`
`(12) United States Patent
`Proctor, Jr. et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,990,904 B2
`Aug. 2, 2011
`
`(54) WIRELESS NETWORK REPEATER
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`(75) Inventors: James A. Proctor, Jr., Melbourne
`Beach, FL (US); Kenneth M. Gainey,
`Satellite Beach, FL (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: QUALCOMM Incorporated, San
`Diego, CA (US)
`
`- r
`(*) Notice:
`
`(21) Appl. No.:
`ppl. No.:
`(22) PCT Filed:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 1154 days.
`1OAS36,471
`9
`Dec. 16, 2003
`
`(86). PCT No.:
`S371 (c)(1),
`(2), (4) Date: May 26, 2005
`
`PCT/USO3/39889
`
`(87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2004/062305
`PCT Pub. Date: Jul. 22, 2004
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`US 2006/0098592 A1
`May 11, 2006
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/433,171, filed on Dec.
`16, 2002.
`(51) Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`H04.3/08
`(52) U.S. Cl. ........................................ 370/315; 370/338
`(58) Field of Classification Search ........................ None
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`
`
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`
`(Continued)
`Primary Examiner — Lester Kincaid
`Assistant Examiner — Phuoc Doan
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Linda G. Gunderson
`(57)
`ABSTRACT
`A frequency translating repeater (250) for use in a time divi
`sion duplex radio protocol communications system includes a
`processor (260), a bus (261), a memory (262), an RF section
`(264), and an integrated Station device (264). An access point
`(210) is detected based on information transmitted frequency
`channels using a protocol. Detection is initiated automati
`cally during a power-on sequence or by activating an input
`device Such as a button. Frequency channels are scanned for
`a beacon signal and an access point chosen as a preferred
`access point based on a metric Such as power level.
`50 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets
`
`05
`
`DELL
`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 1
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`
`
`US 7,990.904 B2
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`Access Systems, IEEE P802.16-2004/Cor1/D5.
`Draft IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—
`Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless
`Access Systems; Amendment for Physical and Medium Access Con
`trol Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed
`Bands.
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`the corresponding Australian application No. 2003239577. (corre
`sponding U.S. Appl. No. 10/516,327).
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`dates Sep. 8, 2006 for the corresponding Chinese patent application
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`2008 in connection with the corresponding Mexican Patent Applica
`tion No. PA/a/2004/011588 (corresponding U.S Appl. No.
`10/516,327).
`
`Office communication dated Jan. 12, 2007 issued from the European
`Patent Office for counterpart application No. 03734136.9-1246 (cor
`responding U.S. Appl. No. 10/516,327).
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`dated Aug. 7, 2007 for the corresponding European patent applica
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`20, 2007 in connection with corresponding Chinese application No.
`2003801.01286.2 (corresponding U.S. Appl. No. 10/530.546).
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`& Medium Access Control Layer, TTASKO-06.0082/R1, Dec. 2005.
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`lic of China dated Jan. 4, 2008 in corresponding Chinese Patent
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`10/530,546).
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`* cited by examiner
`
`DELL
`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 4
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 2, 2011
`
`Sheet 1 of 6
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`US 7,990,904 B2
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`Ol
`
`O2
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`
`
`O5
`
`
`
`FIG. 1
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`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 5
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 2, 2011
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`Sheet 2 of 6
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`US 7,990,904 B2
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`22O
`
`23O
`
`Half Duplex
`Repeater
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Processing
`
`Packet
`
`Packet
`
`243
`-
`
`244
`
`Ack
`
`IP Packet
`
`
`
`245
`
`Ack
`
`246
`
`FIG. 2
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`DELL
`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 6
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 2, 2011
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`Sheet 3 of 6
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`US 7,990,904 B2
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`2O
`
`Full Duplex
`Repeater
`
`250
`
`23O
`
`Station
`Station
`tatio
`
`AP
`AP
`
`Packet ? 22
`
`
`
`? 23 Ack
`
`Packet
`
`214
`
`-215
`
`Ack
`
`IP Packet
`m - m
`-\,
`
`ol
`
`FIG. 3
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 2, 2011
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`Sheet 4 of 6
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`US 7,990,904 B2
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`
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`RF Section
`
`Processor
`
`Full Duplex Repeater
`
`FIG. 4
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`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 8
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 2, 2011
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`Sheet 5 of 6
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`US 7,990,904 B2
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`
`
`Processor
`
`Integrated Station
`
`Full Duplex Repeater
`
`FIG. 5
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`U.S. Patent
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`Aug. 2, 2011
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`Sheet 6 of 6
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`US 7,990,904 B2
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`601
`
`Start Initialization
`Indicate No Master AP
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Scan all channels for
`and build Scan Table
`containing, for each
`AP:
`Channel number
`MACAddress
`BSS D
`Received Power
`Receiver SNR
`
`
`
`
`
`Preferred AP
`Present? (MAC
`and BSS D
`
`Select a repeater
`channel,
`
`Endicate AP Found
`
`
`
`Start Transmission of
`Modified Beacons on
`Repeater Channel, and
`repeating function
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Indicate Preferred AP
`or Network Not
`Present
`
`Scan all channels for
`"Best" Beacon
`
`For Best Beacon,
`Store "Preferred AP'info:
`MACAddress
`BSS D
`Channel Number
`
`Repeater Configured
`Indicate Configured
`
`614
`
`AP Channel Change
`indication Received?
`
`Y
`
`
`
`TxModified Beacon
`on Repeater Channel
`with Channel new
`repeater Channel info
`
`N
`
`Preferred AP
`Gone?
`
`FIG. 6
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`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 10
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`
`1.
`WRELESS NETWORK REPEATER
`
`US 7,990,904 B2
`
`2
`avoid two or more nodes transmitting packets at the same
`time. Under the 802.11 standard protocol, for example, a
`distributed coordination function (DCF) may be used for
`collision avoidance.
`Such operation is significantly different than the operation
`of many other cellular repeater systems, such as those sys
`tems based on IS-136, IS-95 or IS-2000 standards, where the
`receive and transmit bands are separated by a deplexing fre
`quency offset. Frequency division duplexing (FDD) opera
`tion simplifies repeater operation since conflicts associated
`with repeater operation, Such as those arising in situations
`where the receiver and transmitter channels for all networked
`devices are on the same frequency, are not present.
`An additional complication arising from the use of repeat
`ers in WLAN environments is the random nature of data
`packet transmissions, which often occur in the various
`WLAN protocols. When a WLAN is functioning without
`centralized coordination as is typical, it is operating in accor
`dance with a DCF as noted above. In DCF operation, packets
`initiated from each node on the wireless network are gener
`ated spontaneously with no predictable receive and transmit
`slots. Several mechanisms may be used to avoid collisions
`associated with communication units transmitting packets at
`the same time. Some mechanisms, referred to as Carrier
`Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/
`CA) and the Network Allocation Vector (NAV), are used by
`the distributed coordination function (DCF), governing the
`primary “rules' for enabling the coordination of the transmis
`sion of random packets from different stations. Because
`transmissions in Such an uncoordinated environment are
`unpredictable in that they may come at any time from any
`station, the challenge to repeater architectures is significant.
`An in addition to challenges associated with collisions, other
`challenges exist associated with, for example, feedback or the
`like on channels which are used by more than one repeater.
`Although traditional repeaters, such as those used in IS-95
`cellular systems, employ directional antennas and physical
`separation of receive and transmit antennas to achieve the
`necessary isolation to prevent oscillatory feedback, such a
`solution is not practical for WLAN repeaters. The combina
`tion of prohibitive costs and the fact that, for indoor environ
`ments, isolation is less effective because of reflections caused
`by objects in close proximity to the antennas, rule out Such
`solutions for indoor WLAN repeaters. Thus, several known
`approaches to providing repeaters in WLANs, and specifi
`cally to providing 802.11 compliant repeaters include provid
`ing two Access Points (APs) in a box with a routing function
`between them; and providing a store and forward repeater (SF
`Repeater), both of which approaches are reflected in products
`available on the market today.
`One system, described in International Application No.
`PCT/US03/16208, incorporated by reference herein, and
`commonly owned by the assignee of the present application,
`resolves many of the above identified problems by providing
`a repeater which isolates receive and transmit channels using
`a frequency detection and translation method. The WLAN
`repeater described therein allows two WLAN units to com
`municate by translating packets associated with one device at
`a first frequency channel to a second device using a second
`frequency channel. The direction associated with the transla
`tion or conversion, Such as from the first frequency channel
`associated with the first device to the second frequency chan
`nel associated with the second device, or from the second
`frequency channel to the first frequency channel, depends
`upon a real time configuration of the repeater and the WLAN
`environment. For example, the WLAN repeater may be con
`figured to monitor both frequency channels for transmissions
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is related to and claims priority from
`pending U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/433,171 filed
`Dec. 16, 2002, and is further related to PCT Application
`PCT/USO3/16208 entitled WIRELESS LOCALAREANET
`WORK REPEATER, the contents of which are incorporated
`10
`herein by reference.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention relates generally to wireless local
`area networks (WLANs) and, particularly, the present inven
`tion relates to channel selection for a frequency translating
`repeater connecting to an Access Point (AP).
`
`15
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`Because of increasing popularity, there is an ongoing need
`to extend the range of wireless local area networks (WLAN),
`including but not limited to WLANs described and specified
`in the 802.11, 802.16 and 802.20 standards. While the speci
`fications of products using the above standard wireless pro
`tocols commonly indicate data rates on the order of, for
`example, 11 MBPS and ranges on the order of for example,
`100 meters, these performance levels are rarely, if ever, real
`ized. Performance shortcomings between actual and speci
`fied performance levels have many causes including attenu
`ation of the radiation paths of RF signals, which are typically
`in the range of 2.4 GHz or 5.8 GHz in an operating environ
`ment such as an indoor environment. Base or AP to receiver or
`client ranges are generally less than the coverage range
`required in a typical home, and may be as little as 10 to 15
`meters. Further, in structures having split floor plans, such as
`ranch style or two story homes, or those constructed of mate
`rials capable of attenuating RF signals, areas in which wire
`less coverage is needed may be physically separated by dis
`tances outside of the range of, for example, an 802.11
`protocol based system. Attenuation problems may be exacer
`bated in the presence of interference in the operating band,
`such as interference from other 2.4 GHz devices or wideband
`interference with in-band energy. Still further, data rates of
`45
`devices operating using the above standard wireless protocols
`are dependent on signal strength. As distances in the area of
`coverage increase, wireless system performance typically
`decreases. Lastly, the structure of the protocols themselves
`may affect the operational range.
`One common practice in the mobile wireless industry to
`increase the range of wireless systems is through the use of
`repeaters. However, problems and complications arise in that
`for Some systems and devices, receivers and transmitters
`operate at the same frequency as in a WLAN (Wireless Local
`Area Network) or WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Net
`work) utilizing, for example, 802.11 or 802.16 WLAN wire
`less protocols. In Such systems, when multiple transmitters
`operate simultaneously, as would be the preferred case in
`repeater operation, difficulties arise. Other problems arise in
`60
`that, for example, the random packet nature of typical WLAN
`protocols provides no defined receive and transmit periods.
`Because packets from each wireless network node are spon
`taneously generated and transmitted and are not temporally
`predictable packet collisions may occur. Some remedies exist
`to address such difficulties, such as, for example, collision
`avoidance and random back-off protocols, which are used to
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`EXHIBIT 1033 - PAGE 11
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`3
`and, when a transmission is detected, translate the signal
`received on the first frequency channel to the other frequency
`channel, where it is transmitted to the destination. It is impor
`tant to note that the frequency translating repeater described
`in International Application No. PCT/US03/16208 acts in
`near real time to receive, boost and retransmit packets and
`while addressing many of the problems in the art, lacks capa
`bilities such as store and forward.
`Not only does an isolated frequency translating repeater
`such as that described in International Application No. PCT/
`US03/16208 solve many of the above described issues asso
`ciated with asynchronous transmission, indeterminate packet
`length, and use of the same frequency for frequency trans
`mission/reception, but such repeaters are additionally well
`suited for use in accordance with the 802.11a, e.g. the 5 GHZ
`OFDM, standard which is currently the standard providing
`the highest data rate network, up to 54 MBPS, and the highest
`frequency, 5 GHz. While providing attractive data rate and
`frequency parameters, the 802.11a repeater is inherently lim
`ited in range. Problems arise due to the range limitations
`since, while many new applications involving video and
`audio are only possible using the higher performance avail
`able under 802.11a making the use of 802.11a compliant
`repeaters highly desirable, the range limitations hinder use
`fulness and limit widespread acceptance. Such limitations are
`disappointing since the 802.11a frequency bands are well
`suited for frequency translation for the above mentioned rea
`Sons, and due to the significant amount of allocated spectrum
`available for use within the band. It should be noted that there
`are presently 12 802.11a compatible frequency channels
`available in the US with another 12 planned for allocation by
`the FCC in the near future.
`It should further be noted that while frequency translating
`repeaters as described above are desirable, the application of
`frequency translating repeaters are not limited to systems
`compliant with 802.11a standards. For example, as is well
`known to those of ordinary skill in the art, 802.11b and
`802.11g are standards specifying transmission protocols for
`2.4 GHz systems. Products based on these standards may be
`used with repeaters in at least two ways. For example, in a
`bridging configuration, a repeater may use any combination
`of non-overlapping frequency channels such as channel 1, 6.
`and 11 for standard IEEE based networks. The use of adjacent
`channels is possible due to the ability to use directional anten
`nas in combination with the repeater, or a reduction in
`repeater transmission power. In the Basic Service Set (BSS)
`mode which is a common configuration mode for a typical
`AP