Microsoft
`
`Amazon.com,Inc. v. Dynapass IP Holdings LLC, IPR2024-00283
`
`omputer
`Dictionary
`Mitan=eliic)
`
`Fully updated with the latest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`Easyto read, expertly illustrated
`Definitive coverage of hardware,
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`'
`
`Ex. 2008,p. 1
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`Ex. 2008, p. 1
`Amazon.com, Inc. v. Dynapass IP Holdings LLC, IPR2024-00283
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`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
`
`7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-41929
`
`Ex. 2008, p. 2
`Amazon.com, Inc. v. Dynapass IP Holdings LLC, IPR2024-00283
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`

`

`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`Bart Arenson
`Janice Borzendowski
`Jerome Colburn
`Duane Hanson
`Andrew Himes
`Robert Howecton
`Annette B. Jackson
`Larry S. Jackson
`Thomas A. Jackson
`Chris Kinata
`Ilana Kingsley
`Robin Lombard
`Thomas A. Long
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`David Holter
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`David Mason
`Terrence M. McLaren
`Wallace Parker
`Charles Petzold
`Phil Rose
`John Ross
`David Rygmyr
`Aimée Truchard
`Michael Vose
`Bruce Webster
`Judson D. Weeks
`Tom Winn
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`Joel Panchot
`
`Ex. 2008, p. 3
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`

`

`Ex. 2008, p. 4
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`Ex. 2008, p. 4
`Amazon.com, Inc. v. Dynapass IP Holdings LLC, IPR2024-00283
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Changes in the Fifth Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Order of Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Future Printings and Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
`ANSI Character Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593
`IBM Extended Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
`EBCDIC Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599
`Appendix B:
`Common File Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
`
`Appendix D:
`Internet Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
`
`v
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`

`

`Introduction
`
`Introduction
`
`The Microsoft Computer Dictionary, Fifth Edition is
`designed to be a comprehensive and authoritative source of
`definitions for computer-related terms and abbreviations.
`The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety
`of topics relevant to computer users, including software,
`hardware, networking, data storage, graphics, games,
`information processing, the Internet and the World Wide
`Web, gaming, history, jargon and slang, organizations, pro-
`gramming, and standards.
`Although this book covers nearly every aspect of comput-
`ing, it does not include entries on most companies or on
`most makes and models of computers, nor does it contain
`entries on most application software products. The few
`exceptions to this rule of thumb are key companies and
`products that have a historical or universal importance
`within the computing industry.
`This dictionary emphasizes terminology that the average
`computer user will encounter in documentation, online
`help, computer manuals, marketing and sales materials, the
`popular media, and the computer trade press. Because
`most computer users operate personal computers and desk-
`top systems at home, work, or both, the majority of the
`entries in this dictionary cover the terminology used in
`describing and working with these systems. However,
`some specialized or highly technical language is included
`that pertains to areas of industry, academia, software and
`hardware development, and research. These terms have
`been included because they have a bearing on more com-
`mon computer terminology or because they are of histori-
`cal significance.
`
`Changes in the Fifth Edition
`The fifth edition of the Microsoft Computer Dictionary has
`been revised and expanded to include over 10,000 entries,
`reflecting the many advances in the computer field and
`
`including several areas that have come into prominence in
`the public eye, such as networking, Web authoring, and
`new technologies, such as .NET. The content from the Year
`2000 appendix has been integrated into the body of the dic-
`tionary and a new appendix on emoticons and instant mes-
`saging symbols has been added.
`
`Order of Presentation
`Entries are alphabetized by letter. Spaces are ignored, as are
`characters such as hyphens and slashes; for example, Bau-
`dot code falls between baud and baud rate, and machine-
`independent falls between machine identification and
`machine instruction. Numbers and symbols are located at
`the beginning of the book and are listed in ascending ASCII
`order. If an entry begins with a letter or letters but contains
`a number, it is listed alphabetically, according to the initial
`letter(s), and then according to ASCII order. Thus, V20
`precedes V.2x, and both precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain full
`definitions, and synonymous cross-references, which con-
`tain See references to the appropriate main entries. Synon-
`ymous cross-references are generally secondary or less
`common ways of referring to a main entry. The definition
`at the main entry can be substituted as a definition for the
`synonymous cross-reference.
`Format
`Information in each main entry is presented in a consistent
`format: entry name in boldface, spelling variants (if any),
`part of speech, definition, illustration or table reference (if
`any), acronym (if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross-references (if any).
`
`vii
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`

`

`E
`
`entry
`
`.eps
`
`can execute concurrently; improved execution of branch
`paths; and earlier loads from memory. See also IA-64,
`Merced. 2. Short for Electronic Privacy Information Cen-
`ter. A public-interest research center based in Washington,
`D.C., dedicated to directing public attention toward civil
`liberties and online privacy related to electronic communi-
`cation, cryptography, and related technologies.
`epitaxial layer n. In semiconductors, a layer that has the
`same crystal orientation as the underlying layer.
`EPP n. Acronym for Enhanced Parallel Port, a high-speed
`port for peripheral devices other than printers and scan-
`ners—that is, for devices such as external drives. Specified
`in the IEEE 1284 standard, EPP describes bidirectional
`parallel ports that provide data throughput of 1 Mbps or
`more, as opposed to the 100 Kbps to 300 Kbps typical of
`the older, de facto standard Centronics ports. See also
`IEEE 1284, input/output port. Compare ECP.
`EPP IEEE standard n. An IEEE standard relating to the
`Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) protocol. This protocol was
`originally developed by Intel, Xircom, and Zenith Data
`Systems as a means to provide a high-performance paral-
`lel port link that would still be compatible with the stan-
`dard parallel port. This protocol capability was
`implemented by Intel in the 386SL chip set (82360 I/O
`chip), prior to the establishment of the IEEE 1284 com-
`mittee and the associated standards work. The EPP proto-
`col offered many advantages to parallel port peripheral
`manufacturers and was quickly adopted by many as an
`optional data transfer method. A loose association of
`about 80 interested manufacturers was formed to develop
`and promote the EPP protocol. This association became
`the EPP Committee and was instrumental in helping to get
`this protocol adopted as one of the IEEE 1284 advanced
`modes. See also communications protocol, IEEE 1284,
`parallel port.
`EPROM n. Acronym for erasable programmable
`read-only memory. A nonvolatile memory chip that is
`programmed after it is manufactured. EPROMs can be
`reprogrammed by removing the protective cover from the
`top of the chip and exposing the chip to ultraviolet light.
`Though EPROMs are more expensive than PROM chips,
`they can be more cost-effective if many changes are
`required. Also called: reprogrammable read-only memory
`(RPROM). See also EEPROM, PROM, ROM.
`.eps n. The file extension that identifies Encapsulated
`PostScript files. See also EPS.
`
`entry n. 1. A unit of information treated as a whole by a
`computer program. 2. The process of inputting information.
`entry point n. A place in a program where execution can
`begin.
`enumerated data type n. A data type consisting of a
`sequence of named values given in a particular order.
`envelope n. 1. In communications, a single unit of infor-
`mation that is grouped with other items, such as
`error-checking bits. 2. The shape of a sound wave, caused
`by changes in amplitude. See the illustration.
`
`Time
`
`Amplitude
`
`F0Exx04.epsEnvelope.
`
`envelope delay n. In communications, the difference in
`travel times of different frequencies in a signal. If the fre-
`quencies reach their destination at different times, signal dis-
`tortion and errors can result. Also called: delay distortion.
`environment n. 1. The configuration of resources avail-
`able to the user. Environment refers to the hardware and
`the operating system running on it. For example, Windows
`and Macintosh are called windowing environments
`because they are based on screen regions called windows.
`2. In microcomputing, environment refers to a definition
`of the specifications, such as command path, that a pro-
`gram operates in.
`EOF n. See end-of-file (definition 1).
`EOL n. Acronym for end of line. A control (nonprinting)
`character that signals the end of a data line in a data file.
`EOT n. See end-of-transmission.
`EPIC n. 1. Short for Explicitly Parallel Instruction Com-
`puting. A technology developed jointly by Intel and
`Hewlett-Packard as the foundation of the 64-bit instruction
`set architecture incorporated in IA-64, the basis of the
`Merced chip. EPIC technology is designed to enable IA-64
`processors to execute instructions efficiently and extremely
`quickly. Core elements include explicit parallelism based
`on software identification of instructions that the processor
`
`195
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