~
`800943
`
`The Development of Agricultural
`Equipment Power Take-Off
`Mechanism
`
`T. H. Morrell
`Management Consultant
`Owatonna, MN
`
`THIS PAPER REFERS to present SAE Stan(cid:173)
`dards and Recommended Practices, and
`it reviews some early power take-off
`applications, developments leading to
`our present standards, some more eval(cid:173)
`uations to be considered and a summary.
`Standards are very important to
`the agricultural industry to provide
`safety, interchangeability, and re(cid:173)
`liability at lower cost to the user.
`Before power take-off standards were
`attempted, the optimum drive line
`speed of tractors and power driven
`implements varied widely. The vert(cid:173)
`ical and horizontal distances between
`the tractor drawbar hitch point and
`the tractor output shaft varied widely
`among all makes. The size of the out(cid:173)
`put shaft varied and drive line dim(cid:173)
`ensions on implements with respect to
`the drawbar hitch point also varied
`considerably.
`Because of the lack of standards,
`
`the fann equipment industry had to
`provide an estimated 2500 special
`hook-up packages to match all makes
`of tractors with all makes of power
`driven implements. Customer compli(cid:173)
`cations can well be imagined,
`in selecting proper hook-up
`(a)
`for tractor and implement combinations,
`in the added cost of many
`(b)
`packages to adapt several different
`makes of implements to one or more
`makes of tractors, and
`in keeping the many packages
`(c)
`properly matched to the various trac(cid:173)
`tors and implements.
`During the past JO years, most
`tractors and implements have been
`manufactured according to the stan(cid:173)
`dards. There is no need to provide
`special hook-up packages to match
`these tractors and implements which
`are according to the standards.
`The present SAE Power Take-Off
`
`- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -AB STRACT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
`for safety, interchangeability, and
`A power take-off mechanism was
`reliability. This paper outlines
`Its
`developed for farm equipment.
`some of the important steps in the
`purpose was to transmit power from
`power take-off evolution from the
`the tractor engine to the propelled
`first known application to present
`implement. The propelled implement
`day standards.
`could then perform its functions by
`The power take-off has provided
`utilizing the tractor en~ine power,
`great versatility in the mechanization
`The power take-off (PTO) develop(cid:173)
`of the fann, and this has helped to
`ment has involved a large variety of
`lower the overall cost of food pro(cid:173)
`tractors and implements and has in(cid:173)
`cluded recommendations and standards
`duction,
`SAE/SP-80/4 70/$02.50
`Copyright([, 1980 Society of Automotive Engin~n, Inc.
`
`:.
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 1 of 12
`
`

`

`50
`
`Standards and Recommended Practices
`for farm equipment are1
`J1170 - SAE Standard (ASAE
`1.
`"Rear Power Take - Off for
`S20).9)
`(Jl170 in(cid:173)
`Agricultural Tractors."
`cludes both 540 and 1000 RPM PTO
`standards, formerly J718 and J719).
`See Appendix "A".
`J717 - SAE Recommended Prac(cid:173)
`2.
`tice (ASAE S))).l) "Auxiliary Power
`Take-Off Drives for Agricultural Trac(cid:173)
`tors." See Appendix "B".
`J721 - SAE Recommended Prac(cid:173)
`).
`tice (ASAE S207.9) "Operating Require(cid:173)
`ments for Power Take-Off Ori ves."
`See Appendix "C".
`J722 - SAE Recommended Prac(cid:173)
`4.
`tice (ASAE S205.2) "Power Take-Off
`Definitions and Terminology for Agri(cid:173)
`cultural Tractors." See Appendix "D".
`The American Society of Agricul(cid:173)
`tural Engineers (ASAE) publishes the
`above standards and recommended prac(cid:173)
`tices in its Yearbook. ASAE also pub(cid:173)
`lishes some standards which affect only
`Implements are not
`the implements.
`considered within the scope of the
`Society of Automotive Engineers stan(cid:173)
`dards. These additional ASAE stan(cid:173)
`dards are,
`1. ASAE S))l.2 "Implement Power
`Take-Off Ori ve Line Specifications."
`This standard establishes 6 categories
`of universal joint drive lines with
`respect to static and dynamic torsional
`requirements. These 6 categories in(cid:173)
`clude a wide range of implements from
`low to high power requirements. The
`drive line to the tractor output shaft
`is the responsibility of the implement
`manufacturer.
`2. ASAE SJ14 "Implement Power
`Take-Off and Drive Line Pedestal
`Shafts." This standard provides spec (cid:173)
`ifications for 1 J/8" and 1 J/4" PTO
`shafts for uniform driving means, re(cid:173)
`taining means and drive line position(cid:173)
`ing.
`Since the late 19)0's, most of the
`power take-off standards and recommen(cid:173)
`ded practices have been proposed by the
`Farm and Industrial Equipment Institute
`( Formerly Farm Equipment Institute)
`Engineering Committees. When these
`~rcpoua1, ar; acc;ptabl; and approved,
`those affecting tractors and imple-
`ments are published by ASAE in its
`Yearbook and those affecting tractors
`are published by SAE in its Handbook.
`( Fig. 1) shows a tYJ)ical power
`take-off mechanism of the late 1970's
`which is according to SAE Jll?O.
`Now, let us go back to some early
`power take-off applications and then
`follow the important developments to
`today"s PTO's.
`
`Fig. 1 - Typical application of
`Jll?O PTO standard
`
`EARLY POWER TAKE-OFF APPLICATIONS
`(Fig. 2) shows one of the earliest
`lmown tractor rear PTO applications in
`It was a Jeep-like
`the United States.
`machine shipped by Renard from England
`in 1904 around Cape Horn to the West
`It had a
`Coast of the United States.
`power take-off shaft from the tractor
`to a driving axle on each of three
`trailers. The ship encountered a
`storm, and one of the trailers on the
`ship's top deck was lost at sea.
`Along with the "20 Mule Team", the
`tractor and two trailers were used
`for many years to haul borax from
`Death Valley.
`The beginning of the use of power
`take-off and the Society of Automotive
`Engineers was almost simultaneous.
`Also, we can declare a 75th Annivers-
`
`Fig. 2 - Renard tractor - 1904
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 2 of 12
`
`

`

`51
`
`Report #128.
`(Fig. 5) shows the Hart-Parr 18-J6.
`Hart-Parr became a part of a new com(cid:173)
`pany, Oliver Fann Equipment Company,
`in 1929.
`In 1970, Oliver became a part
`of White Farm Equipment Company, Div(cid:173)
`ision of White Motor Corporation.
`
`ary for the power take-off.
`In 1918, International Harvester
`introduced its 8-16 Kerosene tractor
`which had a power take-off as optional .
`equipment. This was the first known
`American tractor to offer a practical
`rear PTO mechanism for propelling
`trailed implements.
`(Fig. J) shows the IHC 8-16
`tractor.
`In 1921, International Harvester
`was the first to provide the rear PTO
`as standard equipment on its new
`McCormick-Deering 15-JO tractor.
`(Fig. 4) shows the IHC 15-JO
`tractor.
`The PTO became popular in approx(cid:173)
`imately 1923.
`In 1928, Hart-Parr advertised
`the first independent power take-off
`on its Model 18-)6. The 18-)6 was
`tested at Nebraska, October 1926,
`
`Fig. 5 - Hart-Parr 18-)6 tractor
`
`EARLY SAE PTO STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED
`PRACTICES
`
`1918 - Tractor drawbar standard height.
`"Vol. 1 S. A, E. Data Sheet
`55
`HEIGHT OF TRACTOR DRAWBAR
`S. A. E. Standard
`The standard height of drawbar
`shall be 17 in. for both plowing and
`other work."
`The drawbar is to become related
`to PTO standard at a later date.
`1924 - June - A report from SAE Agri(cid:173)
`cultural Power Equipment Division rec(cid:173)
`ommended 536 RPM as standard speed and
`with clockwise rotation when viewed
`from the rear.
`"Vol. XIV
`Jwie, 1924
`No. 6
`TRACTOR POWER TAKE-OFF SPEED
`At the meeting of the Agricultural
`Power Equipment Division in April, the
`following recommendation was approved1
`The normal speed of the power
`take-off of tractors designed for
`oparAting tractor-propelled agri(cid:173)
`cultural implements shall be 536
`r.p.m., the .rotation to be clock(cid:173)
`wise when looking in the direction
`in which the tractor travels.
`This recommendation was approved
`in view of the fact that the power
`take-off speed used throughout the in(cid:173)
`dustry has been practically constant
`for JO years, this being determined by
`the speed of the sickles.
`It is be-
`
`Fig. J - International Harvester
`8-16 Kerosene tractor
`
`I
`I
`\ I
`I
`I
`I
`
`Fig. 4 - McConnick-Deering 15-JO
`tractor
`
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`Page 3 of 12
`
`

`

`lieved to be advisable, however, to
`recognize this standard speed for the
`future guidance of tractor and imple(cid:173)
`ment designers. The Division therefore
`submits .the - proposal for adoption as
`S. A. E. Recommended Practice,"
`1924 - July - The report was approved
`for adoption as an SAE Recommended
`Practice with the addition of the
`tolerance of~ 20 RPM.
`1924 - August - Tractor Power Take-Off
`Speed Recommended Practice was pub(cid:173)
`Jished.
`"Vol. 1
`S. A. E. Handbook
`TRACTOR POWER TAKE-OFF SPEED
`S. A. E. Recommended Practice
`The normal speed of the power take(cid:173)
`off of tractors designed for operating
`tractor-propelled agricultural imple(cid:173)
`ments shall be 536 plus or minus 20
`r.p.m., the rotation to be clockwise
`when looking in the direction in which
`the tractor travels.
`From the report of the Agricult(cid:173)
`ural Power Equipment Division, adopted
`by the Society July 1924."
`1929 - Recommended Practice was revised
`to include 6B spline, 3" long for
`1 1/8" and 1 3/8" shafts.
`"176
`
`E53
`
`TRACTOR POWER TAKE-OFF SPEED
`S. A. E. Recommended Practice
`The power-take-off shaft on the
`tractor shall be provided· with an
`S.A.E. 6B spline fitting. The straight
`length at the root of the spline shall
`be 3 in. Retaining means for securing
`the fitting shall not project more
`than 1 in. from the end of the spline.
`The normal speed of the power(cid:173)
`take-off shaft shall be 536 r.p.m.,
`plus or minus 20, the direction of
`rotation ~o be clockwise when facing
`in the direction the tractor travels.
`Two sizes of power-take-off shaft
`shall be used, as follows1
`(1) The 1 1/8-in. splined sh~ft on
`tractors with engines developing up to
`20 b-hp.
`(2) The 1 J/8-in. splined shaft on
`tractors with engines developing up
`to 40 b- hp.
`These ratings are based on the
`use of material having a minimum tors- ·
`ional yield-point of 65 1000 lb, per eq,
`in.
`Frorn the report of the Agricultural
`Power Equipment Division, adopted by
`the Society July 1924. Revised
`February 1929."
`1938 - The PTO Recommended Practice
`became a standard in January 1938.
`Also, it was revised to include shaft
`dimensions, 1 J/4" splined shaft, 3¼"
`spherical clearance radius, drawbar
`relationship to output shaft, shielding
`of drive line and a reference to adap-
`
`.,
`
`tor parts to hitch implements to stan(cid:173)
`dard tractor PTO.
`In 1937, the American Society of
`Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) adopted
`the PTO Standard but included another
`shaft size of 1 3/4" diameter and add(cid:173)
`itional data as to the location of PTO
`shaft with respect to drawbar and other
`requirements. Since this time, ASAE
`and SAE have coordinated and published
`basically the same PTO standards. The
`complete 1938 Standard ·is Appendix "E".
`This was the first SAE report in
`the PTO development concerning shield(cid:173)
`ing of the drive line.
`"The tractor
`manufacturer shall adequately shield
`the power take-off shaft and tractor
`universal joint, and provide protection
`for the operator against the telescoping
`member attached thereto, assuming conn(cid:173)
`ection between tractor and implement is
`according to recommended practice."
`"The manufacturer _of a power
`take-off driven machine shall furnish
`the power drive parts up to the trac(cid:173)
`tor spline shaft, the necessary hitch
`parts to attach to the recommended
`drawbar location, and all shields, ex(cid:173)
`cept the one attached to the tractor,
`covering the spline shaft fitting or
`universal joint."
`"The tractor power take-off drive
`shall be provided with a throw-out
`.clutch, operating independently of the
`tractor travel, of a design safe
`against accidental engagement and with
`a control located conveniently to the
`operator."
`During the 1920's PTO drive lines
`were generally unprotected.
`(Fig. 6) shows a typical PTO
`drive line in the 1920's.
`During the early 19JO's, some
`inverted "U" tunnel type telescoping
`
`Fig. 6 - PTO shaft on grain binder
`of l 92C' s
`
`Exhibit 1122
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`Page 4 of 12
`
`

`

`shields were adopted.
`(Fig. ?) shows the tunnel type
`shields and how they were attached
`with a latch to a tractor master
`shield and the implement shield. The
`tractor master shield was included in
`the 1946 SAE Handbook ~rinting.
`
`53
`
`Fig. 9 - Tractor PTO output shaft
`and drawbar relationship
`
`Fig. 7 -
`shield
`
`Inverted "U" tunnel type
`
`(Fig. 8) shows the re (cid:173)
`IN 1946 -
`vised standard to include views and
`dimensions of PTO master shield.
`(Fig. 9) shows the agricultural
`tractor drawbar standard ~hich est (cid:173)
`ablished more precise drawbar and PTO
`output shaft relationship.
`(Fig. 10) shows a drawing of PTO
`shaft and hu½ or coupling. Drawings
`
`-E-DtI~
`
`3
`4
`
`7
`
`=f iG
`
`Fig. 10 - Outline drawing of 1 J/8"
`6B splined shaft and coupling
`
`of the power take-off and drawbar re (cid:173)
`lationship were included in the drawbar
`standard.
`1 1/8" shaft standard was
`discontinued. See appendices "F" and
`
`ENGINE POWERED ORAi-iN EQUIPMENT
`
`By 1946, pull type implements,
`such as combines and hay balers, were
`driven by a separate engine on the im(cid:173)
`plement and were pulled behind a trac (cid:173)
`tor. An example is shown in (Fig. 11).
`This photo of Allis Chalmers
`tractor and New Holland baler was
`taken in approximately 1948.
`The reason for the separate engine
`was to permit stopping and starting of
`the forward travel without interrupting
`the power to the implement. When a
`sudden overload of material to the im (cid:173)
`plement was encountered, it was nec(cid:173)
`essary to stop forward motion so that
`the overload could be cleared without
`clogging the implement.
`The extra cost and complications
`of adding an engine to the implement
`prompted the re - introduction of the
`independent PTO .
`
`INDEPENDENT POWER TAKE-OFF
`
`Fig. 8 - Tractor PTO master shield
`
`The independent PTO provided the
`
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`Page 5 of 12
`
`

`

`54
`
`Fig. 11 - Baler with engine to
`drive . its baling mechanism
`
`Fig. 12 - Oliver's tractor
`independent PTO
`
`ability to stop and start the forward
`motion without interrupting the power
`to the implement. Thus, the separate
`engine on most implements was no longer
`needed.
`In approximately 1946, Oliver
`Corporation and Cockshutt provided
`their new lines of tractors with inde(cid:173)
`pendent PTO. Other tractor manufac(cid:173)
`turers followed suit ·soon afterwards.
`(Fig. 12) shows the general con(cid:173)
`figuration of Oliver"s independent
`.PTO.
`(Fig. lJ) shows a cross section
`~f the Oliver independent PTO and
`its drive.
`FURTHER 540 RPM POWER TAKE-OFF
`DEVELOPt,'.ENTS
`In approximately 1950, the stan(cid:173)
`dard was changed from 5J6 ± 10 RPM
`to 540 :t 10 RPM.
`The 540 RPM PTO standard has
`continued much the same since 1948.
`There have been some dimensions added,
`im(cid:173)
`some editorial changes, and some
`provements in safety. Some of these
`developments will be reviewed later
`in this paper.
`In 1953, SAE J721 • SAE Recommen•
`ded Practice "Operating Requirements
`for Power Take-Off Drives" was app(cid:173)
`roved. The purpose of this Recommen(cid:173)
`ded Practice was to provide guidelines
`for the design of drive lines between
`It
`the tractor and the implement.
`includes1
`Instructions to the operator.
`a.
`Implement hitch and power
`b,
`line design requirements.
`c. Maximum bending load limita-
`
`tions for power take-off drives em(cid:173)
`ploying v-belts and chains.
`Power line protective coup(cid:173)
`d.
`lings and maximum torsional load lim(cid:173)
`itations for power take-off shafts.
`During the late 1940•s and early
`1950's, many new PTO driven implements,
`such as mounted corn pickers, became
`The drive was often by
`quite common.
`a sprocket and chain or a belt from
`the tractor PTO shaft. These appli(cid:173)
`cations and the independent PTO caused
`some new problems. The radial type
`loading on the tractor PTO shaft was
`not anticipated early in the develop(cid:173)
`ment of the PTO standards.
`Transmission driven PTO's were
`normally engaged smoothly through the
`tractor main clutch. The independent
`PTO could be engaged quickly without
`an apparent "jolt" to the operator.
`Such quick engagement could cause ex(cid:173)
`treme shock loads on PTO mechanism.
`Radial loaded shafts were often bent
`from these shock loads. Also, the
`independent PTO "opened the door" to
`introduction of high power receiving
`implements, such as forage harvesters.
`The variety of tractor shaft to
`drawbar vertical relationship and ad(cid:173)
`justment of the implement pedestal
`bearing height permitted very poor
`drive line alignment in field oper(cid:173)
`ations. The poor alignment often re(cid:173)
`sulted in early failures of universal
`joints and other drive line components,
`These problems and new PTO driven
`implement applications prompted the
`development of J721.
`This Recommended Practice has had
`many editorial changes to keep i t up(cid:173)
`to-date. One significant change was
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 6 of 12
`
`

`

`55
`
`61.
`6 l.
`63.
`6 ◄•
`65.
`
`U,
`67,
`
`61.
`
`◄. '. 6,
`
`l. Platform and DulJ Gear Cover
`2. Bull Gc•r
`J . Bull Ge•r Spider
`Rc•r Ail•
`Bevel Drive G ■ •r
`01/lere-n U.•l Bull P Lnlon
`7. Dlffercntl•I Sptdcr Shaft
`a. Powu T•k .. Of( Orl\"e Sha(t
`9 . Po...,er Tak.-Ott OrlT• 9h ■ lt
`Bu•hln v:
`10. Power Litt Wonn Shaft Bu1hln1
`11. Power Litt Drive Gear
`l J, Po..,er Litt Trip Arre
`ll, Po..,er LIit Hou ■ ln1
`1 ◄ • Power Lllt Hou ■ ln1 Cover
`1.L Po""•' Lift Worm Gear
`16, Po..,., Lllt Shaft
`17 , PowarLtflWontii
`18, Power LJll Worm Shalt
`It, 1'fU111!lt1l111 lt1~ijl Mhtll Ill trl"I
`20,
`Input Ehaft Front B, ■ rlnc Rtt•lntr
`l11µYt lh1/t P'ronl aurln1 Oil lt•I
`~ I,
`22. Clutch Coupllna: Spacer
`2J, Input Shaft Coupllnc
`J ◄. Clutch Shaft
`25. Devel P Lnlon Shaft B••rinr C•c•
`
`2 6,
`
`2 7,
`21.
`
`29.
`JO.
`) I,
`l 2.
`l) •
`
`3 ◄,
`35.
`36,
`3 7,
`la.
`39 .
`◄ O,
`
`◄ I, u,
`◄ J,
`◄ ◄'
`◄ L
`◄ 6.
`◄ 7.
`◄ a.
`
`Bevel Pinion !halt Front Roller ◄ 9 ,
`B• •rlnc
`50 .
`Countet'1h•ft Nut
`5 1.
`Bav ■ J Pinion Shalt Bearlnc Cace 5 l.
`Cover
`53 ,
`Be•el Pinion Shaft Idler Gear
`5 ◄•
`TNn1a:d11lon SIJdlnc Gear
`55,
`BevelPlnlonShatt
`56.
`Trsnta,h1Jon S1Jdln1 Gear
`57,
`Bevel Plnlon Shalt Rear Rolhr
`51.
`Bea.rln1
`59 .
`Bevel Pin.Jon
`60,
`Power Lilt DtJYe Plnlon
`Tr•n•lnl••lon Slldlnc G•ar
`Tr&1"11rnl11ton lnput Shalt
`Reve-rae Pin.Jon
`Countenha{t
`Counterahall RoUer Bearlnr
`R •vtrae Idler Gear
`Clijl\\Ulhtll 0111
`Couni.r•h•II Coar
`C111nltr1h1II 0••
`Counte-r•h•lt Cea,
`Counter1halt B••t.nc CoYer Sh.Jm
`Countersha{t B••rJ.nc Cover
`Shi/tar Rod End Covar
`
`Power Take-Off Front B••tlnc Co•er
`Power Tak .. Oft Front B••rln1
`Power Take-Ott Lower CoY•r
`Power Tak .. Ott G1 •r
`Power T•ke-0{( Houalnr
`Power Tak.-Off Re..., B•arl.J'lc
`Power T•k.-0(( Shaft 011 Se•J
`Power Take-Oft Shaft
`Powe-r Tak.-Ofl Sh.Jeld
`Power T•ke•Olf Clutch Rel e a e e Jl'ork
`Power Take•Of( Co Yer
`Power Take-Oft Clutch Rale•••
`B • •rin r
`Power Tak.-Oti Clutch Weiher Plate
`Power Tak.,.Of! Clutch Pre11ure Plate
`Power Tak.-Ort OrlY• Platt
`Power Tak .... Otf Clutch Houtlnc
`Power Ta.krOff Clutch MounUnc
`SI• • v•
`1'1w11 Tlkt•OII ll1lu lhtll 011 h•I
`Po.,•r T•ko-0(( Clutch ~wntlnc
`lluu OU a. aJ
`Power Tak .... Otf C1ut..ch MounUnc
`81etY• R••r B••rtnr
`69.
`Power T&.k.e - O{! Front B••rln1
`70,
`Power T•k.-Otf Pinion
`7 I.
`Power TU.e - O/( OriY• Shaft Beut.nc
`Fig. 13
`Cross section of Oliver's
`tractor transmission, differential,
`final drive and independent PTO
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 7 of 12
`
`

`

`the addition of a table showing vert(cid:173)
`ical drawbar load limitations with
`various size classes of tractors. See
`Appendix "C".
`In 1954, SAE J722 - Recommended
`Practice "Power Take-Off Definitions
`and Terminology for Agricultural Trac(cid:173)
`tors" was approved. This Recommended
`Practice defines the various types of
`power take - off including1
`a. Clutch, master
`b. Power take - off, tranmsission
`driven
`c. Power take - off, continuous
`running
`Power take-off, independent
`d.
`It establishes a uniform term-
`inology within the industry for the
`various types of PTO's. See Appendix
`"D".
`In 1955, J717 - SAE Recommended
`Practice "Agricultural Tractor Aux(cid:173)
`iliary Power Take-Off Drives" was
`approved. The purpose of this Rec (cid:173)
`ommended Practice was to establish
`speed, shaft dimensions, and direction
`of rotation for mid and s i de PTO's.
`There was some interest in auxiliary
`mid, right and le.ft side, tractor power
`outlets . This Recommended Practice
`provided guidelines to avoid future
`problems, such as non - interchange(cid:173)
`abili ty.
`This Recommended Practice has
`remained much the same except for
`editorial changes to keep i t up- to (cid:173)
`date and to add lo c ation information
`and shielding recommendations. See
`Appendix "B".
`In 1958, the integral rotating
`power take - off drive line shield was
`proposed.
`(Fig. 14) shows the integral ro(cid:173)
`It was accepted and
`tating shield .
`put into general use in early 1960 1 s.
`The 1 J/4" shaft changed from 1 J/4"
`6 B spline to 27 teeth 16/J2 diametral
`pitch involute spline.
`The tunnel inverted "U" type
`shield, shown in (Fig. 7), was not a
`It got bent easily if a
`good answer.
`rear tire interfered with i t on turns.
`Any dents or rust c~used problems to
`telescope the shield and to connect i t
`to the tractor master shield. Such
`malfunction and other reasons prompted
`the usar to remove th• ahiald and navar
`ra- lnsta ll it, The fann equipment in (cid:173)
`dustry recognized the hazards and the
`problems when the shield was omitted.
`During the late 1940's and early
`1950's, some companies started to
`provide an assembly whereby the shield
`was journaled on the telescoping drive
`line shaft. The telescoping shield had
`a smooth outer surface. The shield
`could be held while the shaft inside
`
`Integral rotating shield
`Fig. 14 -
`on PTO telescoping drive line
`
`I t had the advantage that
`was turning.
`i t was a part of the PTO ~el•scoping
`drive shaft assembly and was not easily
`removed. This afforded much better
`long tenn protection for the user.
`Other means of shielding the drive
`line have been considered, such as a
`fully shielded assembly, which was used
`for a period of time by some and has
`been discontinued for reliability
`reasons._ This was SAE J955 Recommen .,-
`. ded Practice "Full Shielding of Power
`Drive Lines for Agricultural Implements
`SAE J955 (ASAE S297T)
`and Tractors".
`was cancelled in approximately 1974,
`See Appendix "H".
`1000 RPM POWER TAKE-OFF DEVELOPMENT
`By the early 195o•s, i t became
`apparent that tractors would continue
`to become more powerful and exceed the
`capacity of the 540 RPM standard .
`The Farm Equipment Institute
`(now Farm and Industrial Equipment
`Institute - FIE!) Power Take-Off Sub(cid:173)
`Committee was assigned the task of
`studying and proposing an additional
`standard. Their proposal included
`1000 RPM PTO with 1 J/8" involute
`spline.
`In Afril 1957, Oliver Corporation,
`Ch~rlee C ty, Iowa, wa~ host to tha
`FEI PTO Sub-Committee, Special Oliver
`tractors were prepared to check - out
`drive lines for tractor and implement
`relationships of proposed 1000 RPM
`power take-off.
`(Fig. 15) shows the special.trac(cid:173)
`tor adaptation.
`The front wheels of an Oliver row(cid:173)
`In place
`crop tractor were removed.
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 8 of 12
`
`

`

`67
`
`mitte~ much to be learned with regard
`to drive shaft telescoping capabilities
`and universal joint applications.
`These tests indicated that the
`540 RPM standard of 14" horizontal
`distance between drawbar hitch point
`and tractor output shaft and 14" hor(cid:173)
`izontal distance from hitch point to
`implement power shaft did not permit
`operation over extreme rough terruin.
`The telescoping shaft could bottom on
`a short coupled tractor and implement
`combination when the front end of the
`tractor wati inclined upward approx(cid:173)
`imately 15
`and during a sharp turn.
`The telescoping shaft could almost
`separate on a short coupled trnctor
`and implement combinntion when tractor
`wao straight ahead and tractor front
`eng inclined downward approximately
`1 7 .
`
`The 1000 RPM PTO drive line at
`14" horizontal distance from tractor
`PTO output shaft to hitch point and
`during sharp turns vibrated more than
`the 540 RPM PTO drive line. Further
`studies were conducted using 16" and
`18" horizontal distances. A 16" hor(cid:173)
`izontal dimension from the tractor out(cid:173)
`put shaft to the drawbar hitch point
`provided much better telescoping under
`these extreme conditions. The 16"
`horizontal dimension was established
`for the 1 J/8" involute splined shaft
`at 1000 RPM.
`· Tractor front end stability,
`clearance with rear tires during turns,
`weight of implement tongues on tractor
`drawbar and many others were consider(cid:173)
`ations to limit how far the drawbar
`hitch point could be located rearward
`of the tractor.
`Another interesting situation
`occurred during this special set-up.
`When a standard drawbar was hitched
`to a standard implement clevis and
`a rccomml:ndr!d hitch pin size was used,
`the pin would bend when the tractor
`front end woe inclined approximately
`5°.
`In order to provide the flex(cid:173)
`ibility for the tractor and implement
`evaluution, a opeciul drawbar with J
`point hitch bull was prepared and ueod
`for the domonotratione.
`In August 1957, a field demon(cid:173)
`etr~tion wap planned near Morton, Ill(cid:173)
`inois, to t~et and demonstrate the
`1000 RPM PTO unite from various com(cid:173)
`panies.
`( Fig. 17) shows a typical field
`demonstration of 1000 RPM PTO.
`The demonstration consisted of _
`tractors from most companies and im(cid:173)
`plements which were representative of
`various types from small and short
`coupled as shown in (Fig. 18) to long
`coupled units as shown in (Fig, 17).
`
`Fir,. 15 - Special tractor combination
`for studying PTO's
`
`of the front wheels, a special adaptor
`was attached to tractor front frame and
`to the forks of a fork lift tractor.
`The purpose of this special arrangement
`was to provide a means of simulating
`a tractor and PTO driven implement ne(cid:173)
`gotiating ditches and rough terrain
`and while turning, With respect to
`the level ground, the tractor front
`end could be lowered approximately 17°
`before the front adaptor touched the
`ground. The tractor fron·t end cou6d
`be elevated approximately 20 to 24
`before the standard 15" high drawbar
`and implement hitch touched the ground,
`A protractor mounted on the side of
`the tractor provided quick readings of
`the tractor"s vertical incline,
`(Fig. 16) shows how the tractor
`was angled with respect to the imple(cid:173)
`ment. When in the inclined and turned
`positions, they simulated extreme oper(cid:173)
`ating conditions. This set-up per-
`
`Fig. 16 - Study of PTO drive line
`while turning and trac.tor front end
`elevated
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 9 of 12
`
`

`

`58
`
`Fig. 17 - 1000 RPM PTO field
`evaluation
`
`Fig . 18 - Typical short coupled
`tractor and PTO driven implement
`
`These tractors and implements
`were equipped with the company's pro(cid:173)
`The designs were
`posed 1000 RPM PTO.
`generally refined, based upon what was
`learned in April 1957, at Charles City,
`Iown. Tho dcsigne were further refined
`based upon the results of the field
`review and tests at Morton, Illinois,
`in August 195'1. Additional 1000 RPM
`PTO standards review meetings were
`conducted during 1957.
`In April 1958, the SAE Tractor
`Technical Committee approved the 1000
`RPM PTO Standard J719 - with 1 J/8"
`dia. 21 teeth, 16/J2 diametral pitch
`involute splined shaft.
`The industry wide participation
`in th~ 1000 RPM PTO evaluations re-
`
`· ohhc· 1 ·
`
`w·c
`
`I!
`
`vealed many other considerations to
`provide an effective future Power
`Take - Off program.
`OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
`EXCESSIVE PTO SPEEDS - During the
`1950's, tractor engine speeds were in(cid:173)
`creased. The overall configuration of
`some tractors did not pennit a greater
`reduction to the PTO output shaft.
`The engine governed speed for drawbar
`work was higher than the engine speed
`implement.
`to drive the PTO
`A survey was conducted and it was
`learned that some early implements
`would be subject to failure and safety
`In June 1959,
`hazards if over speeded.
`this subject was reviewed and later an
`J1170
`editorial change was approved,
`paragraphs 2 . 4 and 2,5 limit the over
`speeding of 540 and 1000 RPM PTO driven
`implements. See Appendix "A".
`The non interchangeable spline
`and adequate decals were means of
`greatly reducing the possibility of
`implement at
`propelling a 540 RPM
`1000 RPM.
`CONVERSION OF TRACTORS AND IMPLE(cid:173)
`MENTS FROM 540 to 1000 RPM PT0 1 S -
`Each company was responsible for pro(cid:173)
`viding information to the field on
`tractors and implements that could be
`converted from 540 to 1000 and 1000
`to 540 RPM PTO.
`LOW FRICTION TELESCOPING DRIVE
`LINE - High power receiving implements,
`such as rototillers and field silage
`harvesters, experienced early drive
`line failures caused by high end thrust
`when operated at continuous full power
`over rough terrain and during sharp
`turns. Some experimental ball recircu(cid:173)
`lating telescoping drive lines which
`were tested in 1958 solved the problem.
`This experience led to the recommenda(cid:173)
`tion to provide low friction telescop(cid:173)
`ing drive lines for implements capable
`of utilizing continuous torque in ex(cid:173)
`cess of JOOO lb. in. (J4.6 kg-m). The
`low friction telescoping drive shaft
`is to be incapable of transmitting an
`axial thrust in excess of 1500 lbs.
`(680 kg), Su SAE J721 Appendix "C",
`Some tests indicated that at 50
`HP, statically, it took 19,000 lbs, end
`thrust to telescope a conventional
`square shaft assembly. A ball recircu(cid:173)
`lating shaft assembly only required
`420 lbs. Also, the ball recirculating
`telescoping drive shaft was quieter and
`had much less vibration during shari
`turns.
`IMPROVED DRAWBAR HITCX POINT
`FASTENING - A simple drawbar ball hitch
`and some proposals for fast hitching
`were reviewen in 1958. The intent of
`
`Exhibit 1122
`Bazooka v. Nuhn - IPR2024-00098
`Page 10 of 12
`
`

`

`these proposals was to provide more
`flexibility to avoid binding and bend(cid:173)
`ing of the hitch pin. None of these
`appeared too satisfactory in view of
`implements, in
`the millions of PTO
`customer's hands, which would cause
`hitching problems if these proposals
`were adopted.
`!~PROVED FASTENING OF FORWARD
`UNIVERSAL JOINT TO TRACTOR PTO SHAFT
`Considerable early failures of retain~
`ing pins on universal joints were re(cid:173)
`ported in 1958. Most of these were
`caused by excessive end thrust on the
`drive line from operating over rough
`terrain and under load on sharp turns.
`Several experimental attempts were
`made to solve this problem through a
`different attaching means. None of
`these appeared to solve the problem.
`PTO TELESCOPING DRIVE SHAFT
`ASSEMBLY STANDARD - An attempt was
`made, starting in 1959, to provide a
`standardized ball recirculating tele(cid:173)
`scoping shaft assembly. The objectives
`were to solve many types of drive line
`failures and to provide an economical
`assembly. One of the objections to the
`ball recirculating type was its high
`If a standard telescoping drive
`cost.
`line could be provided, then instead
`of having a telescoping shaft assembly
`on each implement, one low friction
`telescoping shaft could be provided
`for several implements for any one
`tractor.
`This proposal was dropped because
`of interchangeability problems with
`implement drive lines on millions of
`implements already in the hands of
`customers.
`IMPROVED SHIELDING OF FORWARD
`UNIVERSAL JOINT - Since the 1920's,
`there has been a continuous effort tc
`In
`improve the drive line shielding.
`Some
`1959, many ideas were proposed.
`experimental ones were made and tested.
`These considerations resulted in the
`Recommended Practice SAE J955 "Full
`Shielding of Power Drive Lines for
`Agricultural Implements and Tractors"
`approved in