THE
`
`E LECTRONICS
`
`PAU ~ HOI~OW ITZ
`WII~FIE~D HI~~
`
`This is the thoroughly revised and updated second
`edition of the hugely successful The Arf of Electronics.
`Widely accepted as the single authoritative text and
`reference on electronic circuit design, both analog
`and digital, the original edition sold over 125,000 cop-
`ies worldwide and was translated into eight lan-
`guages, The book revolutionized the teaching of
`electronics by emphasizing the methods actually
`used by circuit designers — a combination of some
`basic laws, rules of thumb, and a large bag of tricks.
`The result was, and is, a largely nonmathematical
`treatment that encourages circuit intuition, brain-
`storming, and simplified calculation of circuit values
`and performance.
`This completely new edition responds to the break-
`neck pace of change in electronics with totally rewrit-
`ten chapters on microcomputers and microproces-
`sors, substantially revised chapters on digital
`electronics, on op-amps and precision design, and
`on construction techniques. Every table has been re-
`vised, and many new ones have been added.
`The new Arf of Electronics retains the feeling of in-
`formality and easy access that helped make the first
`edition so successful and popular. It is an ideal first
`textbook on electronics for scientists and engineers
`and an indispensable reference for anyone, profes-
`sional or amateur, who works with electronic circuits.
`The Arf of Electronics covers the full range of subjects
`normally treated in electronics books, as well as a rich
`complement of important but neglected topics.
`• useful subcircuits such as followers, switches, current
`sources, current mirrors, differential amplifiers, push-
`pull, cascode
`,~ • JFETs and MOSFETs, FET vs. bipolar design, ESD, am-
`plifier design aids, analog switching
`• active rectifiers, logarithmic converters, peak de-
`tectors, dielectric absorption, single-supply op-
`amps
`• design of constant-Q and constant-BW filters,
`switched capacitor filters, zero-offset LPFs, single-
`control tunable notch, oscillators
`• discrete and integrated regulators, SOA, thermal
`design and heat sinking, switching supplies,
`crowbars
`• precision linepr design, autonulling amplifiers, isola-
`tion amplifiers
`• noise generation, measurement, and low-noise de-
`sign; shielding and grounding
`• timing, runt pulses, clocking skew, monostable
`multivibrators
`• phase-locked loops, optoelectronics, driving buses,
`capacitive loads, cables, signal intertacing
`• IBM-PC and the Intel family, RS-232 cables, serial
`ports, ASCII, modems, SCSI, IPI, GPIB, parallel ports,
`local-area networks
`• 68000-family microprocessors, peripheral LSI chips,
`memory, instrument design with programming
`• proiyping methods, printed-circuit and wire-wrap
`design, schematic capture, instrument construction
`• modular RF components, simplified design of high
`frequency amplifiers and high-speed switching
`circuits
`• batteries, solar cells; micropower regulators, op-
`amps, microprocessors
`• bandwidth-narrowing methods, signal averaging,
`multichannel scaling, lock-in amplifiers, pulse-
`height analysis
`
`~~
`i~
`
`~~
`
`O
`
`O
`
`r~
`~~ ~
`
`N
`
`-~
`
`a O
`
`y
`
`CAMBRIDGE
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`
`
`THE ART OF ELECTRONICS
`THE ART OF ELECTRONICS
`Second Edition
`Second Edition
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`Paul Horowitz HARVARD UNIVERSITY
`
`Winfield Hill ROWLAND INSTITUTE FOR SCIENCE, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
`
`;~ ,~,
`'~ CAMBRIDGE
`~~ . UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
`The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, United Kingdom
`
`CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
`The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http: //www.cup.cam.ac.uk
`40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http:.//www.cup.org
`10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbowne 3166, Australia
`
`~ Cambridge University Press 1980, 1989
`
`This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and
`to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
`no reproduction of any part may take place without
`the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
`
`First edition published 1980
`Second edition published 1989
`Reprinted 1990 (twice), 1991, 1993, 1994 (twice), 1995, 1996, 1997,
`1998 (twice)
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`Typeset in Times
`
`A catalogue record.for this book is available,From the British Library
`
`Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data is available
`
`ISBN 0-521-37095-7 hardback
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`TO CAROL, JACOB, MISHA, AND GINGER
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`List of tables xvi
`
`Preface xix
`
`Preface to first edition xxi
`
`CHAPTER 1
`FOUNDATIONS 1
`
`Introduction 1
`Voltage, current, and resistance 2
`
`1.01 Voltage and current 2
`1.02 Relationship between voltage and
`current: resistors 4
`1.03 Voltage dividers 8
`1.04 Voltage and current sources 9
`1.05 Thevenin's equivalent circuit 11
`1.06 Small-signal resistance 13
`
`Signals 15
`
`1.07 Sinusoidal signals 15
`1.08 Signal amplitudes and
`decibels 16
`1.09 Other signals 17
`1.10 Logic levels 19
`1.11 Signal sources 19
`
`Capacitors and ac circuits 20
`
`1.12 Capacitors 20
`1.13 RC circuits: V and I versus
`time 23
`1.14 Differentiators 25
`1.15 Integrators 26
`
`Inductors and transformers 28
`
`1.16 Inductors 28
`1.17 Transformers 28
`
`Impedance and reactance 29
`
`1.18 Frequency analysis of reactive
`circuits 30
`1.19 RC filters 35
`1.20 Phasor diagrams 39
`1.21 "Poles" and decibels per
`octave 40
`1.22 Resonant circuits and active
`filters 41
`1.23 Other capacitor applications 42
`1.24 Th~venin's theorem
`generalized 44
`Diodes and diode circuits 44
`1.25 Diodes 44
`1.26 Rectification 44
`1.27 Power-supply filtering 45
`1.28 Rectifier configurations for power
`supplies 46
`1.29 Regulators 48
`1.30 Circuit applications of diodes 48
`1.31 Inductive loads and diode
`protection 52
`
`Other passive components 53
`1.32 Electromechanical devices 53
`1.33 Indicators 57
`1.34 Variable components 57
`Additional exercises 58
`
`CHAPTER 2
`TRANSISTORS 61
`
`Introduction 61
`
`2.01 First transistor model: current
`amplifier 62
`Some basic transistor circuits 63
`2.02 Transistor switch 63
`2.03 Emitter follower 65
`
`vii
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`viii
`
`CONTENTS
`
`2.04 Emitter followers as voltage
`regulators 68
`Z.US ~;mitter follower biasing 69
`2.06 Transistor current source 72
`2.07 Common-emitter amplifier 76
`2.08 Unity-gain phase splitter 77
`2.09 Transconductance 78
`
`Ebers-Moll model applied to basic
`transistor circuits 79
`
`2.10 Improved transistor model:
`transconductance amplifier 79
`2.11 The emitter follower revisited 81
`2.12 The common-emitter amplifier
`revisited 82
`2.13 Biasing the common-emitter
`amplifier 84
`2.14 Current mirrors 88
`
`Some amplifier building blocks 91
`
`2.15 Push-pull output stages 91
`2.16 Darlington connection 94
`2.17 Bootstrapping 96
`2.18 Differential amplifiers 98
`2.19 Capacitance and Miller effect 102
`2.20 Field-effect transistors 104
`
`Some typical transistor circuits 104
`
`2.21 Regulated power supply 104
`2.22 Temperature controller 105
`2.23 Simple logic with transistors and
`diodes 107
`
`Self-explanatory circuits 107
`
`2.24 Good circuits 107
`2.25 Bad circuits 107
`Additional exercises 107
`
`CHAPTER 3
`FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 113
`
`Introduction 113
`
`3.01 FET characteristics 114
`3.02 FET types 117
`3.03 Universal FET characteristics 119
`3.04 FET drain characteristics 121
`3.05 Manufacturing spread of FET
`characteristics 122
`
`Basic FET circuits 124
`3.06 JFET current sources 125
`3.07 FET amplifiers 129
`3.08 Source followers 133
`3.09 FET gate current 135
`3.10 FETs as variable resistors 138
`FET switches 140
`3.11 FET analog switches 141
`3.12 Limitations of FET switches 144
`3.13 Some FET analog switch
`examples 151 .
`3.14 MOSFET logic and power
`switches 153
`3.15 MOSFET handling
`precautions 169
`Self-explanatory circuits 171
`3.16 Circuit ideas 171
`3.17 Bad circuits 171 vskip6pt
`
`CHAPTER 4
`FEEDBACK AND OPERATIONAL
`AMPLIFIERS 175
`
`Introduction 175
`4.01 Introduction to feedback 175
`4.02 Operational amplifiers 176
`4.03 The golden rules 177
`Basic op-amp circuits 177
`4.04 Inverting amplifier 177
`4.05 Noninverting amplifier 178
`4.06 Follower 179
`4.07 Current sources 180
`4.08 Basic cautions for op-amp
`circuits 182
`An op-amp smorgasbord 183
`4.09 Linear circuits 183
`4.10 Nonlinear circuits 187
`A detailed Ivvk at op-amp behavior 188
`4.11 Departure from ideal op-amp
`performance 189
`4.12 Effects of op-amp limitations on
`circuit behavior 193
`4.13 Low-power and programmable
`op-amps 210
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`ix
`
`A detailed look at selected op-amp
`circuits 213
`4.14 Logarithmic amplifier 213
`4.15 Active peak detector 217
`4.16 Sample-and-hold 220
`4.17 Active clamp 221
`4.18 Absolute-value circuit 221
`4.19 Integrators 222
`4.20 Differentiators 224
`
`Op-amp operation with a single power
`supply 224
`4.21 Biasing single-supply ac
`amplifiers 225
`4.22 Single-supply op-amps 225
`
`Comparators and Schmitt trigger 229
`4.23 Comparators 229
`4.24 Schmitt trigger 231
`
`Feedback with finite-gain amplifiers
`232
`4.25 Gain equation 232
`4.26 Effects of feedback on amplifier
`circuits 233
`4.27 Two examples of transistor
`amplifiers with feedback 236
`
`Some typical op-amp circuits 238
`4.28 General-purpose lab amplifier 238
`4.29 Voltage-controlled oscillator 240
`4.30 JFET linear switch with RoN
`compensation 241
`4.31 TTL zero-crossing detector 242
`4.32 Load-current-sensing circuit 242
`
`Feedback amplifier frequency
`compensation 242
`4.33 Gain and phase shift versus
`frequency 243
`4.34 Amplifier compensation
`methods 245
`4.35 Frequency response of the feedback
`network 247
`
`Self-explanatory circuits 250
`4.36 Circuit ideas 250
`
`4.37 Bad circuits 250
`Additional exercises 251
`
`CHAPTER 5
`ACTIVE FILTERS AND
`OSCILLATORS 263
`
`Active filters 263
`5.01 Frequency response with RC
`filters 263
`5.02 Ideal performance with LC
`filters 265
`5.03 Enter active filters: an
`overview 266
`5.04 Key filter performance
`criteria 267
`5.05 Filter types 268
`Active filter circuits 272
`5.06 VCVS circuits 273
`5.07 VCVS filter design using our
`simplified table 274
`5.08 State-variable filters 276
`5.09 Twin-T notch filters 279
`5.10 Gyrator filter realizations 281
`5.11 Switched-capacitor filters 281
`Oscillators 284
`5.12 Introduction to oscillators 284
`5.13 Relaxation oscillators 284
`5.14 The classic timer chip:
`the 555 286
`5.15 Voltage-controlled oscillators 291
`5.16 Quadrature oscillators 291
`5.17 Wien bridge and LC
`oscillators 296
`5.18 LC oscillators 297
`5.19 Quartz-crystal oscillators 300
`Self-explanatory circuits 303
`5.20 Circuit ideas 303
`Additional exercises 303
`
`CHAPTER 6
`VOLTAGE REGULATORS AND POWER
`CIRCUITS 307
`Basic regulator circuits with the
`307
`classic 723
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`x
`
`CONTENTS
`
`6.01 The 723 regulator 307
`6.02 Positive regulator 309
`6.03 High-current regulator 311
`Heat and power design 312
`6.04 Power transistors and heat
`sinking 312
`6.05 Foldback current limiting 316
`6.06 Overvoltage crowbars 317
`6.07 Further considerations in high-
`current power-supply design 320
`6.08 Programmable supplies 321
`6.09 Power-supply circuit example 323
`6.10 Other regulator ICs 325
`The unregulated supply 325
`6.11 ac line components 326
`6.12 Transformer 328
`6.13 do components 329
`Voltage references 331
`6.14 Zener diodes 332
`6.15 Bandgap (VBE) reference 335
`Three-terminal and four-terminal
`regulators 341
`6.16 Three-terminal regulators 341
`6.17 Three-terminal adjustable
`regulators 344
`6.18 Additional comments about
`3-terminal regulators 345
`6.19 Switching regulators and do-dc
`converters 355
`Special-purpose power-supply
`circuits 368
`6.20 High-voltage regulators 368
`6.21 Low-noise, low-drift supplies 374
`6.22 Micropower regulators 376
`6.23 Flying-capacitor (charge pump)
`voltage converters 377
`6.24 Constant-current supplies 379
`6.25 Commercial power-supply
`modules 382
`Self-explanatory circuits 384
`6.26 Circuit ideas 384
`6.27 Bad circuits 384
`Additional exercises 384
`
`CHAPTER 7
`PRECISION CIRCUITS AND LOW-NOISE
`TECHNIQUES 391
`
`Precision op-amp design techniques
`391
`
`7.01 Precision versus dynamic
`range 391
`7.02 Error budget 392
`7.03 Example circuit: precision amplifier
`with automatic null offset 392
`7.04 Aprecision-design error
`budget 394
`7.05 Component errors 395
`7.06 Amplifier input errors 396
`7.07 Amplifier output errors 403
`7.08 Auto-zeroing (chopper-stabilized)
`amplifiers 415
`
`Differential and instrumentation
`amplifiers 421
`
`7.09 Differencing amplifier 421
`7.10 Standard three-op-amp
`instrumentation amplifier 425
`Amplifier noise 428
`7.11 Origins and kinds of noise 430
`7.12 Signal-to-noise ratio and noise
`figure 433
`7.13 Transistor amplifier voltage and
`current noise 436
`7.14 Low-noise design with
`transistors 438
`7.15 FET noise 443
`7.16 Selecting low-noise transistors 445
`7.17 Noise in differential and feedback
`amplifiers 445
`
`Noise measurements and noise
`sources 449
`
`7.18 Measurement without a noise
`source 449
`7.19 Measurement with noise
`source 450
`7.20 Noise and signal sources 452
`7.21 Bandwidth limiting and rms voltage
`measurement 453
`7.22 Noise potpourri 454
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`xi
`
`Interference: shielding and
`grounding 455
`7.23 Interference 455
`7.24 Signal grounds 457
`7.25 Grounding between
`instruments 457
`Self-explanatory circuits 466
`7.26 Circuit ideas 466
`Additional exercises 466
`
`CHAPTER8
`DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 471
`Basic logic concepts 471
`8.01 Digital versus analog 471
`8.02 Logic states 472
`8.03 Number codes 473
`8.04 Gates and truth tables 478
`8.05 Discrete circuits for gates 480
`8.06 Gate circuit example 481
`8.07 Assertion-level logic notation 482
`TTL and CMOS 484
`8.08 Catalog of common gates 484
`8.09 IC gate circuits 485
`8.10 TTL and CMOS
`characteristics 486
`8.11 Three-state and open-collector
`devices 487
`
`Combinational logic 490
`8.12 Logic identities 491
`8.13 Minimization and Karnaugh
`maps 492
`8.14 Combinational functions available
`as ICs 493
`8.15 Implementing arbitrary truth
`tables 500
`
`Sequential logic 504
`8.16 Devices with memory: flip-
`flops 504
`8.17 Clocked flip-flops 507
`8.18 Combining memory and gates:
`sequential logic 512
`8.19 Synchronizer 515
`
`Monostable multivibrators 517
`8.20 One-shot characteristics 517
`8.21 Monostable circuit example 519
`8.22 Cautionary notes about
`monostables 519
`8.23 Timing with counters 522
`Sequential functions available as
`ICs 523
`8.24 Latches and registers 523
`8.25 Counters 524
`8.26 Shift registers 525
`8.27 Sequential PALS 527
`8.28 Miscellaneous sequential
`functions 541
`Some typical digital circuits 544
`8.29 Modulo-n counter: a timing
`example 544
`8.30 Multiplexed LED digital
`display 546
`8.31 Sidereal telescope drive 548
`8.32 An n-pulse generator 548
`Logic pathology 551
`8.33 do problems 551
`8.34 Switching problems 552
`8.35 Congenital weaknesses of TTL and
`CMOS 554
`Self-explanatory circuits 556
`8.36 Circuit ideas 556
`8.37 Bad circuits 556
`Additional exercises 556
`
`CHAPTER 9
`DIGITAL MEETS ANALOG 565
`CMOS and TTL logic interfacing 565
`9.01 Logic family chronology 565
`9.02 Input and output
`characteristics 570
`9.03 Interfacing between logic
`families 572
`9.04 Driving CMOS amd TTL
`inputs 575
`9.05 Driving digital logic from
`comparators and op-amps 577
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`xii
`
`CONTENTS
`
`9.06 Some comments about logic
`inputs 579
`y.U'/ Comparators 580
`9.08 Driving external digital loads from
`CMOS and TTL 582
`9.09 NMOS LSI interfacing 588
`9.10 Opto-electronics 590
`Digital signals and long wires 599
`9.11 On-board interconnections 599
`9.12 Intercard connections 601
`9.13 Data buses 602
`9.14 Driving cables 603
`
`Analog/digital conversion 612
`
`9.15 Introduction to A/D
`conversion 612
`9.16 Digital-to-analog converters
`(DACs) 614
`9.17 Time-domain (averaging)
`DACs 618
`9.18 Multiplying DACs 619
`9.19 Choosing a DAC 619
`9.20 Analog-to-digital converters 621
`9.21 Charge-balancing techniques 626
`9.22 Some unusual A/D and D/A
`converters 630
`9.23 Choosing an ADC 631
`
`Some A/D conversion examples 636
`9.24 16-Channel A/D data-acquisition
`system 636
`9.25 32-Digit voltmeter 638
`9.26 Coulomb meter 640
`
`Phase-locked loops 641
`
`9.27 Introduction to phase-locked
`loops 641
`9.28 PLL design 646
`9.29 Design example: frequency
`multiplier 647
`9.30 I'LL capture and lock 651
`9.31 Some PLL applications 652
`Pseudo-random bit sequences and noise
`generation 655
`
`9.32 Digital noise generation 655
`
`9.33 Feedback shift register
`sequences 655
`9.34 Analog noise generation from
`maximal-length sequences 658
`9.35 Power spectrum of shift register
`sequences 658
`9.36 Low-pass filtering 660
`9.37 Wrap-up 661
`9.38 Digital filters 664
`
`Self-explanatory circuits 667
`
`9.39 Circuit ideas 667
`9.40 Bad circuits 668
`Additional exercises 668
`
`CHAPTERIO
`MICROCOMPUTERS 673
`
`Minicomputers, microcomputers, and
`microprocessors 673
`
`10.01 Computer architecture 674
`A computer instruction set 678
`10.02 Assembly language and machine
`language 678
`10.03 Simplified 8086/8 instruction
`set 679
`10.04 A programming example 683
`Bus signals and interfacing 684
`
`10.05 Fundamental bus signals: data,
`address, strobe 684
`10.06 Programmed I/O: data out 685
`10.07 Programmed I/O: data in 689
`10.08 Programmed I/O: status
`registers 690
`10.09 Interrupts 693
`10.10 Interrupt handling 695
`10.11 Interrupts in general 697
`10.12 Direct memory access 701
`10.13 Summary of the IBM PC's bus
`signals 704
`10.14 Synchronous versus asynchronous
`bus communication 707
`10.15 Other microcomputer buses 708
`10.16 Connecting peripherals to the
`computer 711
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`CONTENTS xiii
`
`Software system concepts 714
`
`10.17 Programming 714
`10.18 Operating systems, files, and use of
`memory 716
`
`CHAPTER I2
`ELECTRONIC CONSTRUCTION
`TECHNIQUES 827
`
`Prototyping methods 827
`
`Data communications concepts 719
`
`10.19 Serial communication and
`ASCII 720
`10.20 Parallel communication:
`Centronics, SCSI, IPI,
`GPIB (488) 730
`10.21 Local area networks 734
`10.22 Interface example: hardware data
`packing 736
`10.23 Number formats 738
`
`CHAPTER 11
`MICROPROCESSORS 743
`
`A detailed look at the 68008 744
`
`1 1.01 Registers, memory, and I/O 744
`1 1.02 Instruction set and
`addressing 745
`1 1.03 Machine-language
`representation 750
`1 1.04 Bus signals 753
`
`A complete design example: analog
`signal averager 760
`
`1 1.05 Circuit design 760
`1 1.06 Programming: defining the
`task 774
`1 1.07 Programming: details 777
`1 1.08 Performance 796
`1 1.09 Some afterthoughts 797
`
`Microprocessor support chips 799
`
`1 1.10 Medium-scale integration 800
`1 1.11 Peripheral LSI chips 802
`1 1.12 Memory 812
`1 1.13 Other microprocessors 820
`1 1.14 Emulators, development systems,
`logic analyzers, and evaluation
`boards 821
`
`12.01 Breadboards 827
`12.02 PC prototyping boards 828
`12.03 Wire-Wrap panels 828
`
`Printed circuits 830
`
`12.04 PC board fabrication 830
`12.05 PC board design 835
`12.06 Stuffing PC boards 838
`12.07 Some further thoughts on PC
`boards 840
`12.08 Advanced techniques 841
`
`Instrument construction 852
`
`12.09 Housing circuit boards in an
`instrument 852
`12.10 Cabinets 854
`12.11 Construction hints 855
`12.12 Cooling 855
`12.13 Some electrical hints 858
`12.14 Where to get components 860
`
`CHAPTER 13
`HIGH-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-SPEED
`TECHNIQUES 863
`
`High-frequency amplifiers 863
`
`13.01 Transistor amplifiers at high
`frequencies: first look 863
`13.02 High-frequency amplifiers: the ac
`model 864
`1 3.03 Ahigh-frequency calculation
`example 866
`1 3.04 High-frequency amplifier
`configurations 868
`1 3.05 A wideband design example 869
`13.06 Some refinements to the ac
`model 872
`13.07 The shunt-series pair 872
`13.08 Modular amplifiers 873
`Radiofrequency circuit elements 879
`13.09 Transmission lines 879
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`xiv CONTENTS
`
`13.10 Stubs, baluns, and
`transformers 881
`i 3. i i i uiicu alllj~iiuers 8bG
`13.12 Radiofrequency circuit
`elements 884
`13.13 Measuring amplitude or
`power 888
`
`Radiofrequency communications:
`AM 892
`
`13.14 Some communications
`concepts 892
`13.15 Amplitude modulation 894
`13.16 Superheterodyne receiver 895
`Advanced modulation methods 897
`13.17 Single sideband 897
`13.18 Frequency modulation 898
`13.19 Frequency-shift keying 900
`13.20 Yulse-modulation schemes 900
`Radiofrequency circuit tricks 902
`13.21 Special construction
`techniques 902
`13.22 Exotic RF amplifiers and
`devices 903
`
`High-speed switching 904
`13.23 Transistor model and
`equations 905
`13.24 Analog modeling tools 908
`Some switching-speed examples 909
`13.25 High-voltage driver 909
`13.26 Open-collector bus driver 910
`13.27 Example: photomultiplier
`preamp 911
`
`Self-explanatory circuits 913
`13.28 Circuit ideas 913
`Additional exercises 913
`
`CHAPTER 14
`LOW-POWER DESIGN 917
`Introduction 917
`
`14.01 Low-power applications 918
`
`Power sources 920
`
`14:Q2 RattPry typPc 9~Q
`14.03 Wall-plug-in units 931
`14.04 Solar cells 932
`14.05 Signal currents 933
`Power switching and micropower
`regulators 938
`
`14.06 Power switching 938
`14.07 Micropower regulators 941
`14.08 Ground reference 944
`14.09 Micropower voltage references and
`temperature sensors 948
`Linear micropower design
`techniques 948
`
`14.10 Problems of micropower linear
`design 950
`14.11 Discrete linear design
`example 950
`14.12 Micropower operational
`amplifiers 951
`14.13 Micropower comparators 965
`14.14 Micropower timers and
`oscillators 965
`Micropower digital design 969
`14.15 CMOS families 969
`14.16 Keeping CMOS low power 970
`14.17 Micropower microprocessors and
`peripherals 974
`14.18 Microprocessor design example:
`degree-day logger 978
`Self-explanatory circuits 985
`14.19 Circuit ideas 985
`
`CHAPTER 15
`MEASUREMENTS AND SIGNAL
`PROCESSING 987
`
`Overview 987
`
`Measurement transducers 988
`15.01 Temperature 988
`15.02 Light level 996
`15.03 Strain and displacement 1001
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`xv
`
`15.04 Acceleration, pressure, force,
`velocity 1004
`15.05 Magnetic field 1007
`15.06 Vacuum gauges 1007
`1 5.07 Particle detectors 1008
`15.08 Biological and chemical voltage
`probes 1012
`
`Precision standards and precision
`measurements 1016
`
`15.09 Frequency standards 1016
`15.10 Frequency, period, and time-
`interval measurements 1019
`1 5.11 Voltage and resistance standards
`and measurements 1025
`
`Bandwidth-narrowing techniques 1026
`
`15.12 The problem of signal-to-noise
`ratio 1026
`15.13 Signal averaging and multichannel
`averaging 1026
`1 5.14 Making a signal periodic 1030
`1 5.15 Lock-in detection 1031
`1 5.16 Pulse-height analysis 1034
`15.17 Time-to-amplitude converters
`1035
`
`Spectrum analysis and Fourier
`transforms 1035
`
`1 5.18 Spectrum analyzers 1035
`1 5.19 Off-line spectrum analysis 1038
`
`APPENDIXES 1043
`
`Appendix A
`The oscilloscope 1045
`Appendix B
`Math review 1050
`Appendix C
`The 5% resistor color code 1053
`Appendix D
`1% Precision resistors 1054
`Appendix E
`How to draw schematic diagrams 1056
`Appendix F
`Load lines 1059
`Appendix G
`Transistor saturation 1062
`Appendix H
`LC Butterworth filters 1064
`Appendix I
`Electronics magazines and journals
`1068
`Appendix J
`IC prefixes 1069
`Appendix K
`Data sheets 1072
`2N4400-1 NPN transistor 1073
`LF411-12 JFET operational
`amplifier 1078
`LM317 3-terminal adjustable
`regulator 1086
`
`Self-explanatory circuits 1038
`
`Bibliography 1095
`
`15.20 Circuit ideas 1038
`
`Index 1101
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`TABLES
`
`1.1
`Diodes 43
`2.1
`Small-signal transistors 109
`3.1
`JFETs 125
`3.2 MOSFETs 126
`3.3
`Dual matched JFETs 128
`3.4
`Current regulator diodes 129
`3.5
`Power MOSFETs 164
`3.6
`BJT-MOSFET comparison 166
`3.7
`Electrostatic voltages 170
`4.1
`Operational amplifiers 196
`4.2
`Recommended op-amps 208
`4.3
`High-voltage op-amps 213
`4.4
`Power op-amps 214
`5.1
`Time-domain filter comparison
`2~3
`5.2 VCVS low-pass filters 274
`5.3
`555-type oscillators 289
`5.4
`Selected VCOs 293
`6.1
`Power transistors 314
`6.2
`Transient suppressors 326
`6.3
`Power-line filters 327
`6.4
`Rectifiers 331
`6.5
`Zener and reference diodes 334
`6.6 SOOmW zeners 334
`6.7
`IC voltage references 336
`6.8
`Fixed voltage regulators 342
`6.9
`Adjustable voltage regulators
`346
`6.10 Dual-tracking regulators 352
`7.1
`Seven precision op-amps 401
`7.2
`Precision op-amps 404
`7.3
`High-speed precision op-amps
`412
`7.4
`Fast buffers 418
`7.5
`Instrumentation amplifiers 429
`8.1
`4-bit integers 477
`8.2 TTL and CMOS gates 484
`8.3
`Logic identities 491
`8.4
`Buffers 560
`
`xvi
`
`8.5
`Transceivers 560
`8.6
`Decoders 561
`8.7
`Magnitude comparators 561
`8.8
`Monostable multivibrators 562
`g,9 D-registers and latches 562
`g,10 Counters 563
`g.l l
`Shift registers 564
`9.1
`Logic family characteristics 570
`9.2
`Allowed connections between logic
`families 574
`9.3
`Comparators 584
`9.4
`D/A converters 620
`9.5
`A/D converters 632
`9.6
`Integrating A/D converters 634
`10.1 IBM PC bus 704
`10.2 Computer buses 709
`10.3 ASCII codes 721
`10.4 RS-232 signals 724
`10.5 Serial data standards 727
`10.6 Centronics (printer) signals 730
`11.1 68000/8 instruction set 746
`11.2 Allowable addressing modes 748
`11.3 68000/8 addressing modes 749
`11.4 68008 bus signals 753
`11.5 68000/8 vectors 788
`11.6 Zilog 8530 registers 804
`11.7 Zilog 8530 serial port initialization
`806
`11.8 Microprocessors 822
`12.1 P(' graphic, patterns 839
`12.2 Venturi fans 858
`13.1 RF transistors 877
`13.2 Wideband op-amps 878
`14.1 Primary batteries 922
`14.2 Battery characteristics 923
`14.3 Primary-battery attributes 930
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`TABLES xvii
`
`14.4 Low-power regulators 942
`14.5 Micropower voltage references
`949
`14.6 Micropower op-amps 956
`14.7 Programmable op-amps 958
`14.8 Low-power comparators 966
`
`14.9 Microprocessor controllers 976
`14.10 Temperature logger current drain
`983
`1 5.1 Thermocouples 990
`D.1 Selected resistor types 1055
`H.1 Butterworth low-pass filters 1064
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`_IPR2023-00783
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`PREFACE
`
`Electronics, perhaps more than any other
`field of technology, has enjoyed an explo-
`sive development in the last four decades.
`Thus it was with some trepidation that we
`attempted, in 1980, to bring out a defini-
`tive volume teaching the art of the subject.
`By "art" we meant the kind of mastery that
`comes from an intimate familiarity with
`real circuits, actual devices, and the like,
`rather than the more abstract approach of-
`ten favored in textbooks on electronics. Of
`course, in a rapidly evolving field, such a
`nuts-and-bolts approach has its hazards -
`most notably a frighteningly quick obsoles-
`cence.
`The pace of electronics technology did
`not disappoint us! Hardly was the ink
`dry on the first edition before we felt fool-
`ish reading our words about "the classic
`[2Kbyte] 2716 EPROM ... with a price
`tag of about $25." They're so classic you
`can't even get them anymore, having been
`replaced by EPROMs 64 times as large,
`and costing less than half the price! Thus
`a major element of this revision responds
`to improved devices and methods - com-
`pletely rewritten chapters on microcom-
`puters and microprocessors (using the IBM
`PC and the 68008) and substantially
`revised chapters on digital electronics (in-
`cluding PLDs, and the new HC and AC
`logic families), on op-amps and precision
`design (reflecting the availability of excel-
`lent FET -input op-amps), and on con-
`struction techniques (including CAD/
`CAM). Every table has been revised, some
`substantially; for example, in Table 4.1
`(operational amplifiers) only 65% of the
`
`original 120 entries survived, with 135
`new op-amps added.
`We have used this opportunity to re-
`spond to readers' suggestions and to our
`own experiences using and teaching from
`the first edition. Thus we have rewritten
`the chapter on FETs (it was too compli-
`cated) and repositioned it before the chap-
`ter on op-amps (which are increasingly of
`FET construction). We have added a new
`chapter on low-power and micropower de-
`sign (both analog and digital), a field both
`important and neglected. Most of the re-
`maining chapters have been extensively re-
`vised. We have added many new tables,
`including A/D and D/A converters, digi-
`tal logic components, and low-power de-
`vices, and throughout the book we have
`expanded the number of figures. The book
`now contains 78 tables (available separate-
`ly as The Horowitz and Hill Component Se-
`lection Tables) and over 1000 figures.
`Throughout the revision we have strived
`to retain the feeling of informality and easy
`access that made the first edition so suc-
`cessful and popular, both as reference and
`text. We are aware of the dif~'iculty stu-
`dents often experience when approaching
`electronics for the first time: The field is
`densely interwoven, and there is no path
`of learning that takes you, by logical steps,
`from neophyte to broadly competent
`designer. Thus we have added extensive
`cross-referencing throughout the text; in
`addition, we have expanded the separate
`Laboratory Manual into a Student Manual
`(Student Manual for The Art of Electronics,
`by Thomas C. Hayes and Paul Horowitz),
`
`xix
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`xx
`
`PREFACE
`
`complete with additional worked examples
`of circuit designs, explanatory material,
`TP?l~lYlO ACclanmantc
`'a 'b' .....,,~~~
`~uv vi'uivi'~ iinViVl.~7l.J
`J
`~
`and solutions to selected problems. By
`offering a student supplement, we have
`been able to keep this volume concise and
`rich with detail, as requested by our many
`readers who use the volume primarily as a
`reference work.
`We hope this new edition responds to
`all our readers' needs -both students
`and practicing engineers. We welcome
`suggestions and corrections, which should
`be addressed directly to Paul Horowitz,
`Physics Department, Harvard University,
`Cambridge, MA 02138.
`In preparing this new edition, we are
`appreciative of the help we received from
`Mike Aronson and Brian Matthews (AOX,
`
`Inc.), John Greene (University of Cape
`Town), Jeremy Avigad and Tom Hayes (Har-
`~aiu
`viiivci~i~yj,
`refer
`riorowitz
`(EVI, Inc.), Don Stern, and Owen Walker.
`We thank Jim Mobley for his excellent
`copyediting, Sophia Prybylski and David
`Tranah of Cambridge University Press for
`their encouragement and professional ded-
`ication, and the never-sleeping typesetters
`at Rosenlaui Publishing Services, Inc. for
`their masterful composition in TAX.
`Finally, in the spirit of modern jurispru-
`dence, we remind you to read the legal no-
`tice here appended.
`
`Paul Horowitz
`Winfield Hill
`
`March 1989
`
`LEGAL NOTICE
`
`In this book we have attempted to teach the
`techniques of electronic design, using cir-
`cuit examples and data that we believe to
`be accurate. However, the examples, data,
`and other information are intended solely
`as teaching aids and should not be used in
`any particular application without indepen-
`dent testing and verification by the person
`making the application. Independent test-
`ing and verification are especially important
`in any application in which incorrect func-
`tioning could result in personal injury or
`damage to property.
`For these reasons, we make no warran-
`ties, express or implied, that the examples,
`
`data, or other information in this volume
`are free of error, that they are consistent
`with industry standards, or that they will
`meet the requirements for any particular ap-
`plication. THE AUTHORS AND PUB-
`LISHER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM THE
`IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER-
`CHANTABILITY AND OF FITNESS
`FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
`even if the authors have been advised of ~
`particular purpose, and even if a particu-
`lar purpose is indicated in the book. The
`authors and publisher also disclaim all lia-
`bility for direct, indirect, incidental, or con-
`sequential damages that result from any use
`of the examples, data, or other information
`in this book.
`
`Petitioner Intel Corp., Ex. 1037
`IPR2023-00783
`
`

`

`PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
`
`This volume is intended as an electronic
`circuit design textbook and reference book;
`it begins at a level suitable for those with
`no previous exposure to electronics and
`carries the reader through to a reasonable
`degree of proficiency in electronic circuit
`design. We have used a straightforward
`approach to the essential ideas of circuit
`design, coupled with an in-depth selection
`of topics. We have attempted to combine
`the pragmatic approach of the practicing
`physicist with the quantitative approach
`of the engineer, who wants a thoroughly
`evaluated circuit design.
`This book evolved from a set of
`notes written to accompany aone-semester
`course in laboratory electronics at Har-
`vard. That course has a varied enroll-
`ment —undergraduates picking up skills
`for their eventual work in science or in-
`dustry, graduate students with a field of re-
`search clearly in mind, and advanced grad-
`uate students and postdoctoral researchers
`who suddenly find themselves hampered
`by the