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`OPERATING SYSTEM SHELL WITHHYPERTEXTDESKTOP
`On
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`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
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`This invention relates to a user interface or shell of an
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`operating system, and more particularly relates to the incorporation of
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`rich and dynamic multimedia content into such an interface.
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`BACKGROUND AND SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
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`It is now commonfor operating systems to have a shell which
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`provides a graphical user interface (GUI). The shell is a piece of
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`software (either a separate program or componentpart of the operating
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`system) that provides direct communication between the user and the
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`operating system. The graphical user interface typically provides a
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`graphical icon-oriented and/or menu driven environment for the user to
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`interact with the operating system.
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`The graphical user interface of many operating system shells
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`is based on a desktop metaphor. More specifically, the graphical user
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`interface is intended to create a graphical environment which simulates
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`working at a desk. These graphical userinterfaces typically employ a
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`windowing environment with a desktop.
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`The windowing environment presents the user with specially
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`delineated areas of the screen called windows, each of which is
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`dedicated to a particular application program, file or document. Each
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`window can act independently, asif it were a virtual display device under
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`control of its particular application program. Windows can typically be
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`resized, moved around the display, and stacked so as to overlay
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`another.
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`In some windowing environments, windows can be minimized
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`to an icon or increased to a full-screen display. Usually, the windows
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`have a top to bottom order in which they are displayed, with top windows
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`at a particular location on the screen overlaying any other windowat that
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`samelocation. The top-most window hasthe "focus" and accepts the
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`user's input. The user can switch other windows to the top by clicking
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`with a mouseor other pointer device, or by inputting certain key
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`combinations. This allows the user to work with multiple application
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`found on a real desk, such as a file cabinet, telephone, wastebasket, and
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`programs, files and documentsin a similar manner as physically working
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`with multiple paper documents and items which can bearbitrarily
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`stacked or arranged on an actual desk.
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`The desktop of the graphical user interface is a screen
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`display containing icons representing programs, files and resources
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`available to the user. As such, the desktop acts as a launching point for
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`running application programs, opening documentsorfiles, and initiating
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`operating system services.
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`In accordance with the desktop metaphor,
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`the desktop simulates the top of an actual desk on which various work
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`items are made available to the office worker. The desktop in some
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`graphical user interfaces thus includes icons representing resources
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`scratchpad, which are used to access their computer equivalents.
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`In
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`typical graphical user interfaces, the desktop always remainsas a full-
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`screen background display relative to the windowing environment.
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`In
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`other words, the desktop cannot be movedor resized, and all visible
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`windowsof the windowing environment overlay the desktop as would
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`paper documents and other items on top of an actual desk.
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`A drawback to many prior desktops is their limited capacity to
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`present multi-media content ennancements. For example, the shell of
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`the Microsoft Windows® 95 operating system provides a graphical user
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`interface with a windowing environment and a desktop. As a default, this
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`deskiop includes a "my computer" icon, a "network neighborhood”icon,
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`and a "recycle bin" icon against a solid color background, and also
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`includes a task bar along a bottom edgeof the screen with a "start"
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`button for menu-driven interaction.
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`It is possible to add additional icons
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`onto this desktop to represent other application programs, documents,
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`files, and resources. The start menu also can be customized to include
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`additional items, such as for launching particular applications, and
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`opening documents orfiles. Further, a graphic image can be selected
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`as a backgroundof the desktop (called "wallpaper") in place of the
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`default solid color background.
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`Other aspects of the Windows® 95 shell also are limited in
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`Apple v. DoDots - IPR2023-00939
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`their capacity to present multi-media content enhancements.
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`In
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`particular, the sheil provides windowedfolder views accessed through
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`the my computer and network neighborhoodicons that represent the
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`contents(i.e., files and sub-folders) of a directory or folderin the file
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`system of the computer or a connected local area network (LAN). The
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`folder views have four display modes: large icon, small icon, list and
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`detail.
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`In the icon modes, the folder view displays icons representing the
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`files and sub-folders in a window against a white background. The icons
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`used to representthe files and sub-folders in the folder view are
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`dependenton the type or formatofthe file, e.g., documents having a
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`Microsoft Word format are represented with an icon indicative of that
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`application program.
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`In the list and detail modes, the folder view
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`displays a text listing of the files and sub-folders in its window also
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`against a white background.
`An add-on product for the Microsoft Windows® 95 operating
`system, called the Microsoft Windows® 95 Plus Pack, includes
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`packaged enhancements called "themes" for the graphical user interface
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`of the Windows® $5 operating system. Each theme includes a group of
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`resources which alter the appearance and feel of the graphical user
`interface. These resources include substitute icons, mouse pointer
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`graphics and animations, sounds, a wallpaper, and a screen saver. A
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`particular theme can be selected and applied to the graphical user
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`interface using a themes applet which the plus pack installs into the
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`Windows® 95 control panel (an application program group which
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`includes small application programs or applets that control various
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`aspects of the operating system). Again however, the themes provide
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`only limited multi-media content enhancements to the desktop. The
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`applied theme can change the desktop's wallpaper, and the graphics of
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`a windowed application program in the graphical userinterfaces of
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`Windows® 95 and like operating system shells. Application programs
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`which present multi-media content include desktop publishing, video
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`belo
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`the my computer, network neighborhood and recycle bin icons.
`In contrast to the limited capacity for multi-media
`enhancementon the desktop, multi-media content commonly appearsin
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`games, multi-media encyclopedias and like references, Internet
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`browsers, and manyothers. Since the windowed application programs
`are separate and independentof the desktop, the multi-media content
`presented in the application program windows cannoteffectively
`enhance the presentation on the desktopitself.
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`Further, multi-media content is made available in numerous
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`formats. Still images are available in JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
`Group), GIF, BMP (Windows® bitmap), and other file formats. Sounds
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`are distributed in WAV (wave), MIDI and otherfile formats. Videois
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`distributed in MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group), AVI and otherfile
`formats. The hypertext markup language (HTML) format is widely used
`to distribute documents or pagesincluding text, images, video and
`sound on the World-Wide Web of the Internet. Three dimensional
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`environments are now being developed invirtual reality markup
`language (VRML) and other formats. These various multi-media formats
`provide a facility for expressing multi-media content, but do not of
`themselvesprovide a facility for providing desktop functionality with
`multi-media enhancement.
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`The present invention provides multi-media content
`enhancements to the desktop of an operating system's graphical user
`interface.
`In one system according to the invention, an operating system
`shell synthesizes the display for the desktop into a hypertext multimedia
`document format (the HTML format, for example). The synthesized
`documentincludes the graphical icon oriented and menu driven user
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`interface elements of the desktop, and also can include multi-media
`enhancements, such as text, graphics, sounds, animations, video,
`hypertext links, etc. These enhancements can add informative or
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`explanatory content to the desktop, or otherwise customize the
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`appearance and/or behavior of the desktop. The shell also acts as a
`hypertext multimedia document viewing software to display the
`synthesized document as the desktop in a graphical userinterface,
`preferably as a full-screen background display to a windowing
`environment.
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`According to one aspect of the invention, the shell
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`synthesizes the hypertext multimedia documentfrom a template which
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`contains the multi-media enhancements or references to the
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`enhancements. The shell includes a pre-processor which processes the
`template and produces the synthesized document whichis to be
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`displayed as the desktop. This pre-processor converts soft or variable
`parameters into data in the hypertext multimedia document’s format
`whichis output in the synthesized documentfor display with the multi-
`media enhancements. The templates also contain document data for
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`output in the synthesized document to cause embedding of a software
`object or objects in the displayed view of the synthesized document.
`These software objects implementthe functionality of the desktop's
`graphical icon-oriented and menu driven userinterface elements. When
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`the synthesized documentis then displayed as the desktop in the
`graphical userinterface, the object(s) provide the user interface features
`and functionality (e.g., for launching application programs, opening
`documents andfiles, drag and drop functionality, etc.) of the desktop.
`By embedding the objects in the synthesized document, these user
`interface features are displayed in combination with the multi-media
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`enhancements by the shell.
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`Accordingto a further aspect of the invention, the shell also
`synthesizes hypertext multimedia documentsfor display as the folder
`views and otherdisplays in the shell's graphical user interface. The
`hypertext multimedia documents for the various displays are synthesized
`from templates which are identified in a configuration or "ini" file. When
`the user navigates to one of the displays, the shell looks up the
`appropriate template to use for the display. The shell then processes
`the template into a hypertext multimedia document with embedded
`objects to provide the userinterface elements required for the display
`(e.g., the graphical icons and drag and drop functionality in a folder
`view). The synthesized documentis then displayed by the shell. The
`shell is thus able to provide multi-media content enhancements to these
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`additional shell displays.
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`Synthesizing the desktop and other displays from templates
`further allows the multi-media enhancementsto be easily and flexibly
`added and changed. The templatesare in the format of the hypertext
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`multimedia documents, and additionally contain directives to replace soft
`parameters by the pre-processor. The enhancements provided by the
`templates can be altered by editing the templates using hypertext
`documentediting software or even a text editor. Alternatively, a new
`template or complete set of templates can be swapped in by changing
`entries in the configuration file. Accordingly, the overall appearance and
`behavior of the shell can be immediately changed by substituting the set
`of templates identified in the configurationfiles.
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`In an embodimentof the invention iliustrated herein, the
`synthesized documentsfor the various displays are displayed in a single
`designated area or frame in the graphical user interface, such as thefull-
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`screen background display area of the windowing environment. As the
`user navigates from one display (e.g., the desktop) to another(e.g., a
`folder view), the shell switches the hypertext documentdisplayedin the
`designated area in a fashion similar to navigating a hyperlink between
`hypertext documents.
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`The shell in the illustrated embodimentfurther operates as
`viewer or browserof hypertext documents.
`In addition to the
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`synthesized hypertext documents for shell displays, the shell also
`displays and navigates between other hypertext documents, such as
`those available from the Internet. The shell thus extends hyperlink
`navigation and the rich multi-media content of hypertext documents to
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`the shell's graphical user interface.
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`Additional features and advantagesof the invention will be
`made apparentfrom the following detailed description of anillustrated
`embodiment which proceeds with reference to the accompanying
`drawings.
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system that may be
`used to implement a method and apparatus embodying the invention for
`incorporating multi-media enhancements to an operating system shell.
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`Fig. 2 is a data flow diagram showing the synthesis of a
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`hypertext multimedia document by an operating system shell for a
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`desktop display in a graphical userinterface.
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`Fig. 3 is a view of a navigation bar incorporated by the shell of
`Fig. 2 in the folder display of Fig. 7.
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`Fig. 4 is a block diagram of typical data structures for an
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`object in the computer system of Fig. 1.
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`Fig. 5 is an object frameworkin the shell of Fig. 2 which
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`supports presenting a hypertext document incorporating graphical user
`interface functionality as a desktop display.
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`Fig. 6 is a view of a desktop display presented by the shell of
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`Fig. 2.
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`Fig. 2.
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`Fig. 7 is a view of a folder display presented by the shell of
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
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`1.
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`Computer Overview
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`Referring to Fig. 1, an operating environmentfor anillustrated
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`embodimentof the present invention is a computer system 20 with a
`computer 22 that comprises at least one high speed processing unit
`(CPU) 24, in conjunction with a memory system 26, an input device 28,
`and an output device 30. These elements are interconnected byat least
`one bus structure 32.
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`Theillustrated CPU 24 is of familiar design and includes an
`ALU 34 for performing computations, a collection of registers 36 for
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`temporary storage of data and instructions, and a control unit 38 for
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`controlling operation of the system 20. The CPU 24 may be a processor
`having any of a variety of architectures including Alpha from Digital,
`MIPS from MIPS Technology, NEC, IDT, Siemens, and others, x86 from
`Intel and others, including Cyrix, AMD, and Nexgen, and the PowerPc
`from IBM and Motorola.
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`30
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`The memory system 26 generally includes high-speed main
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`memory 40 in the form of a medium such as random access memory
`(RAM) and read only memory (ROM) semiconductor devices, and
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`secondary storage 42 in the form of long term storage mediums such as
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`floppy disks, hard disks, tape, CD-ROM, flash memory, etc. and other
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`devices that store data using electrical, magnetic, optical or other
`recording media. The main memory 40 also can include video display
`memory for displaying images through a display device. Those skilled in
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`the art will recognize that the memory 26 can comprise a variety of
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`alternative components having a variety of storage capacities.
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`The input and output devices 28, 30 also are familiar. The
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`input device 28 can comprise a keyboard, a mouse, a physical
`transducer(e.g., a microphone), etc. The output device 30 can comprise
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`a display, a printer, a transducer (e.g., a speaker), etc. Some devices,
`such as a network interface or a modem, can be used asinput and/or
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`output devices.
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`Asis familiar to those skilled in the art, the computer system
`20 further includes an operating system and at least one application
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`program. The operating system is the set of software which controls the
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`computer system's operation and the allocation of resources. The
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`application program is the set of software that performs a task desired by
`the user, using computer resources made available through the
`operating system. Both are residentin theillustrated memory system 26.
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`In accordance with the practices of personsskilled in the art
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`of computer programming, the present invention is described below with
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`reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are
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`performed by computer system 20, unless indicated otherwise. Such
`acts and operations are sometimes referred to as being computer-
`executed.
`It will be appreciated that the acts and symbolically
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`represented operations include the manipulation by the CPU 24 of
`electrical signals representing data bits which causes a resulting
`transformation or reduction of the electrical signal representation, and
`the maintenanceof data bits at memory locations in memory system 26
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`to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the computer system's
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`operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations
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`where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have
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`particular electrical, magnetic, or optical properties corresponding to the
`data bits.
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`2.
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`shell Overview
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`With referenceto Fig. 2, a shell 50 for an operating system of
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`the computer 20 (Fig. 1) provides a graphical user interface for a user of
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`the computerto interact with the operating system. The graphical user
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`interface includes a desktop display 52 presented on a video screen of
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`the computer's output device 30 (Fig. 1). The desktop display 52
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`preferably is presented by the shell in a windowing environmentas a full-
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`screen background display. Specifically, any visible windows that are
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`not minimized to an icon are displayed overlaying the desktop display 52
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`in the windowing environment.
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`In the illustrated shell 50, the shell presents a variety of views
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`54 (listed in table 1 below) for different aspects of the graphical user
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`interface on the desktop display 52. These views 54 are similar to
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`displays presented in the graphical user interface of the Microsoft
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`Windows® 95 operating system, but additionally include multi-media
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`enhancements incorporated in the views in accordance with the
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`invention. More particularly, the views 54 include the desktop and
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`desktop container displays of the Microsoft Windows® 95 operating
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`system. The desktop container displays are sub-displays of the
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`Microsoft Window® 95 desktop, that contain a groupof related graphical
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`iconsfor file managementor for launching application program and
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`operating system services (e.g., My Computer, Network Neighborhood,
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`Control! Panel, etc.).
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`For each of the views 54 presented on the desktop display
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`52, the shell 50 synthesizes the view as a hypertext page 56. The
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`illustrated hypertext page 56 is in a hypertext markup language (HTML)
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`format. The HTML format is a standard format for multi-media hypertext
`documents which is used on the Word-Wide Webportion of the Internet.
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`(The Internet is a global network of cooperatively interconnected
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`computer networks, consisting of millions of individual computers. A
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`portion of the Internet referred to as the "World-Wide Web" consists of
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`
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`computers, also referred to as "sites," which make multi-media
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`documents in HTML format generally available for downloading or
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`retrieval by individuals having a computerwith Internet access.) HTML
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`format documents are ASCII encodedfiles which employ tags to
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`designate text formatting, hyperlinks, and multi-media content to be
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`incorporated from other resources (e.g., files) into the document.
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`Further details of the HTML format of the illustrated hypertext page 56
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`are described in the HTML Reference, attached hereto as Appendix Q.
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`A hypertext document is a document that contains hyperlinks.
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`Hyperlinks are references to other dacuments which are generally
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`indicated in a displayed view of the documentas a graphic, underlined
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`text, or highlighted text, and which can be activated by user input to the
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`viewing software to cause the viewing software to navigate to the
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`referenced document. A multimedia document is a document which
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`contains or incorporates multiple forms and/or formats of information
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`content such as text, images, sounds, software objects, video,
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`animations, etc.
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`The shell 50 obtains the hypertext page 56 from which a view
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`in the graphical user interface is synthesized from processing a stored
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`hypertext template, or alternatively directly from a stored hypertext page.
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`In the former case, the shell 50 includes a pre-processor 60 which
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`synthesizes the hypertext page 56 from one or more of a set of
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`templates 62 and one or more desktop interface controls64. The
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`templates 62 arefiles which contain data in the HTML format whichis to
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`be incorporated into the hypertext page 56, and additionally include pre-
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`processordirectives. The directives are instructions to the pre-
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`processorfor converting soft parameters into html formatted data in the
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`hypertext page 56. The templates for each of the viewsin theillustrated
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`shell are shown in the following Table 1.
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`DoDots Exhibit 2004
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`My Computer
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`Network Neighborhood
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`Recycle Bin
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`Start Menu and subfolders
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`mycomp.htm
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`nethood.htm
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`printer.him
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`recycle.htm
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`startmnu.htm
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` desktop.htm
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`IO © '“aaoG
`ffavorite.htm
` Favorites folder
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`File-system folder
`directry.htm
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`
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`Program Files folder
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`Root of data CD
`
`Root of floppy disk drive
`
`Root of hard disk
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`indows folder
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`progfile.htm
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`datacd.htm
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`loppy.htm
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`harddrv.htm
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`In general, the templateslisted in Table 1 are related one-to-
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`one with folders and are used to synthesize a hypertext page for a
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`display associated with the related folders. Someof the folders
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`5
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`correspond to actual directories in a file system of the computer's
`
`memory system 26 (Fig. 1). For example, each of the “windowsfolder,”
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`“root of hard disk,” and “my documents’ folders correspondto actual file
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`system directories. The displays associated with these folder generally
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`represent(at least in part) the contents of the corresponding directory,
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`and are called “folder views.” Others of the folders (termed “virtual
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`-
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`folders”) do not correspond to anyfile system directory. Accordingly, the
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`displays associated with these folders generally do not represent the
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`contents of a file system directory. For example, the “my computer”
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`5
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`folder is a virtual folder.
`
`The templates listed in Table 1 are for producing displays
`
`associated with a set of standard folders in the Windows® operating
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`system.
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`In addition to these standard folder templateslisted in table 1,
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`the templates 62 also can include additional templates for non-standard
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`10
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`‘folders (herein called “custom templates”), such as folders
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`correspondingto file system directories created by a user or added by a
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`software installation program. For example, an installation program of
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`an application software product (such as a productivity software,
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`computer game,orutility software) that creates a new folder in which to
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`15
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`install the application software’s files also can add a template associated
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`with the folder to the set of templates 62. When the newly created folder
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`is viewed in the graphical user interface, the shell 52 uses this added
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`custom template to produce a folder view display representing the newly
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`created folder’s contents. These added custom templates can contain
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`20
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`multimedia content enhancements specific to the new folder, such as
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`graphic images,text, hyperlinks, or software objects relating to the
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`application software product or its vendor.
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`The template (or alternatively stored hypertext page) to be
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`used by the shell in synthesizing the hypertext page view in each display
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`25
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`in the graphical userinterface is identified in one or more configuration
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`files 66. The configuration files 66 can include both local and global
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`configuration files. More particularly, folders that are actual file system
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`directories can contain a hidden local configuration file (named
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`“desktop.ini” in the illustrated computer 20).
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`(Hidden files are files
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`30
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`havinga flag or attribute which is set to indicate that the file normally is
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`not displayed by a file managementtool, e.g., the Windows Explorer in
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`the Windows® 95 operating system.) This “desktop.ini” configuration
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`files stores data identifying the template (e.g., by path and file namein
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`
`
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`the computer's file system) to be used in producing a folder view display
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`of the folder. A listing of a representative desktop.ini file is shownin the
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`following table 2.
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`Table 2. Representative Desktop.Ini File Listing.
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`[ExtShellFolderViews]
`Default={FB7E5040-1F6D-1 1D0-89A9-00A0C9054129}
`{FB7E5040-1F6D-11D0-89A9-00A0C90541 29}={F B7 E5040-1F6D-1 1 DO-
`89A9-00A0C 9054129
`
`}{
`
`00000001 -0001 -0002-0003-000000000001}={25336920-03F9-11CF-
`8FD0-OO0AA00686F 13
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`}{
`
`O00000002-0001 -0002-0003-000000000002}={00020900-0000-0000-
`C000-000000000046
`
`} {
`
`O0000003-0001 -0002-0003-000000000003}={0002081 0-0000-0000-
`C000-000000000046
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`} [
`
`{OC000001 -0001 -0002-0003-000000000001}]
`PersistFile="pageone.html"
`MenuName="friendly-name-for-view-1"
`ToolTipText="Html View"
`HelpText="This shows a HTML document"
`
`[{O0000002-0001 -0002-0003-000000000002}]
`PersistFile="word.doc"
`MenuName="friendly-name-for-view-2"
`ToolTipText="Word Document View"
`HelpText="This shows a Word document"
`
`[{O0000003-0001 -0002-0003-000000000003}]
`PersistFile="Excel.xis"
`MenuName="friendly-name-for-view-N"
`ToolTipText="Exce] Spreadsheet view"
`HelpText="This snows an Excel spreadsheet”
`
`[{F B7E5040-1 F6D-1 1 DO-89A9-00A0C9054129}]
`iconArea_Image="c:\win95B\bubblies.bmp"”
`iconArea_Pos=1
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`5
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`The above representative desktop.ini file begins with a
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`section having the heading “[ExtShellFolderViews].” This section lists
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`globally unique identifiers (“GUIDs”) associated with software objects
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`that implement views of the folder in which the desktop.ini file is stored.
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`
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`A line beginning “default=" specifies a default view of the folder. The
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`four lines below this specify alternative custom views of the folder in the
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`format, <GUID> = <GUID>. The left GUID on eachline identifies the
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`software object that implements the view.
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`If there is an entry withthis left
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`GUID in the system registry for the view object (i.e., the GUID is a CLSID
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`5
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`registered in the system registry), then the line modifies someof the
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`view’s attributes.
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`In such case, the right GUID is a CLSID thatidentifies
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`the pre-processor 60 to be used for processing the template for that
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`view, or alternatively identifies the viewer object (e.g., the HTML viewer
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`70 of Fig. 2 or other document object) which displays the hypertext page
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`10
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`in the view (i.e., for use when the hypertext pageitself is stored rather
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`than a template from which the hypertext page is produced).
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`If there is
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`no entry with the left GUID in the system registry, then the line indicates
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`a custom view and is unique only with the respective desktop.ini file.
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`More specifically, in the above representative desktop.ini file,
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`15
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`the first or default line of the “[ExtShellFolderViews]’ section identifies an
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`object that implements a default view for the folder. The second line
`
`overrides someattributes of one of the folder’s views. A separate
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`section at the bottom of the desktop.ini file has lines which change the
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`“IconArea_Image” and the “IconArea_Pos’attributes of that view,
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`20
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`specifically the background bitmap of the view andits position (e.g.,
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`whether centered ortiled).
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`Thethird, fourth and fifth lines of the “[ExtShellFolderViews]”
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`section specify custom viewsfor the folder. The left hand identifiers are
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`not CLSIDsof views registered in the system registry, and are unique
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`25
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`only within the desktop.ini file. The right hand GUIDson theselines are
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`CLSIDs of objects registered in the system registry. Specifically, the
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`right hand GUIDs are CLSIDs of the HTML viewer 70, a Microsoft®
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`
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`Word document object, and a Microsoft® Excel document object,
`respectively. (Document objects are described below.) The desktop.ini
`30___file contains a section for each of the custom views which havetheline
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`“PersistFile = ...". When one of these views is selected for display, the
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`respective document object of the view is instantiated with the hypertext
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`page, Word document, or Excel document, respectively, identified on the
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`“PersistFile” line.
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`The template (or alternatively stored hypertext page)
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`.
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`associated with a folder (whether an actual file system directory or virtual
`
`folder) also can beidentified by entries in a global configuration file,
`
`whichin the illustrated shell 52 is the system registry.
`
`In the Microsoft®
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`5 Windows® operating system, the system registry is a database which
`
`stores configuration information for the operating system, including
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`information to enumerate and track applications, device drivers, and
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`operating system control parameters. For a detailed discussion of the
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`registry, see Win32 Programmers Reference, Vol. 2, published by
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`10
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`Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington (1993). Representative entries
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`in the system registry for the illustrated sheil 52 are listed in the following
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`Table 3.
`
`Table 3. Representative System Registry Entries for Folder Views
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`
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`Virtual Folder
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`HKCRICLSIDVYguid of virtual
`
`folder}\shellex\ExtShellFolderViews\{guid of
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`view} PersistFile="template.htm"
`
`HKCR\Folder\shellex\ExtShellFolderViews\iguid of Default Folder
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`
`
` Directory
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`
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`HKCR\Directory\sheilex\ExtShellFolderViews\{guid of
`
`view}
`
`PersistFile="di