US007474891B2
`
`(12)
`
`United States Patent
`US 7,474,891 B2
`(10) Patent No.:
`Toms et al.
`45) Date of Patent:
`*Jan. 6, 2009
`o)
`
`
`(54) DYNAMIC DIGITAL UP AND DOWN
`CONVERTERS
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors:
`
`Jerry E. Toms, Shakopee, MN (US);
`Jeffrey J. Cannon, St. Louis Park, MN
`(US); Jeffrey O. Brennan, Waseca, MN
`(US); Donald R. Bauman, Waseca, MN
`(US)
`
`(73)
`
`Lo.
`.
`Assignee: ADC Telecommunications, Inc., Eden
`Prairie, MN (US)
`
`(*)
`
`Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 395 days.
`
`8/1996 Robinson etal. ............ 455/557
`5,544,222 A *
`4/1997
`Van Grinsven et al.
`5,619,504 A
`7/1997
`Lee et al.
`5,649,000 A
`5,701,294 A 12/1997 Ward et al.
`en n
`Jotoos peda tal sereereeeeeseeeeee 455/418
`6.047.002 A
`4/2000 Hartmann et al
`6,091,765 A
`7/2000.
`Pietzold, [iI et al.
`6,097,733 A *
`8/2000
`Basuetal. vce 370/468
`6,188,898 B1*
`2/2001
`Phillips we 455/433
`6,363,421 B2
`3/2002:
`Barker et al.
`6,381,289 Bl
`4/2002
`Dutta
`6,463,060 Bl
`10/2002
`Sato et al.
`6,496,546 Bl
`12/2002
`Allpress et al.
`6,501,785 Bl*
`12/2002 Changetal. ...ccsscceces 375/133
`(Continued)
`
`This patent is subject to
`claimer.
`
`a terminal dis-
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(21)
`
`Appl. No.: 11/095,628
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Mar. 31, 2005
`
`EP
`
`0936453
`
`8/1999
`(Continued)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`USS. Appl. No. 11/095,788, Conyers et al.
`
`US 2006/0223468 Al
`
`Oct. 5, 2006
`
`(Continued)
`
`(51)
`
`Int.Cl
`HO4M 3/00
`
`(2006.01)
`
`Primary Examiner—Duc M Nguyen
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Fogg & Powers LLC
`
`(52)
`
`(58)
`
`(56)
`
`(2006.01)
`H04B 1/00
`US. Ch vee 455/419; 455/420; 455/552.1;
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`375/132
`455/552.1,
`Field of Classification Search ..............
`455/553.1, 418-420; 375/132
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`
`The present invention relates to dynamically configured wire-
`less communication systems. In particular, in one embodi-
`ment, dynamically configured up and down converters in a
`communication system is provided. The method comprises
`receiving a request to change a protocol in a communication
`channel. Obtaining one or more parameters associated with
`the change in protocol of the communication channel and
`applying the parameters to the up and down converters.
`
`20 Claims, 7 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`400
`
`RECEIVE PAGE
`HEADER
`
`
`
`
`402
`
`
`VERIFY
`
`HOPPING
`
`406
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`[TRANSMIT
`IDATA
`412,
`
`
`
`
`1
`RETRIEVE ASSOICATED.
`
`PARAMETERS
`408
`
`
`
`
`
`LOAD FILTER
`COEFFICIENTS
`410
`
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`US 7,474,891 B2
`Page 2
`
`1/2004 Maetal. we 370/210
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`Al _— 11/2002
`Al
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`
`* cited by examiner
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2009
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`Sheet 1 of 7
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`US 7,474,891 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2009
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`Sheet 2 of 7
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`US 7,474,891 B2
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`US 7,474,891 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2009
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`Sheet 5 of 7
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`US 7,474,891 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`US 7,474,891 B2
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`610
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`FIG 6
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`U.S. Patent
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`Jan. 6, 2009
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`Sheet 7 of 7
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`US 7,474,891 B2
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`US 7,474,891 B2
`
`2
`currently operate with include, but are not limited to,
`Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), code division
`multiple access (CDMA), Wide-band COMA (WCDMA),
`time division multiple access (TDMA), Global System for
`Mobile communications (GSM), Cellular Digital Packet
`Data (CDPD), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
`(EDGE), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Integrated
`Digital Enhanced Network GDEN), and Orthogonal Fre-
`quency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
`Current communication systems typically have dedicated
`hardware for each standard which results in idle resources at
`times when network demand for a particular standard is low.
`Moreover, typical base stations have limited resources dedi-
`cated to specific frequencies, bandwidths, and amplitudes for
`particular protocols. These resources communicate with
`remote units that are operating with the same protocol.
`An issue that wireless communication systems must deal
`with is co-channel interference. Co-channel interference
`occurs when multiple sites are operating on the same physical
`channel and time slot causing interference. In order to prevent
`interference between channels, Global System for Mobile
`Communication (GSM) standards allow for frequency hop-
`ping and present algorithms for base stations to support fre-
`quency hopping. Frequency hopping generally refers to the
`changing of select parameters in at least one communication
`signal in a communication channel to avoid interference with
`another communication signal in the communication chan-
`nel. Synchronization of when and what parameter to change
`to between the base station and a remote unit (cell phone,
`handheld, etc.) is required for frequency hopping to function
`properly. Therefore, there is a need for radio head interface
`cards (host cards) located within a server to align with the
`hopping associated with the remote unit and base station. As
`a result, a simple and accurate interface between the base
`station server and host cards is needed in order to stay current
`with the frequency hopping for each call. However, in current
`communication systems, when the use of different param-
`eters or frequency hopping is required, an inefficient use of
`the limited resources occurs.
`For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated
`below that will become apparent to those skilled in the art
`upon reading and understanding the present specification,
`there is a need in the art for changing the frequencies, band-
`widths, and amplitudes that allows for the dynamic relocation
`of resources in a limited resource system.
`
`SUMMARY
`
`The above-mentioned problems and other problems are
`resolved by the present invention and will be understood by
`reading and studying the following specification.
`In one embodiment, a method of dynamically configuring
`up and down converters in a communication system is pro-
`vided. The method comprises receiving a request to change a
`protocol in a communication channel. Obtaining one or more
`parameters associated with the change in protocol of the
`communication channel and applying the one or more param-
`eters to the up and down converters.
`In another embodiment, a method of dynamically operat-
`ing a communication system is provided. The method com-
`prises receiving a page header from a call processing software
`module that indicates the desire to frequency hop and then
`determining if the requested frequency hop is permitted.
`When the frequency hop is permitted, retrieving parameters
`associated with the frequency hop. Implementing the param-
`
`1
`DYNAMIC DIGITAL UP AND DOWN
`CONVERTERS
`
`CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`0
`
`a
`
`30
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`This application is related to the following co-pending
`United States patent applications filed on even date herewith,
`all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference:
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,788 (the °672
`application), entitled “DYNAMIC FREQUENCY HOP-
`PING”);
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,789 (the °675
`application), entitled “DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION
`OF RESOURCES THROUGH PAGE HEADERS”);
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/094,848 (the °676
`application),
`entitled
`“SIGNAL
`ENHANCEMENT
`THROUGH DIVERSITY”);
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,111 (the °677
`application), entitled “SNMP MANAGEMENT IN A SOFT-
`WARE DEFINED RADIO”);
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,112 (the ’678
`application), entitled “TIME STAMP IN THE REVERSE
`PATH”);
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/094,949 (the °679
`application), entitled “BUFFERS HANDLING MULTIPLE
`PROTOCOLS”);
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,113 (the °680
`application), entitled “TIME START IN THE FORWARD
`PATH”);
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/094,950 (the ’681
`application), entitled “LOSS OF PAGE SYNCHRONIZA-
`TION”);
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/094,947 (the °684
`application), entitled “DYNAMIC REALLOCATION OF
`BANDWIDTH AND MODULATION PROTOCOLS”);
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/094,907 (the °685
`application), entitled “DYNAMIC READJUSTMENT OF
`POWER”); and
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,150 (the ’686
`application), entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR
`HANDLING UNDERFLOW AND OVERFLOW IN A
`SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO).”
`US. patent application Ser. No. 11/095,779 (the °700
`application) entitled “INTEGRATED NETWORK MAN-
`AGEMENT OF A SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO SYS-
`TEM”).
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The present invention relates generally to communication
`systems and in particular to dynamically configured wireless
`communication systems.
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Wireless telecommunications systems, particularly cellu-
`lar telephone communications systems, employ strategically
`placed base stations having transceivers that receive and
`transmit signals over a carrier frequency band to provide
`wireless communications between two
`parties.
`Recent
`mobile communication standards have lead to a plurality of
`different modulation standards being in use within a geo-
`graphic region. Wireless communication providers have had
`to adapt their network hardware to accommodate unique pro-
`tocols associated with each modulation standard. Some
`modulation standards that wireless communication networks
`
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`US 7,474,891 B2
`
`4
`protocol used in the communication channel based on infor-
`mation received in a page header associated with the commu-
`nication channel.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`The present invention can be more easily understood and
`further advantages and uses thereof more readily apparent,
`when considered in view of the description of the preferred
`embodiments and the following figures in which:
`FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present
`invention;
`FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating digital up converter
`circuits of one embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 3
`is
`a block diagram illustrating digital down con-
`verter circuits of one embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 4 is a flow chart regarding hopping of one embodi-
`ment of the present invention;
`FIG. 5
`is a flow chart regarding frequency changing of one
`embodiment of the present invention;
`FIG. 6 is a flow chart regarding bandwidth changing of one
`embodiment of the present invention; and
`FIG. 7 is a flow chart regarding amplitude changing of one
`embodiment of the present invention.
`various
`the
`In
`accordance
`with common practice,
`described features are not drawn to scale but are drawn to
`emphasize specific features relevant to the present invention.
`Reference characters denote like elements throughout Fig-
`ures and text.
`
`5
`
`a
`
`25
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`
`In the following detailed description of the preferred
`embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying draw-
`ings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way
`of illustration specific preferred embodiments in which the
`inventions may be
`practiced. These embodiments are
`described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art
`to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other
`embodiments may be utilized and that logical, mechanical
`and electrical changes may be made without departing from
`the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following
`detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting
`sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only
`by the claims and equivalents thereof.
`Embodiments of the present invention provide methods
`and systems to dynamically implement frequency, bandwidth
`and amplitude changing as well as reallocation of resources in
`mobile communications systems through the use of dynami-
`cally configured digital up and down converters. In particular,
`in embodiments of the present invention, parameters that
`control the up and down converters are dynamically changed
`on the fly to change at least one of frequency, bandwidth and
`amplitude of a communication signal in
`a communication
`channel. Accordingly, the need for
`a
`large amount of
`resources dedicated to specific frequencies, bandwidths, and
`amplitudes for particular protocols is eliminated due to the
`dynamic nature of the digital up and down converter configu-
`rations in the present invention, thus leading to a more effi-
`cient and lower cost system.
`FIG. 1
`is
`a block diagram of a communication system
`shown generally at 100 of one embodiment of the present
`invention. Communication system 100 includes one or more
`subscriber units 102-1 through 102-N (or mobile devices
`102-1 through 102-N) within a service area of a radio head
`unit 104. Radio unit 104 is coupled to one or more servers 110
`over a plurality of transport mediums 140-1 to 140-M, and
`
`3
`eters in a digital up converter and processing a page of data
`associated with the page header through the digital up con-
`verter.
`
`In further another embodiment, a method of dynamically
`changing communication channels in one or more digital
`converters is provided. The method comprises selectively
`changing at least one of filter coefficients, numerically con-
`trolled oscillator (NCO) frequency, interpolation/decimation
`rates and sampling rates in the digital converter based at least
`in part on a message received in a page header of a page of
`data.
`
`In yet another embodiment, a communication system is
`provided. The communication system includes a transmit
`engine, a timing circuit and at least one digital up converter.
`The transmit engine is adapted to transmit complex data
`samples. The timing circuit is adapted to control the timing of
`the complex data samples transmitted through the transmit
`engine. Each digital up converter is adapted to dynamically
`change at least one of filter coefficients, NCO frequency,
`interpolation/decimation rates and sampling rates based at
`least in part in information contained in a page header. The
`digital up converter is further adapted to convert the complex
`data samples to passband signals.
`
`In another embodiment, a radio head interface card is pro-
`vided. The radio head interface card includes one or more
`digital up converters, one or more digital down converters and
`a controller. Each digital up converter is adapted to convert
`complex digital data samples to passband signals of a select
`protocol based upon at least one of filter coefficients, NCO
`frequency, interpolation/decimation rates and sampling rates
`loaded in the digital up converter. Each digital down converter
`is adapted to convert the passband signals to the complex
`digital data samples of a select protocol based upon the at
`least one of filter coefficients, NCO frequency, interpolation/
`decimation rates and sampling rates loaded in the digital
`down converter. The controller is adapted to read protocol
`information in a page header associated with the complex
`data samples. The controller is further adapted to load filter
`coefficients, NCO frequency, interpolation/decimation rates
`and sampling rates in associated up and down converters
`based at least in part on the protocol information in the page
`header.
`In yet further another embodiment, a server in a commu-
`nication system is provided. The server includes one or more
`radio head interface cards. Each radio head interface card is
`adapted to communicate with a radio head unit. Each radio
`head interface card includes one or more digital up convert-
`ers, one or more digital down converters, a controller and an
`interface. Each digital up converter is adapted to convert
`complex digital data samples to passband signals of a select
`protocol based upon parameters loaded in the digital up con-
`verter. Each digital down converter is adapted to convert the
`passband signals to the complex data samples of a select
`protocol based upon parameters loaded in the digital down
`converter. The controller is adapted to read protocol informa-
`tion in
`a page header associated with the complex data
`samples. The controller is further adapted to load parameters
`in associated up and down converters based at least in part on
`the protocol information in the page header. The interface is
`adapted to information traveling between the radio head inter-
`face card and a call processing module.
`
`In still another embodiment, a communication system is
`provided. The communication system includes a means for
`converting complex digital data samples to passband signals
`in a communication channel and a means for changing the
`
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`US 7,474,891 B2
`
`6
`communicating with other remote devices or base station
`systems. In the forward link, is responsible for modulating
`received voice and/or data signals and generating a digital
`representation of the voice/data signals for transmission to
`one more subscriber units 102. In one embodiment, in the
`forward link, remote unit 104 also converts digital represen-
`tations of voice/data signals to digital signals and converts the
`digital signals to RF signals for transmission to subscriber
`unit 102. In the reverse link, server 110 performs functions
`associated with a base station transceiver including base sta-
`tion controller operations, modulation of the voice and data
`transmissions.
`In one embodiment, server 110 is a general purpose com-
`puter that includes one or more radio head interface cards 106
`coupled to communicate with one or more remote units 104 in
`the forward and reverse paths. As illustrated in FIG. 1, radio
`head interface card 106 couples to server 110 through inter-
`face 108 and communicates with one or more communication
`networks via call processing software 112. In one embodi-
`ment, radio head interface card 106 is a PCI-X card and is
`coupled to
`a PCI-X bus 108. Other embodiments of the
`present invention include both high speed serial and parallel
`interfaces standards such as ATCA, PCI express, gigabit Eth-
`emet, SCSI, rocket I/O, UDP/IP, TCP/IP link, serial ATA,
`card bus (for PCMIA cards) and the like. In one embodiment,
`radio head interface card functions may be integrated directly
`into the computer rather than reside on a separate expansion
`card. In still another embodiment, radio head unit 104 and
`radio head interface card 106 can be combined into a single
`card.
`Server 110 includes a call processing software module 112.
`The call processing software 112 interfaces between radio
`interface card 106 and one or more communication networks.
`In operation, call processing software 112 includes algo-
`rithms to support RF channel hopping and in one embodi-
`ment, includes algorithms to support channel hopping as
`designated in GSM standard 3GPP TS 05.02. Radio head
`interface card 106, which translates the baseband modulation
`signals up and down in frequency, is adapted to interface with
`call processing software 112 and implements frequency
`channel hopping based on information received via call pro-
`cessing software 112. Both radio head interface card 106 and
`subscriber unit 102 need to hop to the same frequencies at the
`same time to communicate over the RF channel. In embodi-
`ments of the present invention, the call software module 112
`is interchangeable with the interface card so that it can be
`easily replaced or updated. Accordingly, embodiments of the
`present invention are not limited by design specific hardware.
`In operation, each time BSC 120 initiates frequency hop-
`ping for one of the logical channels, call processing software
`112 provides information to radio head interface card 106 so
`that RF channel hopping of the mobile device and RF channel
`hopping of host card 106 occur at the same time so that
`communications data is not corrupted or lost. The informa-
`tion may include one or more of bandwidths, frequencies and
`amplitudes. The server 110 performs the modulation/de-
`modulation of voice and data streams using one or more air
`interface standards.
`In one embodiment, in support of the GSM protocol, infor-
`mation provided by call processing software 112 to radio
`head interface 106 includes two pieces of information; the RF
`channel to hop to, and a designated time to make the hop. In
`operation, radio head interface card 106 will receive the two
`pieces of information and hop to the particular RF channel at
`the time identified. The designated time is based on host card
`106’s internal time count. In embodiments of the present
`invention, the hardware is running in real time while the call
`
`wn
`an
`
`20
`
`45
`
`50
`
`5
`142-1 to 142-N. In one embodiment, transport mediums
`140-1 to 140-M and 142-1 to 142-N comprise one or more
`high speed transport mediums. Examples of high speed trans-
`port mediums include, but are not limited to, optical fiber,
`millimeter wave, other microwave transmission systems,
`laser through the air (free space optics), coaxial, CAT 5
`cabling or twisted pair wiring. Server 110 is connected to one
`or more communication networks 125
`(e.g.
`the public
`switched telephone network (PSTN), Internet, cable network,
`or the like).
`In operation, when a subscriber unit 102 emits a transmis-
`sion signal within the designated coverage area, a radio head
`unit 104 through an antenna 103, picks up the signal. Sub-
`scriber unit 102 as used in this application includes but is not
`limited to cellular telephones, pagers, personal digital assis-
`tant, wireless modems, and other wireless terminals. More-
`over, subscriber unit 102 may be a hand held device, a mobile
`station or a fixed station such as in a wireless local loop
`system. The radio head unit 104 communicates the received
`signals to server 110 for routing to one or more communica-
`tion networks 125. In one embodiment, network 100 is
`a
`bidirectional network and as shown includes equipment for
`forward links (i.e. transmissions from the communications
`networks to the mobile device) and reverse links (i.e. trans-
`missions from the mobile device to the communications net-
`works).
`Radio head unit 104 in one embodiment includes an
`antenna, duplexer, multicarrier power amplifier and low-
`noise amplifier (i.e. the radio “front end”.) Other base station
`implementations including modulation/demodulation of data
`signals, encoding/decoding of data signals, and BSC inter-
`faces are performed by server 110. Radio head unit 104 com-
`municates with one or more subscriber units 102 in a particu-
`lar coverage area over an RF link provided by radio head unit
`104’s associated antenna 103. Radio head unit 104 commu-
`nicates over the RF link using any air interface standard. For
`example, the air interface standard for an RF link may com-
`prise one of Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), code
`division multiple
`access (CDMA), wide-band CDMA
`(WCDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Global
`System for Mobile communications (GSM), Cellular Digital
`Packet Data (CDPD), Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
`(EDGE), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Integrated
`Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), Orthogonal Frequency
`Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or any other appropriate air
`interface standard. The forward RF link is made up of a
`forward link RF channel over which radio head unit 104
`transmits to a subscriber unit 102. Subscriber unit 102 trans-
`mits back to remote unit 104 over one or more reverse RF
`links made up of a reverse link RF channel.
`In the reverse link, radio head unit 104 is responsible for
`receiving the RF uplink signal from subscriber units 102,
`digitizing the RF signal and converting the digitized RF sig-
`nal to a digital representation signal for transmission as a data
`stream over one or more transport mediums 142-1 to 142-N.
`In the forward link, server 110 generates representations of
`voice/data signals into data streams that are transported to
`radio head unit 104 via transport mediums 140-1 to 140-M. In
`one embodiment, in the forward link, server 110 generates
`digital representations of voice/data signals. In one embodi-
`ment, transport mediums 140-1 to 140-M carry forward link
`logical channels and transport mediums 142-1 to 142-N carry
`reverse link logical channels.
`Server 110 includes transmitters and receivers that enable
`subscriber units 102 to communicate with one or more com-
`munication networks. In one embodiment, server 110 also
`links subscriber unit 102 to other subscriber units that are
`
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`US 7,474,891 B2
`
`8
`generates an error condition flag. Further, in some embodi-
`ments, when call processing software 112 instructs radio head
`interface 106 to frequency hop at an invalid designated time,
`radio head interface 106 generates an error condition flag.
`Still further, in some embodiments, when call processing
`software 112 instructs radio head interface 106 to frequency
`hop a logical channel whose modulation protocol does not
`support frequency hopping (i.e. a logical channel whose fre-
`quency hopping was disabled by the EMS software 131),
`radio head interface 106 generates an error condition flag and
`the frequency hop request is ignored by radio head interface
`106.
`In one embodiment, management PC 130 is accessed
`remotely through the SNMP agent 133.
`A management unit
`134 runs an SNMP manager 136 and is located remotely from
`management PC 130. Management unit 134 remotely con-
`trols the SNMP agent 133 through an IP network 132. SNMP
`manager 136 can be located anywhere and operate remotely
`as long as it is connected to some sort of IP network. Further
`details about the SNMP manager 136 and SNMP agent 133
`are provided in the ’677 application herein incorporated by
`reference. In other embodiments, an SNMP agent is not used.
`In fact, in one embodiment, an element management or net-
`work management system is used without an SNMP agent or
`SNMP manager.
`Embodiment of radio head interface card 106 include a
`plurality of forward and reverse communication channels. In
`one embodiment, the radio head interface card includes 8
`forward logical channels that accept 8 different baseband
`forward data streams and 8 reverse logical channels that
`accept 8 different baseband reverse data streams. In one
`embodiment, the channel number and time of hop is specifi