
`Interactive World-Wide Web Model
`
`The description of the Universal Resource Identifiers, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and the Hypertext
`Markup Language now calls for an update of the Basic WWW-model as illustrated in the figure.
`
`This model is a generic resource exchange model based on a client-server concept. Instead of the limited model
`with data flowing only from the server to the client, the client is capable of posting data to the server if the server
`allows this kind of service. Furthermore, the format of the data transferred in the message body can have any
`format from 7-bit ASCII text to 8-bit binary data. The transfer carrier can be any protocol supported by the
`World-Wide Web but the main protocol is HTTP as it can be used to encapsulate the other protocols supported,
`even a FTP message that is a highly state dependent protocol.
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`https://www.w3.org/People/Frystyk/thesis/WWW.html
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`4/5
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`Dropbox Exhibit 1013 - Page 4
`Dropbox, Inc. v. Entangled Media, LLC
`IPR2024-00285 - U.S. Patent No. 8,484,260
`
`

`

`12/11/23, 12:14 AM
`
`The World-Wide Web
`
` Henrik Frystyk, July 1994
`
`https://www.w3.org/People/Frystyk/thesis/WWW.html
`
`5/5
`
`Dropbox Exhibit 1013 - Page 5
`Dropbox, Inc. v. Entangled Media, LLC
`IPR2024-00285 - U.S. Patent No. 8,484,260
`
`