(19) United States
`(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/007 1123 A1
`(43) Pub. Date:
`Apr. 15, 2004
`Shin
`
`US 2004007 1123A1.
`
`(54) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR LINKING
`BLUETOOTH TO WIRELESS LAN
`
`(75) Inventor: Sang-hyun Shin, Suwon-si (KR)
`Correspondence Address:
`SUGHRUE MION, PLLC
`2100 PENNSYLVANIAAVENUE, N.W.
`SUTE 800
`WASHINGTON, DC 20037 (US)
`(73) Assignee: SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO.,
`LTD.
`
`(21)
`(22)
`(30)
`
`Appl. No.:
`
`10/457,382
`
`Filed:
`
`Jun. 10, 2003
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`
`Jul. 2, 2002 (JP)......................................... 2002-37865
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51) Int. Cl. .................................................... H04Q 7/24
`
`(52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 370/338; 370/466
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Apparatuses and methods for linking a wireleSS LAN ter
`minal and a Bluetooth terminal, for enabling communica
`tions between the terminals, and for enabling establishment
`of an ad-hoc network between the terminals are provided. A
`first linking apparatus includes a first data conversion unit
`which receives a Bluetooth Signal and converts it to common
`layer data; and a first signal conversion unit which converts
`the common layer data into a wireleSS LAN Signal and
`transmits it. A Second linking apparatus includes a Second
`data conversion unit which receives a wireleSS LAN Signal
`and converts it into common layer data; and a Second Signal
`conversion unit which converts the common layer data into
`a Bluetooth Signal and transmits it. Thus, by linking Blue
`tooth terminals and wireleSS LAN terminals, communica
`tions between the terminals, which use different technolo
`gies, are enabled, and an ad-hoc network can be established
`between the terminals.
`
`BLUETOOTH
`SIGNAL N
`
`WIREESS
`LANSIGNAL. V.
`
`BLUETOOTHSIGNAL-TO-COMMON L,
`LAYER DATA CONVERSION UNIT
`COMMON LAYER DATA
`
`
`
`LANSIGNAL CONVERSION UNIT
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`Patent Application Publication Apr. 15, 2004 Sheet 1 of 6
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`US 2004/007 1123 A1
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`Patent Application Publication Apr. 15, 2004 Sheet 2 of 6
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`US 2004/0071123 A1
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`FIG. 3
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`Patent Application Publication Apr. 15, 2004 Sheet 3 of 6
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`US 2004/0071123 A1
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`FIG. 4
`
`
`
`BLUETOOTHSIGNAL-TO-COMMON L,
`LAYER DATA CONVERSION UNIT
`
`
`
`LANSIGNALNN
`it. WIRELESS LANSIGNAL-To-COMMONLs,
`LAYER DATA CONVERSION UNIT
`BLUETOOTH --
`COMMON LAYER DATA
`SIGNAL v.
`COMMON LAYER DATA-TO-BLUETOOTH
`52
`SIGNAL CONVERSION UNIT
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`Patent Application Publication Apr. 15, 2004 Sheet 4 of 6
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`US 2004/007 1123 A1
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`Patent Application Publication Apr. 15, 2004 Sheet 5 of 6
`FIG. 7
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`US 2004/007 1123A1
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`
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`RECEME BLUETOOTHSIGNAL
`
`-71
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`-81
`RECENE wiRELEss ANSIGNAL
`coNVERT INTO COMMON LAYER DATA-82
`CONVERT INTO BLUETOOTHSIGNAL -83
`TRANSMIT BLUETOOTH SIGNAL
`-84
`
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`Patent Application Publication Apr. 15, 2004 Sheet 6 of 6
`FIG. 9
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`US 2004/007 1123A1.
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`
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`...
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`SEARCH BLUETOOTH
`ALLOCATE IP ADDRESS
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`RECEIVE WIRELESS
`CONVERT INTO
`COMMON LAYER DATA
`
`LAN TERMINAL AND
`ALLOCATE IP ADDRESS
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`as 921
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`RECEIVE BLUETOOTH
`SIGNAAN2,
`CONVERT INTO
`COMMON LAYER DATA
`
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`BLUETOOTHSIGNAL
`ANDTRANSMIT TO .
`BLUETOOTH TERMINAL
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`CONVERT INTO
`AND TRANSMIT TO
`WIRELESS LAN TERMINAL
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`-
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`US 2004/007 1123 A1
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`Apr. 15, 2004
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`APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR LINKING
`BLUETOOTH TO WIRELESS LAN
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`0001) 1. Field of the Invention
`0002 The present invention relates to an apparatus and
`method for linking a wireless LAN terminal and a Bluetooth
`(a trademark of Bluetooth SIG, Inc.) terminal and enabling
`communications between the terminals, and more particu
`larly, to an apparatus and method for enabling establishment
`of an ad-hoc network between a wireless LAN terminal and
`a Bluetooth terminal. The present application is based on
`Korean Application No. 2002-37865, filed on Jul. 2, 2002,
`which is incorporated herein by reference.
`0003 2. Description of the Related Art
`0004 Since the introduction of the Internet, the world has
`become increasingly networked. With recent development
`of wireleSS technologies, the wireleSS Internet using a variety
`of technologies, Such as a code division multiple acceSS
`(CDMA), a wireless LAN, an infrared data association
`(IrDA) technology, and a Bluetooth technology, has also
`been highlighted and widely used by ordinary users. In
`addition, with the wireless LAN or Bluetooth technology, an
`ad-hoc network between terminals that use the same tech
`nology and are not connected to the Internet can be estab
`lished.
`0005 The prior art wireless LAN terminal has hardware
`and Software for wireleSS LAN communications, and the
`prior art Bluetooth terminal has hardware and Software for
`Bluetooth communications. Based on a wireless LAN pro
`tocol, wireleSS LAN terminals can establish an ad-hoc
`network among the terminals. Similarly, among Bluetooth
`terminals, first, it is determined whether or not there is a
`Service profile that wants communications between termi
`nals through a service discovery protocol (SDP) of Blue
`tooth, and if there is a common profile, communications are
`performed through a procedure described in the profile.
`0006 Accordingly, if a terminal has a Bluetooth module,
`the terminal can communicate only with a terminal that has
`a Bluetooth module, and if a terminal has a wireless LAN
`module, the terminal can communicate only with a terminal
`that has a wireleSS LAN module. Also, Since communica
`tions between the Bluetooth terminal and the wireless LAN
`terminal are impossible, an ad-hoc network cannot be estab
`lished between the Bluetooth terminals and the wireless
`LAN terminals that use different technologies.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`0007. The present invention provides an apparatus and
`method for linking a Bluetooth terminal and a wireless LAN
`terminal that use different technologies, and enabling com
`munications between the terminals.
`0008. The present invention also provides an apparatus
`and method for establishing an ad-hoc network between
`Bluetooth terminals and wireless LAN terminals using the
`apparatus for linking a Bluetooth terminal and a wireleSS
`LAN terminal.
`0009. According to an exemplary aspect of the present
`invention, there is provided a Bluetooth-to-wireless local
`area network (LAN) linking apparatus comprising a Blue
`
`tooth Signal-to-common layer data conversion unit which
`receives a Bluetooth signal and converts the Bluetooth
`Signal to common layer data; and a common layer data-to
`wireless LAN signal conversion unit which converts the
`common layer data into a wireleSS LAN Signal and transmits
`the wireless LAN signal.
`0010. According to another exemplary aspect of the
`present invention, there is provided a wireleSS LAN-to
`Bluetooth linking apparatus comprising a wireleSS LAN-to
`common layer data conversion unit which receives a wire
`less LAN signal and converts the received wireless LAN
`Signal to common layer data; and a common layer data-to
`Bluetooth Signal conversion unit which converts the com
`mon layer data into a Bluetooth Signal and transmits the
`Bluetooth Signal.
`0011. According to still another exemplary aspect of the
`present invention, there is provided an apparatus for estab
`lishing an ad-hoc network of Bluetooth and wireless LAN
`comprising a Bluetooth Search IP address allocation unit
`which receives a Search Signal from an arbitrary Bluetooth
`terminal, accesses the Bluetooth terminal, and allocates an
`IP address to the accessed Bluetooth terminal; a wireless
`LAN search IP address allocation unit which receives a
`Search Signal from an arbitrary wireleSS LAN terminal,
`accesses the wireleSS LAN terminal, and allocates an IP
`address to the accessed wireless LAN terminal; a Bluetooth
`to-wireless LAN linking unit which receives a Bluetooth
`Signal from an arbitrary Bluetooth terminal, converts the
`received Bluetooth Signal into common layer data, converts
`the common layer data into a wireless LAN signal, and
`transmits the wireless LAN signal to a wireless LAN ter
`minal to which an IP address included in the wireless LAN
`Signal is allocated; and a wireleSS LAN-to-Bluetooth linking
`unit which receives a wireleSS LAN Signal from an arbitrary
`wireless LAN terminal, converts the received wireless LAN
`Signal into common layer data, converts the common layer
`data into a Bluetooth Signal, and transmits the Bluetooth
`signal to a Bluetooth terminal to which an IP address
`included in the Bluetooth Signal is allocated.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`0012. The above exemplary objects and advantages of the
`present invention will become more apparent by describing
`in detail various illustrative, non-limiting embodiments
`thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:
`0013 FIG. 1 is a diagram of the structure of a prior art
`Bluetooth protocol Stack;
`0014 FIG. 2 is a diagram of the structure of a prior art
`wireless LAN protocol stack;
`0015 FIG. 3 is a diagram of the structure of a mixed
`protocol stack of Bluetooth and wireless LAN of the present
`invention;
`0016 FIG. 4 is a diagram of the structure of a Bluetooth
`to-wireleSS LAN linking apparatus of the present invention;
`0017 FIG. 5 is a diagram of the structure of a wireless
`LAN-to-Bluetooth linking apparatus of the present inven
`tion;
`0018 FIG. 6 is a diagram of the structure of an apparatus
`for establishing an ad-hoc network of Bluetooth and wireless
`LAN of the present invention;
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`US 2004/007 1123 A1
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`Apr. 15, 2004
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`0019 FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the steps performed by a
`Bluetooth-to-wireless LAN linking method of the present
`invention;
`0020 FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the steps performed by a
`wireless LAN-to-Bluetooth linking method of the present
`invention; and
`0021 FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the steps performed by a
`Bluetooth and wireless LAN ad-hoc network establishing
`method of the present invention.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY
`EMBODIMENTS
`0022 Referring to FIG. 1, a prior art Bluetooth protocol
`Stack is constructed hierarchically from the bottom layer in
`order of radio frequency (RF), baseband, host controller
`interface (HCI), logical link control and adaptation protocol
`(L2CAP), RFCOMM, point-to-point protocol (PPP), Inter
`net Protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP)/user
`datagram protocol (UDP), and Socket.
`0023 The RF layer corresponds to the physical layer of
`the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) framework, which
`is the lowest layer in the OSI layers. The RF layer operates
`in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHZ industrial, Scien
`tific, and medical (ISM) band, and uses a frequency hopping
`Signal at up to 1,600 hopS/sec., which hops among 79
`frequencies usually at 1 MHz intervals with 1 mW output.
`For modulation, Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (G-FSK)
`is used and for duplex communications, a time division
`duplex (TDD) method is used.
`0024 Like the RF layer, the baseband layer corresponds
`to the physical layer that establishes a physical connection.
`Through the baseband layer, Seven Bluetooth apparatuses
`are connected to one piconet. One of the Seven Bluetooth
`apparatuses becomes a master for administration of the
`piconet, including generation of a frequency hopping pat
`tern, and the remaining apparatuses are connected as slaves.
`0.025 The HCI layer is an interfacing protocol between a
`Bluetooth module and a host. The reason why the Bluetooth
`standards define Such an interface method as the HCI is to
`completely Separate hardware and Software Such that the
`Software module need not be replaced when a Bluetooth
`hardware module is replaced.
`0026. The L2CAP layer corresponds to the data link layer
`of the OSI, and is a protocol Stack for interfacing a lower
`layer protocol Stack with an upper layer application. The
`L2CAP layer plays almost the same role as the TCP layer of
`the Internet Protocol. The L2CAP layer is an essential layer
`located immediately above the HCI layer and enables the
`upper layer protocol or application to exchange a data packet
`up to 64 MB.
`0027. The RFCOMM layer is an emulator for serial
`communications and a protocol replacing Serial communi
`cation protocols such as the RS-232C interface.
`0028. The PPP layer is a protocol needed by two com
`puters communicating with each other through a Serial
`interface. Particularly, personal computers connected to a
`Server through a telephone line frequently use this protocol.
`For example, most Internet service providers (ISPs) provide
`Internet PPP access for their Subscribers such that a server
`responds to a user request, the user can access the Internet
`
`through the Server, and a response to the user request is sent
`back to the user by the server. The PPP uses the IP and
`sometimes is regarded as one of the TCP/IP protocol group.
`Compared to the OSI reference model, the PPP provides a
`data link Service corresponding to the Second layer of the
`OSI. Originally, the PPP packs TCP/IP packets of a com
`puter and Sends the packets to a Server So that the packets are
`transmitted to the Internet. Most routers for LAN access
`support the PPP communications protocol. Since the PPP
`includes a function for compressing only the header part of
`a data packet, as well as an authentication protocol Such as
`the password authentication protocol (PAP) or the chal
`lenge-handshake authentication protocol (CHAP), these
`functions can be used when a connection is established.
`Also, the PPP includes a function of an Internet protocol
`control protocol (IPCP) by which an access server automati
`cally allocates an IP address to a client personal computer
`when a remote LAN is accessed. In a dial-up IP access in
`which a user accesses a Server of an ISP through a public
`network Such as a public-Switched telephone network
`(PSTN) or an integrated services digital network (ISDN), the
`IPCP is generally used for the PPP access, and therefore the
`user does not need to obtain a global IP address. The PPP is
`a representative protocol for a dial-up IP acceSS and is
`defined in RFC 1171.
`0029. The IP is a protocol which is used when a computer
`on the Internet transmits data to another computer. Each
`computer on the Internet, that is, each host, has at least one
`or more proper addresses So that the computer can be
`distinguished from other computers. When a user Sends or
`receives data Such as email or web pages, a message is
`divided into Small pieces called packets. Each of these
`packets has the Internet addresses of a Source and a desti
`nation. Any packet can be first Sent to a gateway computer.
`The gateway computer reads the destination address and
`Sends the packet to a neighboring gateway. Then, reading the
`destination address is repeated and gateways continue to
`Send the packet until the packet arrives near to the destina
`tion address or a gateway of the domain of the destination
`address receives the packet. When a gateway of the domain
`corresponding to the destination address receives the packet,
`the gateway directly transferS the packet to a computer
`having the address of the destination. Since one message is
`formed with a plurality of packets, each packet may be
`transmitted through different paths when necessary, and
`packets may arrive in different order from the original
`transmitting order. However, the IP just delivers the packets
`and rearranging the packets in the different order into the
`original order is performed by another protocol, i.e., the
`TCP. The IPlayer corresponds to the third layer, the network
`layer, of the OSI communications reference model.
`0030) The TCP is a protocol which is used together with
`the IP in order to transmit data in the form of a message
`between computers on the Internet. While the IP actually
`controls the delivery processing of data, the TCP traces and
`manages data packets. A message is divided into a plurality
`of Small pieces for more efficient routing on the Internet, and
`each piece is referred to as a packet. For example, when an
`HTML file is transmitted to a user from a web server, the
`TCP program layer in the server divides the file into a
`plurality of packets, numbers each packet, and Sends the
`packets to the IP program layer. Although the packets have
`the same destination address (IP address), the packets may
`be transmitted through different paths. The TCP in the other
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`US 2004/007 1123 A1
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`Side (the client program of a user computer) reassembles the
`packets until the packets can be sent as a complete file to the
`user. The TCP corresponds to the fourth layer, the transport
`layer, of the OSI communications model.
`0031. The UDP is a communications protocol which
`provides only limited Services when messages are commu
`nicated between computers on a network using the IP. The
`UDP is an alternative to the TCP, and when used with the IP,
`is also referred to as UDP/IP. Like the TCP, the UDP uses the
`IPSO that one computer receives the actual data unit called
`datagram from the other computer. However, unlike the
`TCP, the UDP does not provide services for dividing a
`message into packets (datagram) and reassembling the pack
`ets in the other Side, and particularly does not provide the
`order of arriving data packets. In order words, an application
`using the UDP should be able to confirm that the entire
`message arrives in the correct order. A network application
`program having less data to exchange (therefore, less mes
`sages to be reassembled) may prefer the UDP to the TCP in
`order to reduce processing time. Like the TCP, the UDP
`corresponds to the fourth layer, the transport layer, of the
`OSI communications model.
`0.032 The Socket is a communications method between a
`client program and a Server program on a network. The
`Socket is defined as “the end part of an access'. The Socket
`is Sometimes referred to as an application programming
`interface (API) and is generated and used by a Series of
`programming requests or function calls.
`0033 FIG. 2 is a diagram of the structure of a prior art
`wireless LAN protocol stack.
`0034. The wireless LAN protocol stack is constructed
`hierarchically from the bottom layer in order of the RF,
`802.11 media access control (MAC), logical link control
`(LLC), IP, TCP/UDP, socket, and dynamic host configura
`tion protocol (DHCP) server.
`0035. The RF layer corresponds to the physical layer of
`the OSI, which is the lowest layer in the OSI model. The
`802.11a standard uses a 5 GHz band and the 802.11b
`standard uses a 2.4 GHz band like the Bluetooth. For
`modulation, binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature
`phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 quadrature amplitude modu
`lation (QAM), or 64 QAM orthogonal frequency division
`multiplexing (OFDM) are used.
`0036) The 802.11a/b MAC is a protocol by which a
`plurality of computers sharing an identical transmission line
`can efficiently use the transmission line. The 802.11 is a
`collection of standards for wireless LAN developed by an
`IEEE working group, and includes four Standards, 802.11,
`802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g, at present. In order to share
`a path, the four Standards all use carrier Sense multiple
`access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), which is an Ether
`net protocol. While the 802.11b standard provides a speed of
`about 11 Mbps, the 802.11g standard, which is the most
`recently approved Standard, provides a Speed of up to 54
`Mbps although it is provided in a relatively short distance.
`Since the 802.11g also operates in the 2.4 GHz band like the
`802.11b, the two standards have compatibility to each other.
`The 802.11b standard, frequently referred to as Wi-Fi,
`provides backward compatibility for the 802.11. Although
`the modulation method traditionally used in the 802.11
`standard is phase-shift keying (PSK), the modulation
`
`method employed by the 802.11b is complementary code
`keying (CCK), which provides a faster data transmission
`Speed with less interference by multiple path transmission.
`The 802.11g standard is applied to a wireless ATM system
`and mainly used in an access hub. The 802.11a operates in
`the 5 GHz to 6 GHz wireless frequency bandwidth. The
`802.11a uses the OFDM modulation so that maximum 54
`Mbps data transmission speed is available. However, in the
`actual communications, the Speed is 6 Mbps, 12 Mbps, or 24
`Mbps.
`0037. The MAC is the lower layer of the two sub layers
`of the data link layer defined by the IEEE, and the MAC sub
`layer processes shared medium acceSS problems Such as
`token passing or determining whether or not there is a
`collision. In an ordinary Ethernet LAN, all computers con
`nected to an identical LAN Segment can perform commu
`nications through the third layer protocols including the
`TCP/IP, IPX, and APPLETALK (a trademark of Apple
`Computer, Inc.), based on the MAC address (corresponding
`to the second layer of the OSI). Since a number that is
`unique only to one product in the World is allocated as a
`MAC address when the product is manufactured and
`Shipped by a device manufacturer, the MAC address can be
`referred to as an address from the Viewpoint of hardware.
`0038. The LLC is the upper layer of the two sub layers of
`the data link layer defined by the IEEE. The LLC Sub layer
`processes error control, flow control, frame processing,
`MAC sub layer addressing, etc. This protocol includes both
`a connectionless type and a connection-oriented type.
`0039. Since the IP, the TCP/UDP, and the socket that are
`upper layers of the layers in the wireleSS LAN protocol Stack
`described above are in common with the Bluetooth, their
`explanation will be omitted. The DHCP of the application
`layer is a protocol which enables network administrators to
`centrally manage and allocate IP addresses on a network in
`an organization. In the TCP/IP protocol of the Internet, each
`computer should have a unique IP address in order to access
`the Internet. When computer users access the Internet in an
`organization, an IP address should be allocated to each
`computer. When the DHCP is not used, an IP address should
`be input manually for each computer, and if computers are
`moved to a location belonging to another part of the net
`work, new IP addresses should be input. In the DHCP, a
`network administrator centrally manages and allocates an IP
`address, and when a computer is connected in a different
`location of the network, a new IP address can automatically
`be sent to the computer.
`0040 FIG. 3 is a diagram of the structure of a mixed
`protocol stack of Bluetooth and wireless LAN of the present
`invention.
`0041. The mixed protocol stack of Bluetooth and wireless
`LAN has the layers common to the Bluetooth stack protocol
`and the wireleSS LAN protocol Stack, as upper layers, and
`the layers different in the two protocol Stacks, as lower
`layers. The upper layers are stacked in order of the IP, the
`TCP or UDP, and the socket. The lower layers include the
`Bluetooth protocol stack part and the wireless LAN protocol
`Stack part. In the Bluetooth protocol Stack part, layers are
`stacked in order of the RF, the baseband, the HCI, the
`L2CAP, the RFCOMM, and the PPP from the bottom. In the
`wireleSS LAN protocol Stack part, layers are Stacked in order
`of the RF, the 802.11 MAC, and the LLC from the bottom.
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`First, a process for converting a Bluetooth signal
`0.042
`into a wireleSS LAN signal, when the Bluetooth Signal is
`received, will now be explained. For a Bluetooth signal, the
`RF layer corresponding to the lowest layer in the OSI layers
`operates in the 2.4 GHz band and uses a frequency hopping
`Signal at up to 1,600 hopS/sec., which hops among 79
`frequencies usually at 1 MHz intervals and with 1 mW
`output. For modulation, Gaussian frequency shift keying
`(G-FSK) is used and for duplex communications, a time
`division duplex (TDD) method is used.
`0043. When the received Bluetooth signal leaves the RF
`layer, the Signal passes to the baseband layer that is the upper
`layer of the RF layer. Like the RF layer, the baseband layer
`corresponds to the physical layer for physical connection. In
`the baseband layer, Seven Bluetooth apparatuses are con
`nected to one piconet, and one among the Seven apparatuses
`becomes a master for administration of the piconet, includ
`ing generation of a frequency hopping pattern, and the
`remaining apparatuses are connected as Slaves.
`0044) When the received Bluetooth signal leaves the
`baseband layer, the Signal passes to the HCI layer that is the
`upper layer of the baseband layer. The HCI layer interfaces
`a Bluetooth module with a host. When the received Blue
`tooth Signal leaves the HCI layer, the Signal passes to the
`L2CAP layer that is the upper layer of the HCI layer. The
`L2CAP layer corresponds to the data link layer and inter
`faces the lower protocol Stack with the upper application.
`The L2CAP layer performs a function almost the same as the
`TCP layer of the IP. The L2CAP layer is an essential layer
`located immediately above the HCI layer and enables the
`upper layer protocol or application to exchange a data packet
`of up to 64 MB.
`0.045 When the received Bluetooth signal leaves the
`L2CAP layer, the signal passes to the RFCOMM layer that
`is the upper layer of the L2CAP layer. The RFCOMM layer
`is an emulator for Serial communications and replaces Serial
`communication protocols such as the RS-232C interface.
`When the received Bluetooth signal leaves the RFCOMM
`layer, the signal passes to the PPP layer that is the upper
`layer of the RFCOMM layer. The PPP layer is a protocol
`needed by two computers communicating with each other
`through a serial interface. Most ISPs provide Internet PPP
`access for their SubscriberS Such that a server responds to a
`user request, the user can access the Internet through the
`Server, and a response to the user request is sent back to the
`user by the server. The PPP uses the IP and sometimes is
`regarded as one of the TCP/IP protocol group. Compared to
`the OSI reference model, the PPP provides a data link
`Service corresponding to the Second layer of the OSI.
`Originally, the PPP packs TCP/IP packets of a computer and
`Sends the packets to a server So that the packets are trans
`mitted to the Internet. Also, the PPP includes a function of
`an Internet protocol control protocol (IPCP) by which an
`access Server automatically allocates an IP address to a client
`personal computer when a remote LAN is accessed. In a
`dial-up IP access in which a user accesses a server of an ISP
`through a public network Such as a public-Switched tele
`phone network (PSTN) or an integrated services digital
`network (ISDN), the IPCP is generally used for the PPP
`access, and therefore the user does not need to obtain a
`global IP address. The present invention establishes an
`ad-hoc network by using the IPCP.
`
`0046) When the received Bluetooth signal leaves the PPP
`layer, the Signal passes to the IPlayer that is the upper layer
`of the PPP layer. The IP is a protocol which is used when a
`computer on the Internet transmits data to another computer.
`Each computer on the Internet, that is, each host, has at least
`one or more proper addresses So that the computer can be
`distinguished from other computers. When a user Sends or
`receives data Such as email or web pages, a message is
`divided into Small pieces called packets. Each of these
`packets has the Internet addresses of a Source and a desti
`nation. Any packet can be first Sent to a gateway computer.
`The gateway computer reads the destination address and
`Sends the packet to a neighboring gateway. Then, reading the
`destination address is repeated and gateways continue to
`Send the packet until the packet arrives near to the destina
`tion address or a gateway of the domain of the destination
`address receives the packet. When a gateway of the domain
`corresponding to the destination address receives the packet,
`the gateway directly transferS the packet to a computer
`having the address of the destination. Since one message is
`formed with a plurality of packets, each packet may be
`transmitted through different paths when necessary, and
`packets may arrive in different order from the original
`transmitting order. However, the IP just delivers the packets
`and rearranging the packets into their original order is
`performed by another protocol, i.e., the TCP.
`0047 Since the IP layer is common with the wireless
`LAN, the IP packet passing through the Bluetooth protocol
`stack is forwarded to the wireless LAN protocol stack. Here,
`the IP packet may have an IPv4 format or IPv6 format. The
`IP packet forwarded to the wireless LAN protocol stack
`passes to the LLC layer that is the lower layer of the IPlayer.
`0048. The LLC layer is the upper layer of the two sub
`layers of the data link layer (MAC, LLC) defined by the
`IEEE. The LLC Sub layer processes error control, flow
`control, frame processing, MAC Sub layer addressing, etc.
`This protocol includes both a connectionless type and a
`connection-oriented type. The Signal that passes through the
`LLC layer passes to the 802.11 MAC layer.
`0049. The 802.11 MAC is a protocol by which a plurality
`of computers sharing an identical transmission line can
`efficiently use the transmission line. The 802.11 is a collec
`tion of standards for wireless LAN developed by an IEEE
`working group, and includes four Standards, 802.11,
`802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g, at present. In order to share
`a path, the four Standards all use carrier Sense multiple
`access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), which is an Ether
`net protocol. The MAC is the lower layer of the two sub
`layers of the data link layer defined by the IEEE, and the
`MAC Sub layer processes shared medium acceSS problems
`Such as token passing or determining whether or not there is
`a collision. In the Ethernet that is an ordinary LAN, all
`computers connected to an identical LAN Segment can
`perform communications through the third layer protocols
`Such as the TCP/IP, based on the MAC address. Since a
`number unique only to one product in the World is allocated
`as a MAC address, when the product is manufactured and
`Shipped by a device manufacturer, the MAC address can be
`referred to as an address from the Viewpoint of hardware.
`The signal that passes through the 802.11a/b MAC layer
`passes to the RF layer.
`0050. The RF layer corresponds to the physical layer that
`is the lowest layer of the OSI. The 802.11a operates in the
`
`DELL
`EXHIBIT 1005 - PAGE 11
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`US 2004/007 1123 A1
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`Apr. 15, 2004
`
`5 GHz band, and like the Bluetooth, the 802.11b operates in
`the 2.4 GHz band. While the 802.11b standard provides a
`Speed of about 11 Mbps, the more recently approved
`802.11g standard provides a speed of up to 54 Mbps
`although it is provided in a relatively short distance. Since
`the 802.11g also operates in the 2.4 GHz band like the
`802.11b, the two standards have compatibility to each other.
`The 802.11b standard, which is frequently referred to as
`Wi-Fi, provides backward compatibility for the 802.11.
`Although the modulation method traditionally used in the
`802.11 standard is phase-shift keying (PSK), the modulation
`method employed by the 802.11b is complementary code
`keying (CCK), which provides a faster data transmission
`Speed with less interference by multiple path transmission.
`The 802.11g standard is applied to a wireless ATM system
`and mainly used in an access hub. The 802.11a operates in
`the 5 GHz to 6 GHz wireless frequency bandwidth. The
`802.11a uses the OFDM modulation so that a maximum 54
`Mbps data transmission speed is available. However, in
`actual communications, the Speed is 6 Mbps, 12 Mbps, or 24
`Mbps. The Signal passing through the protocol Stack as
`described above becomes a wireleSS LAN signal complying
`with the IEEE 802.11 standard and is transmitted to other
`wireleSS LAN terminals. Accordingly, an