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`
`
`MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`Rudolf F. Graf
`
`
`
`Rudolf F. Graf is an author whose nameis well-known to engineers, technicians, and hobbyists
`around the world. He graduated as an electronics engineer from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
`and did his graduate work New York University. Mr. Graf has been active in the electronics
`industry for more than fifty years in capacities ranging from design and consulting engineer, chief
`engineer, chief instructor at electronics and television schools, and consulting editor. He also
`held various sales and marketing positions. Mr. Graf is the author or co-author of more than 150
`technical articles published by major magazines. He has written about 50 booksonelectricity and
`electronics, with more than 2 million copies in print, including the best-selling Video Scrambling
`& Descrambling for Satellite & Cable TV, Second Edition and the Circuits series of books, both
`published by Newnes. A numberof his books have beentranslated into several European languages
`as well as Chinese, Japanese, and Russian.
`
`Boston Oxford Auckland
`
`Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
`
`Newnes
`
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`Copyright © 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`CQ A member of the Reed Elsevier Group.
`
`All rights reserved.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
`in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth-Heinemann
`prints its books on acid-free paper wheneverpossible.
`
`\' Butterworth-Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global
`ReLeaf program in its campaign for the bettermentoftrees,
`
` Newnesis an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
`
`a forests, andourenvironment.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`Modern dictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf.—7th ed.,
`revised and updated.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics — Dictionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67
`1999
`621.381'03 —dc21
`
`99-17889
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Thepublisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
`For information, please contact:
`Managerof Special Sales
`Butterworth-Heinemann
`225 Wildwood Avenue
`Woburn, MA 01801-2041
`Tel: 781-904-2500
`Fax: 781-904-2620
`
`For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact
`our World Wide Web homepageat: http://Awww.bh.com
`
`10987654321
`
`Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India
`Printed in the United States of America
`
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`phase advancer — phase detector
`
`
`4, as measured from an arbitrary origin. 6. A
`phase-compensation network—A network used
`Vv Tce or point of advancement,in an electrical
`to provide closed-loop stability in an operational ampli-
`4 Sactional part of the period through which the
`fier. No greater than 12-dB/octaverolloff of the open-loop
`
`gain is allowed.
`**-dyvanced, measured from some arbitrary point,
`
`phase conductors—Those conductors other than
`Me
`pressed in electrical degrees, where 360° rep-
`
`y ox? cycle. 7. The difference between the zero
`the neutral conductor of a polyphase circuit.
`
`pee starting reference point between a standard
`phase constant—1. The imaginary component of
`
`e ond the measured waveform. Phase is usually
`the propagation constant. For a traveling plane wave at
`
`a given frequency,
`the rate in radians per unit
`length
`c
`jn degrees.
`;
`.
`
`at which the phase lag of a field component (for the
`se advancer—A phase modifier that supplies
`
`voltage or current) increases linearly in the direction of
`= eactive volt-amperes to the system to which it
`
`propagation. 2. With respect to a traveling plane waveat a
`F ted. Phase advancers maybe either synchronous
`
`knownfrequency, the space rate of decrease of phaseof a
`synchronous.
`6g
`‘
`
`field component in the direction of propagation, measured
`ace angle —1!. Of a periodic function, the angle
`
`in radians per unit length.
`wed by multiplying the phase by 27 if the angle
`
`phase control—Also called horizontal parabola
`expressed in radians, or 360 for degrees. 2.
`
`control. 1. One of three controls for adjusting the phase
`nole between the vectors representing two periodic
`of a voltage or current
`in a color television receiver
`
`ss
`that have the same frequency. 3. The phase
`
`employing the magnelic-convergenceprinciple. Each con-
`e, in degrees, between corresponding stages of
`
`trol varies the phases of the sinusoidal voltages applied,
`s of two cyclic operations. 4. The angle between
`
`at the horizontal-scanning frequency, to the coils of the
`ors that represent two simple periodic quantities
`
`magnetic-convergence assembly. 2. A technique for pro-
`vary
`sinusoidally and that have the samefrequency. 5.
`
`portional control of an output signal by conduction only
`bation for phase position when the period is denoted
`
`during certain parts of the cycle of the ac line voltage.
`3. A method of regulating a supply of alternating current
`
`angle correction factor —That factor by
`by use of a switching device such asa thyristor, by vary-
`
`the reading of a wattmeter or watthour meter
`
`ing the point in each ac cycle or half-cycle at which the
`device is switched on.
`wed
`from the secondary of a current or potential
`
`former, or both, must be multiplied to correct for
`phase-controlled rectifier —A rectifier circuit in
`
`fective phase displacement of current and voltage
`which the rectifying element
`is a thyratron having a
`
`fo the measuring apparatus.
`variable-phase sine-wave grid bias.
`
`hase-angle measuring relay—Alsocalled out-
`phase correction—Theprocess of keeping syn-
`
`p protective relay. A device that functions at a
`chronous telegraph mechanisms in substantially correct
`
`mined phase angle between two voltages or
`phase relationship.
`
`, or between voltage and current.
`phase corrector — |. A network designed to correct
`
`e-angle meter — See phase meter.
`for phase distortion. 2. See pc, 2.
`
`jhase angle of a current transformer—The
`phased array—1. A group of simple radiating
`
`e between the primary current vector and the sec-
`elements arranged overan area called an aperture. A beam
`ary
`current vector reversed. This angle is conveniently
`(or beams) can be formed by superposition of the radiation
`
`from all the elements, and the direction of the beam can
`sidered as positive when the reversed secondary cur-
`
`ft
`yector leads the primary current vector.
`be adjusted by varying the relative phase of the signal
`
`hase angle of a potential (voltage) trans-
`applied to each element or by varying the frequency of
`
`the mainoscillator. 2. An antenna consisting ofa plurality
`mer—The angle betweenthe primary voltage vector
`
`the secondary voltage vector reversed. This angle is
`of individual antennas, called elements, that are arrayed
`
`Weniently considered as positive when the reversed
`in a grid and interconnected so that a specific phase
`
`relationship exists between them, forming a narrow beam
`voltage vector leads the primary voltage vector.
`
`pattern for the reception of electromagnetic signals. 3. A
`ase anomaly — A sudden irregularity in the phase
`
`technique of improving the gain of an antenna system by
`ilow-frequency or very low frequencysignal.
`
`combining the outputs of several similar VHF/UHF/FM
`phase balance—tIn a chopper,
`the phase-angle
`
`antennas in an array in such a waythat the output signals
`sence between positive and negative halves of the
`
`from each one are exactly in phase with one another.
`late Wave; the difference in degrees between 180° and
`
`phase delay — 1. In thetransferof a single frequency
`asured angle between square-wave midpoints.
`
`wave from one point to another in a system, the delay
`phase-balance current relay — See reverse-phase
`
`of part of the wave identifying its phase. 2. The insertion
`rent relay.
`
`phaseshift (in cycles) divided by the frequency(in cycles
`phase-balance relay—A relay that functions by
`
`per second, or hertz). See also delaydistortion, 2.
`0 n of a difference between two quantities associated
`
`phase-delay distortion —Thedifference between
`different phases of a polyphasecircuit.
`
`the phase delay at one frequency and the phase delay at
`plase Center (center of radiation) — Pertaining
`a reference frequency.
`'0 antenna types that have radiation characteristics
`
`phase detector— Also called phase discriminator
`that while they are radiating energy, one can observe
`
`or phase comparator. 1. A TV circuit in which a dc cor-
`éntenna from a distance of many wavelengths and sec
`
`rection voltage is derived to maintain a receiver oscillator
`“ergyradiating from a point within the antenna array.
`
`in sync with some characteristic of the transmitted sig-
`> Position of a point-source radiator that would replace
`
`nal. 2. A circuit that detects both the magnitude and the
`sallenna and produce the samefar-field phase contour.
`sign of the phase angle between two sine-wave voltages
`rE me characteristic—A graph of phase shift
`
`or currents. 3. A circuit that creates an output level which
`nha
`duency, assuming sinusoidal input and output.
`is a function of the phase angle between two ac inputsig-
`
`hoe’ COMmparator— See phase detector.
`nals. Most phase detectors are also amplitude sensitive.
`
`88e-comparison tracking system — A system
`4. A circuit that comparesthe relative phase between two
`
`Provides target-trajectory information by the use of
`inputs and produces an error voltage dependent on the
`» P’Se-comparison techniques.
`difference. This error voltage corrects the VCO frequency
`
`
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`X0008UG107
`\ Modern Dictiona ... Seventh Edition
`NewlItem .
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