8/7/24, 3:07 PM
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
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`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
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`1/11
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`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 1 of 11
`
`PUBLICATION
`Articles
`Research
`Guides
`Podcasts
`eBooks
`Explanations & Tutorials
`How Does GPS Work?
`- 6 Things You Didnʼt
`Know
`At a high level, I thought I understood how
`GPS works. Turns out I was wrong, so here's
`how GPS works and 6 things you probably
`didnʼt know.
`Calum McClelland
`March 30, 2017
`Share:
`Publication Gallery
`Get a
`Demo
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`
`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
`
`Products Solutions Company
`
`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
`
`1/11
`
`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 1 of 11
`
`PUBLICATION
`Articles
`Research
`Guides
`Podcasts
`eBooks
`Explanations & Tutorials
`How Does GPS Work?
`- 6 Things You Didnʼt
`Know
`At a high level, I thought I understood how
`GPS works. Turns out I was wrong, so here's
`how GPS works and 6 things you probably
`didnʼt know.
`Calum McClelland
`March 30, 2017
`Share:
`Publication Gallery
`Get a
`Demo
`
`
`8/7/24, 3:07 PM
`
`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
`
`Products Solutions Company
`
`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
`
`2/11
`
`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 2 of 11
`
`The Global Positioning System GPS) is critical in
`enabling many of our technologies. GPS allows us to
`get accurate directions while we drive, helps
`emergency responders to quickly find callers, tracks
`how far we ran during a workout, and much more.
`But despite how ubiquitous GPS has become, and
`how essential it is for so many technologies weʼve
`come to take for granted, I realized that I couldn't
`answer, how does GPS work?
`At a high level, I thought I understood how GPS
`works. Satellites transmit their location, and by using
`three of them you can solve for your own location in
`3D space. That's how GPS works, right?
`Turns out I was wrong, so here's how GPS works
`and 6 things you probably didnʼt know.
`1 GPS Isnʼt Unique
`GPS is just one of several space-based radio
`navigation systems. Russian has its GLONASS
`Related Articles
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`8/7/24, 3:07 PM
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
`
`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
`
`3/11
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`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 3 of 11
`
`system, the European Union has its Galileo system,
`and China has its BeiDou system.
`However, the Russian GLONASS is the only other
`system that offers global coverage, though slightly
`less accurately than GPS. The Galileo system is
`expected to reach global operational capacity by
`2019, and BeiDou by 2020.
`Space-based radio navigation systems are essential
`to most military applications, so countries donʼt want
`to be reliant on another country if hostilities occur.
`The Indian military learned this the hard way in 1999
`during the Kargil War when they were selectively
`denied access. By who you ask?
`2 The US Government
`Owns and Operates GPS
`Like many modern technologies, GPS was born out
`of the military during the Cold War. Nuclear
`deterrence was the name of the game, which meant
`the capacity to launch nuclear weapons at the
`enemyʼs homeland.
`Nuclear submarines can approach a coast in stealth,
`close enough to fire a submarine-launched ballistic
`missiles into the mainland. However, to fire a ballistic
`missile accurately from a submarine, itʼs critical that
`you know exactly where that submarine is located.
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
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`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
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`4/11
`
`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 4 of 11
`
`GPS was thus meant as a better navigation system
`for those submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
`Although the Cold War had ended 4 years prior with
`the collapse of the Soviet Union, GPS became fully
`operational in 1995. At first, the highest quality signal
`was reserved for military use but in 2000 GPS was
`made freely available to the public as a national
`resource.
`3 There Are Currently 32
`GPS Satellites in Orbit
`To achieve global coverage for GPS, 24 satellites are
`required. The first of the 24 was launched in 1989
`and the 24th was launched in 1994.
`GPS satellites only last about 10 years, and often
`need servicing during their lifetime, which is why
`there are currently 32 GPS satellites in orbit. The
`extra satellites fill in the gaps when the core 24
`satellites need to be serviced or decommissioned,
`so that coverage is maintained.
`But why are 24 satellites needed in the first place?
`4 You Need At Least 4
`GPS Satellites in Line-of-
`Sight
`Publication Gallery
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
`
`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
`
`5/11
`
`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 5 of 11
`
`Using a constellation of 24 GPS satellites ensures
`that at least 4 satellites are within line-of-sight of
`any location on Earth at all times.
`The magic number is 4 because of the way that GPS
`calculates your exact position. Each satellite sends
`out a signal that includes 1) the exact time that the
`signal is sent and 2) the exact position of the satellite
`relative to the center of the Earth.
`We know that the speed of light is constant, so the
`time it takes for the signal from a GPS satellite to
`reach you, multiplied by the speed of light, is the
`distance between you and the satellite. We also
`know the positions of each of the satellites, so by
`doing a little geometry, we can use the satellite
` Image credit: Miriade
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
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`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
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`6/11
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`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 6 of 11
`
`locations and the known distances to figure out our
`own location.
`“But wait”, you say, “if I remember my high school
`math, you only need three equations to solve for
`three unknowns. Why do we need a fourth satellite?”
`Thatʼs because thereʼs a fourth unknown. We donʼt
`actually know the exact time it took the signal to
`travel from the satellites to you. Thatʼs why…
`5 GPS Needs to Account
`for General Relativity
`According to Albert Einsteinʼs general theory of
`relativity, time moves faster for objects that are
`further from sources of gravity. Because satellites
`are further from Earth, their onboard clocks run 38
`microseconds faster per day than clocks on Earthʼs
`surface.
` Image Credit: NASA/Science
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`8/7/24, 3:07 PM
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
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`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
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`7/11
`
`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 7 of 11
`
`Without corrections, this would mean that GPS
`locations would be off by as much as 6 miles per
`day.
`So the fourth unknown variable is the time deviation
`from the atomic clocks on the GPS satellites. This is
`why 4 satellites are needed to determine precise
`location. However, one of the benefits of this system
`is that…
`6 GPS Isnʼt Just for
`Determining Location
`The accuracy of GPS time signals is within 10
`billionths of a second, which is second only to
`atomic clocks themselves. So GPS is also used for
`determining exact time, which is extremely important
`for time-critical applications.
`Our cellular networks, banking systems, financial
`markets, and power grids all depend heavily on GPS
`for precise time synchronization. In the
`communications sector, GPS timing allows
`synchronized call handoffs. In the financial sector,
`GPS timing allows for financial transactions to be
`accurately timestamped.
`GPS and the Internet
`of Things
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`8/7/24, 3:07 PM
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
`
`Products Solutions Company
`
`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
`
`8/11
`
`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 8 of 11
`
`The precise location and timing ability of GPS is a
`critical enabler to many IoT applications. From
`precision agriculture, to automated vehicles, to fleet
`tracking, to smart mining, and many many more.
`So hopefully you can now answer, "how does GPS
`work?", and know a little more about this amazing
`technology that has quickly become a necessary
`and ubiquitous component of our everyday lives.
`Have Questions? Talk to an Expert!
`Share:
`Calum McClelland
`Chief Operating Officer
`Calum graduated from Brown
`University with a major in
`Philosophy. Striving to change
`himself and the world for the
`better, Calum values active
`living, life-long learning, and
`keeping an open mind.
`View Profile
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`8/7/24, 3:07 PM
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
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`9/11
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`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 9 of 11
`
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`8/7/24, 3:07 PM
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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`Products Solutions Company
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`https://www.leverege.com/blogpost/how-does-gps-work-6-things-you-didnt-know
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`10/11
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`Geoscope Exhibit 2034
`Apple v. Geoscope
`IPR2024-00032 Page 10 of 11
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`How Does GPS Work? - 6 Things You Didn’t Know | Leverege
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