International Technical Support Organization
`
`SG24-4465-01
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`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
`
`October 1995
`
`IPR2024-00137
`Petitioners' Ex. 1007
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`Ex.1007.00001
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`

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`Ex.1007.00002
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`Ex.1007.00002
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`

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`IBML
`
`International Technical Support Organization
`
`SG24-4465-01
`
`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
`
`October 1995
`
`Ex.1007.00003
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`

`

`Take Note!
`
`Before using this information, be sure to read the general information under “Special Notices” on page xiii.
`
`Second Edition (October 1995)
`
`This edition presents additional material and updated material not found in the original work. This edition
`contains information on technologies employed for wireless communication and their application in IBM products.
`
`Order publications through your IBM representative or the IBM branch office serving your locality. Publications
`are not stocked at the address given below.
`
`An ITSO Technical Bulletin Evaluation Form for reader¢ s feedback appears facing Chapter 1.
`removed, comments may be addressed to:
`
`If the form has been
`
`IBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization
`Dept. HZ8 Building 657
`P.O. Box 12195
`Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2195
`
`When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a non-exclusive right to use or distribute the information in any
`way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.
`
` Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1994, 1995. All rights reserved.
`Note to U.S. Government Users — Documentation related to restricted rights — Use, duplication or disclosure is
`subject to restrictions set forth in GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp.
`
`Ex.1007.00004
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`(cid:211)
`

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`Abstract
`
`It expands the focus and subject
`This is the Second Edition of this work.
`treatments of the original work and includes information not found in other
`publications.
`
`This book introduces the reader to wireless communication technologies and
`how they are used to implement new wireless connectivity solutions.
`It is
`focused on radio frequency and infrared technologies; emerging technologies
`such as spread-spectrum, digital cellular, mobile data networks, CDPD and LAN
`integration are presented.
`
`This document was written for IBM customers, systems specialists, network
`planners and administrators who are involved with designing, implementing and
`maintaining data communications networks. A basic knowledge of data
`communications terminology and familiarity with its concepts is assumed.
`
`(184 pages)
`
` Copyright IBM Corp. 1994, 1995
`
`iii
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`Ex.1007.00005
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`(cid:211)
`

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`iv
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`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
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`Ex.1007.00006
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`

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`Contents
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`Abstract
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`iii
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`Preface
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`Preface to the Second Edition
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`How This Document is Organized
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`Related Publications
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`International Technical Support Organization Publications
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`ITSO Redbooks on the World Wide Web (WWW)
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`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Chapter 1.
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`1.1 Why Is Wireless Technology Important?
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`1.3.1 Cordless Telephones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
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`1.3.7 Satellite Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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`Chapter 2. Wireless Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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`Ex.1007.00007
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`3.2.4 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
`3.2.5 Sub-Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
`3.2.6 Statistical Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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`4.2.3 On-Off Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
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`5.2.4 DSSS and SFH Systems Compared
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`5.3 Building a Radio LAN System .
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`5.5.2 Attack by Professional Hacker
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`5.7 Interoperability
`5.8 Health Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
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`5.9 Wireless LAN Applications
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`Ex.1007.00008
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`5.9.4 Other Applications
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`5.10 Wireless Standard IEEE 802.11
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`5.11 Other WLAN Standards
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`5.12 Radio LAN Systems
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`6.1.5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
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`6.1.6 Interference
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`6.2 Differences in Packet and Circuit Switched Networks
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`6.3.2 Data Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
`6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
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`7.5 Intelligent Networks
`7.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
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`8.1 Telecommunications Standards and Regulations
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`8.3 Available Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
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`8.7 Security
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`8.8 Benefits
`8.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
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`Appendix A. Cellular Networks Worldwide
`A.1 GSM Networks in Europe
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`Contents
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`vii
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`Ex.1007.00009
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`Appendix B. Mobile Data Networks Worldwide
`B.1 Mobile Wireless Data Networks of the World
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`Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
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`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
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`Ex.1007.00010
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` 1. Mobile Telephone Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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` 3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
` 4. The Faraday Cage Effect in a Modern Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
` 5. A Sine Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
` 6. Reflection from the Ionosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
` 7. Half Wave Dipole Polar Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
` 8. Vehicle Mounted Dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
` 9. A Six-Element Yagi Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
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`14. GSM Network Structure
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`15. GSM Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
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`16. GSM Circuit-Switched Data
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`17. Mobitex Network Structure
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`18.
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`Transmission and Reception of a Modulated Signal
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`23.
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`24. QPSK Modulator
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`25. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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`26. GMSK Input Data Stream .
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`28. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
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`29.
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`31.
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`32. Diffuse Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
`33. Quasi-Diffuse Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
`34. NRZ Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
`35. Manchester Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
`36. Miller Coding
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`37.
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`38. Multi-Path Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
`39. Rayleigh Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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`40.
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`41. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation - Transmitter
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`42. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation
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`43. DSSS over Narrowband Channels
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`44.
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`46.
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`Base-to-Remote with Wired LAN .
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`Peer-to-Peer LAN Size
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`49.
`Base-Station LAN Size
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`50.
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`51. Rayleigh Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
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` Copyright IBM Corp. 1994, 1995
`
`ix
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`Ex.1007.00011
`
`(cid:211)
`

`

`52. Radio Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
` 130
`53. Cellular Data Service .
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`54. GSM to PSPDN Connectivity
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`55.
`Analog and Digital Conversions
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`56.
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`x
`
`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
`
`Ex.1007.00012
`
`

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`Tables
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` 1. Analog Cellular Network Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
` 2. MDC4800 and RD-LAP Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
` 3. Encoding Many Bits per Symbol
` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
` 4. PCM Hierarchies
` 5. Comparison of Peer-to-Peer versus Base-to-Remote Operation . . . . 110
` 6. Successful Bidders in the PCS Auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
`Indoor Radio Frequency Band Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
` 7.
` . . . . . . . . . . . 145
` 8.
`ISM Frequency Bands and Permitted Power Levels
` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
` 9. European GSM Networks
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`10.
`European Analog Cellular Networks
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`11.
`Asia Pacific Analog Cellular Networks
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`12. US Analog Cellular Networks
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`13. Mobile Data Networks Worldwide
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` Copyright IBM Corp. 1994, 1995
`
`xi
`
`Ex.1007.00013
`
`(cid:211)
`

`

`xii
`
`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
`
`Ex.1007.00014
`
`

`

`Special Notices
`
`This publication is intended to help IBM customers, systems specialists, network
`planners and administrators understand wireless technologies being used to
`implement new information technology communications and applications.
`
`The information in this publication is not intended as the specification of any
`programming interfaces that are provided by any IBM Wireless Products. See
`the PUBLICATIONS section of the IBM Programming Announcement for IBM
`Wireless LAN, AS/400 Wireless LAN Access Points and Portable Transaction
`Computers for AS/400 Wireless Networks for more information about what
`publications are considered to be product documentation.
`
`References in this publication to IBM products, programs or services do not
`imply that IBM intends to make these available in all countries in which IBM
`operates. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended
`to state or imply that only IBM¢ s product, program, or service may be used. Any
`functionally equivalent program that does not infringe any of IBM¢ s intellectual
`property rights may be used instead of the IBM product, program or service.
`
`Information in this book was developed in conjunction with use of the equipment
`specified, and is limited in application to those specific hardware and software
`products and levels.
`
`IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter in
`this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to
`these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to the IBM Director of
`Licensing, IBM Corporation, 500 Columbus Avenue, Thornwood, NY 10594 USA.
`
`The information contained in this document has not been submitted to any
`formal IBM test and is distributed AS IS. The use of this information or the
`implementation of any of these techniques is a customer responsibility and
`depends on the customer¢ s ability to evaluate and integrate them into the
`customer¢ s operational environment. While each item may have been reviewed
`by IBM for accuracy in a specific situation, there is no guarantee that the same
`or similar results will be obtained elsewhere. Customers attempting to adapt
`these techniques to their own environments do so at their own risk.
`
`The following document contains examples of data and reports used in daily
`business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples
`contain the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these
`names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an
`actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental.
`
`The following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines
`Corporation in the United States and/or other countries:
`
`AS/400
`OS/2
`
`IBM
`
`The following terms are trademarks of other companies:
`
`Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
`
` Copyright IBM Corp. 1994, 1995
`
`xiii
`
`Ex.1007.00015
`
`(cid:211)
`

`

`PC Direct is a trademark of Ziff Communications Company and is
`used by IBM Corporation under license.
`
`UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other
`countries licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Limited.
`
`C-bus is a trademark of Corollary, Inc.
`
`AT&T
`
`Altair, Motorola
`ARDIS
`Bell
`GTE
`IPX
`MCI
`Microcom, MNP
`Nynex Mobile
`Sprint Cellular
`
`American Telephone and Telegraph
`Company
`Motorola, Incorporated
`Ardis Company
`AT&T Bell Laboratories
`GTE Telenet Communications
`Novell, Incorporated
`MCI Corporation
`Microcom Systems, Incorporated
`Nynex Corporation
`U.S. Sprint Communications Company
`
`Other trademarks are trademarks of their respective companies.
`
`xiv
`
`An Introduction to Wireless Technology
`
`Ex.1007.00016
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`This document is intended to provide the reader with background knowledge in
`wireless technology as well as make the technology more readily understood. A
`large part of this work is given over to a survey of the current technologies
`employed for wireless communications, including those used in IBM products,
`their design points and the issues involved with their mutual strengths and
`shortcomings. The book is technical in nature, but with a practical emphasis on
`the real-world translation of theory into product.
`
`This document is intended for use by IBM customers, systems specialists,
`network planners and administrators who are involved with designing,
`implementing and maintaining networks. A basic knowledge of data
`communications terminology and familiarity with its concepts is assumed.
`
`Preface to the Second Edition
`The second edition of this book is intended to more fully develop some of the
`subject areas that have been covered previously. With the announcement of
`new IBM local and wide-area wireless products, a significant amount of
`additional detail is provided on how technology is translated into product. Two
`additional chapters are included and some restructuring of the book has
`provided details on new and emerging trends.
`
`How This Document is Organized
`The document is organized as follows:
`
`• Chapter 1, “Introduction”
`
`This provides an overview of why wireless technology is becoming more
`important. A history of radio telephony leads up to a description of cellular
`telephones and the move to digital systems. A number of other wireless
`services are discussed.
`
`• Chapter 2, “Wireless Methodologies”
`
`This describes the wireless methodologies in use today. An introduction to
`the physical principles of wireless communications, signal characteristics
`and frequencies is given. The use of wireless technology in local area
`networks and wide area networks is described.
`
`• Chapter 3, “Radio Technology”
`
`This is a description of radio frequency technology. Many of the modulation
`and multiplexing methods used in radio communications are described. The
`access methods CSMA and TDMA are also discussed.
`
`• Chapter 4, “Infrared Technology”
`
`This is a description of infrared technology. Laser diodes and light-emitting
`diodes are compared and the regulations controlling their use is discussed.
`The use of infrared technology in LANs is described as well as modulation
`and coding methods.
`
`• Chapter 5, “Radio Communication in LANs”
`
` Copyright IBM Corp. 1994, 1995
`
`xv
`
`Ex.1007.00017
`
`(cid:211)
`

`

`This is a look at wireless LAN characteristics and issues. The effects of
`multi-path transmission, fading and inter-symbol interference in LANs are
`described. A comparison is made between common radio techniques using
`Spread Spectrum and Frequency Hopping and the topologies used in
`wireless LANs.
`
`• Chapter 6, “Wireless Communication in WANS”
`
`This discusses the characteristics of RF wide area networks and some of the
`problems and solutions pertaining to them. The differences in technology
`between circuit-switched and packet-data networks are highlighted, and
`information on their suitability for differing applications included.
`Interconnection between RF wide area networks and traditional land-based
`networks is included.
`
`• Chapter 7, “Emerging Technologies”
`This is a view of how today¢ s wireless technologies may develop in the
`future. The rapid spread of digital technology and the move towards
`standardization in wireless communications will drive the ability to provide
`personal communications and global intelligent networks.
`
`• Chapter 8, “Operational Considerations”
`
`This is a look at the regulations, standards and environmental issues of
`wireless communications. The IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard is described for
`US products. Separate descriptions of worldwide, US, European and
`Japanese regulations are given. The wireless spectrum available and the
`ISM bands in particular are described. Security and health issues are also
`dealt with. Finally, some of the obvious and not-so-obvious benefits of using
`wireless communications are discussed.
`
`Related Publications
`The publications listed in this section are considered particularly suitable for a
`more detailed discussion of the topics covered in this document.
`
`• Wireless LAN Systems by Santamaria and Lopez-Hernandez
` ISBN 0-89006-609-4
`
`• IBM Wireless LAN, Designing Your Network, GA33-0189
`
`• IEEE 802 Plenary 802.11 Documents, Draft
`
`• Simulation of Multipath Impulse Response for Indoor Diffuse Optical
`Channels, Proceedings IEEE Workshop on LANs, May 1991 by John R. Barry,
`J.M. Kahn, E.A. Lee and D.G. Messerschmitt
`
`• Wireless InHouse Data Communication via Diffuse Infrared Radiation,
`Proceedings IEEE, v67 n11, Nov. 1979 by F.R. Gfeller and U. Babst
`
`• Wireless LAN Design Alternatives, by Bantz and Bauchot, IEEE Network,
`March/April 1994
`
`xvi
`
`An Introd