`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 001
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 001
`
`

`

`FIXED
`BROADBAND
`WIRELESS
`
`SYSTEM DESIGN
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 002
`
`

`

`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 003
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 003
`
`

`

`FIXED
`BROADBAND
`WIRELESS
`
`SYSTEM DESIGN
`
`HARRY R. ANDERSON, Ph.D., P.E.
`
`CONSULTING ENGINEER
`USA
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 004
`
`

`

`Copyright © 2003
`
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
`West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
`Telephone (+44) 1243 779777
`
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`Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
`in print may not be available in electronic books.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Anderson, Harry R.
`Fixed broadband wireless system design / Harry R. Anderson.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-470-84438-8 (alk. paper)
`1. Wireless communication systems – Design and construction. 2. Cellular telephone
`systems – Design and construction. 3. Broadband communication systems. I. Title.
`
`TK5103.4 .A53 2003
`(cid:2)
`621.3845
`6 – dc21
`
`2002033360
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0-470-84438-8
`
`Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford, Surrey
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 005
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`1
`
`Fixed Broadband Wireless Systems
`
`1.1
`1.2
`1.3
`1.4
`1.5
`1.6
`1.7
`
`1.8
`1.9
`
`1.10
`1.11
`1.12
`1.13
`
`Introduction
`Evolution of Wireless Systems
`Models for Wireless System Design
`Demand for Communication Services
`Licensed Frequency Bands
`License-Exempt Bands
`Technical Standards
`1.7.1
`IEEE 802.11 Standards
`1.7.2
`IEEE 802.16 Standards
`1.7.3
`ETSI BRAN Standards
`Fixed, Portable, and Mobile Terminals
`Types of Fixed Wireless Networks
`1.9.1
`Point-to-Point (PTP) Networks
`1.9.2
`Consecutive Point and Mesh Networks
`1.9.3
`Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) Networks
`1.9.4
`NLOS Point-to-Multipoint Networks
`Organization of this Book
`Future Directions in Fixed Broadband Wireless
`Conclusions
`References
`
`2
`
`Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
`
`2.1
`2.2
`2.3
`
`2.4
`2.5
`
`Introduction
`Maxwell’s Equations and Wave Equations
`Plane and Spherical Waves
`2.3.1
`Impedance of Free Space and Other Transmission Media
`2.3.2
`Power in a Plane Wave
`2.3.3
`Spherical Waves
`Linear, Circular, Elliptical, and Orthogonal Polarizations
`Free-Space Propagation
`2.5.1
`Path Attenuation between Two Antennas
`2.5.2
`Field Strength at a Distance
`
`xvii
`
`1
`
`1
`2
`4
`7
`8
`10
`12
`13
`14
`14
`15
`17
`17
`17
`18
`19
`20
`22
`23
`23
`
`25
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`25
`25
`27
`28
`29
`29
`30
`31
`31
`32
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 006
`
`

`

`vi
`
`CONTENTS
`
`2.6
`
`2.7
`
`2.8
`2.9
`
`2.10
`
`2.11
`2.12
`2.13
`
`2.14
`2.15
`
`Reflection
`2.6.1
`Specular Reflection
`2.6.2
`Physical Optics
`2.6.3
`Reflections from Rough Surfaces
`Diffraction
`2.7.1
`Wedge Diffraction
`2.7.2
`Knife-Edge Diffraction
`Fresnel Zones and Path Clearance
`Material Transmission
`2.9.1
`Transmission into Structures
`2.9.2
`Transmission through Foliage
`Atmospheric Refraction
`2.10.1
`Statistics of Varying Refractivity Gradients
`2.10.2
`Sub-Refraction
`2.10.3
`Super-Refraction and Ducting
`Atmospheric Absorption
`Rain Attenuation and Depolarization
`Free-Space Optics (FSO) Propagation
`2.13.1
`Beam Divergence
`2.13.2
`Fog, Snow, and Rain Attenuation
`2.13.3
`Atmospheric Scintillation
`Conclusions
`References
`
`3
`
`Propagation and Channel Models
`
`3.1
`
`3.2
`
`3.3
`
`3.2.2
`
`Introduction
`3.1.1
`Model Classifications
`3.1.2
`Fading Models
`Theoretical, Empirical, and Physical Models
`3.2.1
`Theoretical Channel Models
`3.2.1.1
`Theoretical, Non-Time-Dispersive
`3.2.1.2
`Theoretical, Time-Dispersive
`Empirical Channel Models
`3.2.2.1
`Empirical, Non-Time-Dispersive
`3.2.2.2
`Empirical, Time-Dispersive
`Physical Channel Models
`3.2.3.1
`Physical, Non-Time-Dispersive,
`Not Site-Specific
`Physical, Non-Time-Dispersive, Site-Specific
`3.2.3.2
`Physical, Time-Dispersive, Site-Specific
`3.2.3.3
`Generic Wideband Channel Model
`3.3.1
`Wideband Channel Response
`3.3.1.1
`Time–Variant and Static Channels
`
`3.2.3
`
`33
`33
`35
`37
`40
`40
`45
`51
`53
`54
`54
`56
`59
`61
`61
`62
`62
`65
`66
`67
`67
`68
`68
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`71
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`71
`72
`73
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`74
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`75
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`78
`78
`79
`79
`83
`85
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`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 007
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`3.4
`
`3.5
`
`3.6
`3.7
`
`Tapped Delay Line Model
`Frequency Domain Representations
`
`3.3.1.2
`3.3.1.3
`Empirical Models
`3.4.1
`IEEE 802.16 (SUI) Models
`3.4.2
`COST-231 Hata Model
`3.4.3
`MMDS Band Empirical Path Loss
`3.4.4
`3D Path Loss Surface Models
`Physical Models
`Free Space + RMD
`3.5.1
`3.5.1.1
`Line-of-Sight Assessment
`3.5.1.2
`LOS Path Analysis
`3.5.1.3
`NLOS Path Analysis
`Multiple Obstacle Analysis
`3.5.2.1
`Epstein–Peterson Method
`3.5.2.2
`Deygout Method
`Longley–Rice Model
`TIREM Model
`Anderson 2D Model
`NLOS Dominant Ray Path Loss Model
`3.5.6.1
`Building Clutter Loss
`Ray-Tracing
`3.5.7
`Simplified Indoor Model
`3.5.8
`Conclusions
`References
`
`3.5.2
`
`3.5.3
`3.5.4
`3.5.5
`3.5.6
`
`4
`
`Fading Models
`
`4.1
`
`4.2
`
`4.3
`
`4.4
`4.5
`4.6
`
`Introduction
`4.1.1
`Link Performance with Fading
`Atmospheric Fading Models
`4.2.1
`Microwave Multipath Fading Mechanisms
`4.2.2
`Vigants–Barnett Model
`4.2.3
`ITU-R P.530-8 Model
`4.2.4
`Dispersive (Frequency-Selective) Fading
`4.2.4.1
`Coherence Bandwidth
`4.2.4.2
`Dispersive Fade Margin
`Rain Fading Models
`4.3.1
`Crane Rain Fade Model
`4.3.2
`ITU-R P.530-8 Model
`4.3.3
`Short-Range Rain Fading
`4.3.4
`Other Precipitation Losses
`4.3.5
`Cross-Polarization Discrimination Fading Model
`Correlated Rain Fading Model
`Free Space Optics Fog Fading Models
`Fading Models for NLOS Links
`
`vii
`
`88
`89
`89
`90
`93
`94
`96
`97
`98
`98
`99
`102
`102
`105
`106
`107
`107
`107
`108
`110
`115
`120
`122
`123
`
`127
`
`127
`128
`129
`130
`132
`134
`137
`138
`140
`143
`144
`146
`147
`149
`149
`151
`152
`153
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`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 008
`
`

`

`viii
`
`CONTENTS
`
`4.6.1
`
`NLOS Multipath Fading Models
`4.6.1.1
`Rayleigh Distribution
`4.6.1.2
`Rician Distribution
`4.6.1.3
`Nakagami Distribution
`NLOS Shadow Fading Models
`4.6.2
`Composite Fading–Shadowing Distributions
`4.6.3
`Conclusion
`References
`
`4.7
`4.8
`
`5
`
`Propagation Environment Models
`
`5.1
`5.2
`
`5.3
`
`5.4
`5.5
`
`5.6
`5.7
`
`5.8
`5.9
`
`Introduction
`Topography
`5.2.1
`Topographic Maps
`5.2.2
`Terrain DEMs
`5.2.3
`DEM Data from Satellite and Aerial Imagery
`Buildings and Other Structures
`5.3.1
`Vector Building Databases
`5.3.2
`Canopy Building Databases
`5.3.3
`System Analysis Errors from Using Canopy Databases
`Morphology (Land Use/Land Cover or Clutter)
`Atmospheric and Meteorology Factors
`5.5.1
`Atmospheric Refractivity
`5.5.2
`Rain Rates
`5.5.3
`Fog Data
`Mobile Elements of the Propagation Environment
`Mapping Fundamentals
`5.7.1
`Spheroids, Ellipsoids, and Geoids
`5.7.2
`Geodetic Systems, Datums, and Datum Transformations
`5.7.3
`Map Projections
`5.7.4
`Coordinate Systems
`Conclusions
`References
`
`6
`
`Fixed Wireless Antenna Systems
`
`6.1
`6.2
`
`Introduction
`Antenna System Fundamentals
`6.2.1
`Radiation from an Elemental Dipole Antenna
`6.2.2
`Directivity and Gain
`6.2.3
`Antenna Radiation Patterns
`6.2.4
`Polarization
`6.2.5
`Antenna Efficiency and Bandwidth
`6.2.6
`Electrical Beamtilt, Mechanical Beamtilt, and Null Fill
`6.2.7
`Reciprocity
`
`154
`154
`157
`158
`160
`161
`162
`163
`
`165
`
`165
`166
`166
`167
`169
`171
`172
`173
`175
`178
`179
`180
`180
`181
`181
`182
`183
`183
`186
`187
`187
`188
`
`189
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`189
`190
`192
`194
`195
`197
`199
`201
`202
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`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 009
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`6.3
`
`6.4
`
`6.5
`
`6.6
`
`6.7
`6.8
`
`6.9
`6.10
`6.11
`6.12
`
`Fixed Narrow Beam Antennas
`6.3.1
`Horn Antennas
`6.3.2
`Parabolic and Other Reflector Antennas
`Fixed Broad Beam Antennas
`6.4.1
`Horn Antennas for Hub Sectors Above 10 GHz
`6.4.2
`Hub Sector Antennas for MMDS and U-NII Bands
`6.4.2.1
`Linear Antenna Arrays
`6.4.2.2
`Planar Antenna Arrays
`Diversity Antenna Systems
`6.5.1
`Empirical Microwave Link Diversity Improvement
`Adaptive Antennas
`6.6.1
`Optimum Combining
`MIMO Antenna Systems
`Waveguides and Transmission Lines
`6.8.1
`Waveguides
`6.8.2
`Transmission Lines
`Radomes
`Engineered and Ad Hoc Antenna Installations
`Conclusions
`References
`
`7 Modulation, Equalizers, and Coding
`
`7.1
`7.2
`7.3
`
`7.4
`
`7.5
`
`Introduction
`Digital Modulation – Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase
`Fixed Broadband Wireless Modulation Methods
`7.3.1
`BPSK, QPSK, π/4-DQPSK
`7.3.2
`16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM
`7.3.3
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
`7.3.3.1
`OFDM Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
`Error Performance with Noise and Interference
`7.4.1
`Error Performance with Gaussian Noise Only
`7.4.2
`Error Performance with Noise and Constant
`Amplitude Interference
`7.4.2.1
`16QAM with Noise and Interference
`7.4.2.2
`16QAM with 16QAM Interference
`7.4.2.3
`Coherent QPSK with Noise and Interference
`7.4.2.4
`Differential QPSK with Noise and Interference
`Error Performance with Flat-Fading Signal
`and Interference
`7.4.3.1
`Noise Approximation of Interference
`Error Performance with Frequency Selective Signal Fading
`7.4.4
`Equalizers
`7.5.1.1
`7.5.1.2
`
`Time Domain Symbol Equalizers
`Frequency Domain Equalizers (FDE)
`
`7.4.3
`
`ix
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`202
`203
`205
`208
`209
`209
`210
`212
`214
`217
`217
`219
`223
`226
`227
`228
`229
`231
`232
`233
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`235
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`236
`237
`238
`239
`241
`244
`244
`245
`
`248
`250
`253
`253
`256
`
`256
`257
`257
`259
`259
`261
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 010
`
`

`

`x
`
`7.6
`
`7.7
`7.8
`
`Coding Techniques and Overhead
`7.6.1
`Block Codes
`7.6.1.1
`Cyclic Codes
`Concatenated Codes
`7.6.2
`Interleaving
`7.6.3
`Convolutional Codes
`7.6.4
`Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)
`7.6.5
`Coding Gain
`7.6.6
`Space-Time Codes
`7.6.7
`Conclusion
`References
`
`8 Multiple-Access Techniques
`
`8.1
`
`8.2
`
`8.3
`
`8.4
`
`8.5
`8.6
`8.7
`
`Introduction
`8.1.1
`Intersystem Multiple Access
`8.1.2
`Intrasystem Multiple Access
`8.1.3
`Duplexing
`Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
`8.2.1
`FDMA Interference Calculations
`8.2.1.1
`Noise Power
`8.2.1.2
`Cochannel and Adjacent Channel Interference
`8.2.1.3 Multiple Interferers in LOS Networks
`Spectrum Utilization
`8.2.2
`Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
`8.3.1
`TDMA Intercell Interference
`Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
`8.4.1
`Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
`8.4.2
`Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
`8.4.3
`Downlink Interference Calculations
`8.4.3.1
`Downlink Pilot Channel Ec/I0
`8.4.3.2
`Downlink Traffic Channel Eb/N0
`Uplink Interference Calculations
`8.4.4.1
`Rake Receiver
`Joint (Multiuser) Detection
`8.4.5
`CDMA Broadband Standards
`8.4.6
`Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
`Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
`Multiple Access with OFDM
`8.7.1
`Multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA)
`8.7.2
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
`(OFDMA)
`OFDM with TDMA
`OFDM with CSMA/CA (IEEE 802.11a)
`
`8.7.3
`8.7.4
`
`8.4.4
`
`CONTENTS
`
`262
`263
`264
`265
`265
`266
`267
`268
`269
`272
`273
`
`275
`
`275
`276
`277
`277
`278
`280
`280
`282
`284
`286
`286
`288
`290
`290
`291
`293
`294
`294
`295
`297
`298
`299
`302
`304
`305
`306
`
`307
`307
`308
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 011
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`OFDM with SDMA
`8.7.5
`OFDM Multiple-Access Standards
`8.7.6
`Duplexing Methods
`8.8.1
`Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
`8.8.2
`Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
`8.8.2.1
`TDD Interference Calculations
`
`Capacity
`Shannon Theoretical Channel Capacity
`8.9.1
`Capacity in Interference-Limited, Multiuser Systems
`8.9.2
`User Capacity
`8.9.3
`Commercial Capacity
`8.9.4
`Conclusion
`References
`
`8.8
`
`8.9
`
`8.10
`8.11
`
`9
`
`Traffic and Application Mix Models
`
`9.1
`9.2
`
`9.3
`9.4
`
`9.5
`
`9.6
`
`Introduction
`Traffic Geographic Distribution Models
`9.2.1
`Residential Demographic Data
`9.2.2
`Business Demographic Data
`9.2.3
`Land Use Data
`9.2.4
`Building Data
`9.2.5
`Aerial Photographs
`Service and Application Types
`Circuit-Switched Traffic Models
`9.4.1
`Circuit-Switched Quality of Service (QoS)
`9.4.1.1
`Erlang B Blocking Probability
`9.4.1.2
`Erlang C Blocking Probability
`Packet-Switched Traffic Models
`9.5.1
`Self-Similar Data Characteristics
`9.5.2
`Packet Probability Distributions
`9.5.2.1
`Packet Size Distribution
`9.5.2.2
`Packets and ADU’s
`9.5.2.3
`Packet Interarrival Time Distribution
`9.5.2.4
`Distribution of the Number of Packets
`and the Packet Sessions
`Packet Session Interval Distribution
`9.5.2.5
`Packet Session Arrival Distribution
`9.5.2.6
`ETSI Web-Browsing Packet Transmission Model
`9.5.3
`Random Packet Cluster Transmission Model
`9.5.4
`Multisource Traffic Density Models
`9.6.1
`Aggregate Data Rate Statistics
`9.6.2
`Aggregate Data Rate Statistics with Packet
`Queuing (Delay)
`9.6.2.1
`Internet Latency
`
`xi
`
`308
`308
`309
`310
`311
`312
`313
`314
`315
`318
`318
`319
`319
`
`321
`
`321
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`323
`326
`329
`330
`331
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`335
`335
`337
`338
`338
`339
`339
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`340
`340
`341
`342
`342
`342
`344
`
`346
`349
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 012
`
`

`

`xii
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Throughput
`9.6.3
`Application Mix
`Broadcast and On-Demand Video Applications
`Conclusions
`References
`
`9.7
`9.8
`9.9
`9.10
`
`10 Single and Multilink System Design
`
`10.1
`10.2
`
`10.3
`
`10.4
`
`10.2.8
`10.2.9
`
`Introduction
`Long-Range LOS Links over Mixed Paths
`10.2.1
`Path Profile Clearance Analysis
`10.2.1.1 Path Clearance Validation
`Reflection Point Analysis
`10.2.2
`Link Budget
`10.2.3
`Fade Margin
`10.2.4
`Link Availability (Reliability)
`10.2.5
`10.2.6 Multipath Fade Outage
`10.2.7
`Diversity Improvement in Flat Fading Links
`10.2.7.1 Space Diversity
`10.2.7.2 Polarization Diversity
`Dispersive (Frequency-Selective) Fade Margin
`Diversity Improvement for Dispersive
`(Frequency-Selective) Channels
`10.2.9.1 Frequency Diversity
`10.2.9.2 Angle Diversity
`10.2.10 Rain Fade Outage
`10.2.10.1 Link Availability with Crane Rain Fade Model
`10.2.10.2 Link Availability with the ITU-R Rain
`Fade Model
`10.2.11 Composite Link Availability
`10.2.12 Equipment Failures
`Short-Range LOS Links in Urban Environments
`10.3.1
`Building Path Profiles
`10.3.2
`Short-Range Fading
`10.3.3
`Short-Range Urban Rain Fading
`10.3.4
`Interference Diffraction Paths over Building Edges
`10.3.5
`Urban Link Availability
`10.3.6
`Free Space Optic (FSO) Link Design
`10.3.7
`‘Riser’ and FSO Backup Links
`NLOS Links in Urban and Residential Environments
`10.4.1
`Basic NLOS Path Loss
`10.4.2
`Antenna Gain in Scattering Environments
`10.4.3
`Location Variability
`10.4.4
`Time Variability (Narrowband Fading)
`
`349
`351
`353
`354
`355
`
`357
`
`357
`358
`359
`361
`361
`363
`368
`369
`369
`371
`371
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`
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`
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`380
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`385
`386
`387
`387
`389
`391
`392
`393
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 013
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`Time Dispersion and Arrival Angles
`10.4.5
`Channel Spatial Correlation
`10.4.6
`Link Adaptation
`10.5
`10.6 Multihop (Tandem) Link Systems
`10.6.1
`Passive Repeaters
`Consecutive Point Networks
`10.7
`10.8 Mesh Networks
`10.8.1
`NLOS Mesh Networks
`Conclusions
`10.9
`10.10 References
`
`11 Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) Network Design
`
`11.1
`11.2
`
`11.3
`
`11.4
`
`11.5
`
`Introduction
`LOS Network Design
`11.2.1
`Hub Site Selection
`11.2.1.1 Visibility/Shadowing Analysis
`11.2.1.2 Algorithms for Efficient Multiple Hub
`Site Selections
`11.2.1.3 Hub Traffic/Revenue Potential Assessment
`Hub Sector Configuration
`11.2.2
`CPE Best Server Hub Sector Assignments
`11.2.3
`Signal Distribution from a Rooftop
`11.2.4
`LOS Network Performance Analysis
`11.3.1
`Interference Analysis
`11.3.1.1 Reduced Cross-Polarization
`Discrimination During Rain Fades
`11.3.1.2 Correlated Rain Fades
`11.3.1.3 Uplink Interference Calculations
`11.3.1.4 Impact of Automatic Power Control (APC)
`11.3.1.5 Coupled Links
`Estimating Hub Sector Capacity Requirements
`11.3.2
`LOS Network Performance Statistics
`11.3.3
`NLOS Network Design
`11.4.1
`NLOS Hub Site Selection
`11.4.1.1 Coverage/Service Area Calculations
`11.4.1.2 Automatic Algorithms for Hub Site Selections
`CPE Locations
`11.4.2
`NLOS Network Performance Analysis
`11.5.1
`Downlink Signals for Basic NLOS Interference Analysis
`11.5.1.1 Downlink Interference Analysis
`11.5.1.2 Uplink Interference Analysis
`Dynamic Monte Carlo Interference Simulation
`Estimating Hub Sector Capacity Requirements
`
`11.5.2
`11.5.3
`
`xiii
`
`393
`395
`396
`397
`398
`400
`401
`403
`404
`405
`
`407
`
`407
`409
`410
`410
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`413
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`416
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`431
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`436
`438
`439
`442
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 014
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`CONTENTS
`
`NLOS Network Performance Statistics
`11.5.4
`11.5.5 W-CDMA Interference and Capacity
`Network Design Revisions
`11.6.1
`PMP Network Coverage Deficiencies
`11.6.2
`High Frame Error Rates
`11.6.3
`High Packet Delay Times
`Conclusion
`References
`
`11.6
`
`11.7
`11.8
`
`12 Channel Assignment Strategies
`
`443
`444
`444
`445
`445
`445
`446
`447
`
`449
`
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`451
`451
`454
`455
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`455
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`474
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`476
`477
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`478
`478
`479
`479
`480
`482
`
`12.1
`12.2
`12.3
`
`12.4
`
`12.5
`
`12.6
`
`Introduction
`Frequency, Time Slot, and Code Planning
`Fixed Assignments for Point-to-Point LOS Networks
`12.3.1 Multiple Interferers on a Channel
`12.3.2
`Impact of Automatic Power Control (APC)
`Fixed Assignments for LOS PMP Networks
`12.4.1
`LOS Networks
`12.4.2
`Conventional Cluster Frequency Planning
`12.4.3
`Impact of Adaptive Antennas in Fixed LOS Networks
`12.4.4
`Demand-Based Fixed LOS Assignments
`12.4.5
`Number of CPEs Supported in Fixed LOS Networks
`Fixed Assignments for NLOS PMP Networks
`12.5.1
`Target S/I Ratio
`12.5.2
`Frequency Reuse Distance
`12.5.3
`Cell Layout and Channel Assignment Patterns
`Optimizing Channel Assignments in NLOS Networks
`12.6.1
`Steepest Descent Method
`12.6.2
`Simulated Annealing Method (SA)
`12.6.3
`Genetic or Evolutionary Algorithm Method
`12.6.4
`Channel Assignments in W-CDMA Systems
`NLOS Network Capacity
`Dynamic Frequency Channel Assignments
`12.8.1
`Centralized DCA
`12.8.2
`Decentralized DCA
`12.8.3
`Channel Segregation
`12.8.4
`Dynamic Packet Assignment
`12.8.5
`DCA for UTRA-TDD Networks
`Other Capacity Enhancement Techniques
`12.9.1
`Adaptive Antennas
`12.9.2
`Joint Detection
`12.9.3
`Link Adaptation
`12.10 Spectrum Vectors, Occupancy, and Utilization
`12.10.1 Spectrum Vectors
`12.10.2 Spectrum Occupancy
`
`12.7
`12.8
`
`12.9
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 015
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`12.10.3 Communication Value
`12.10.4 Spectrum Utilization
`12.10.5 Spectrum Capacity
`12.11 Conclusions
`12.12 References
`
`Appendix A. Atmospheric and Rain Data
`
`Appendix B. PDF of a Signal with Interference and Noise
`B.1
`Introduction
`B.2
`References
`
`Index
`
`xv
`
`482
`483
`484
`484
`485
`
`487
`
`497
`497
`500
`
`501
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 016
`
`

`

`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 017
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 017
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`The growing demand for high-speed data connections to serve a variety of business and
`personal uses has driven an explosive growth in telecommunications technologies of all
`sorts including optical fiber, coaxial cable, twisted-pair telephone cables, and wireless.
`Nations have recognized that telecommunications infrastructure is as significant as roads,
`water systems, and electrical distribution in supporting economic growth. In developing
`countries it is not particularly unusual to see cell phone service in a town or village that
`does not yet have a water or sewer system. In the United States, recent government initiatives
`have recognized the importance of broadband telecommunications to economic growth.
`This book focuses on fixed broadband wireless communications – a particular sector
`of the communication industry that holds great promise for delivering high-speed data
`to homes and businesses in a flexible and efficient way. The concept of ‘broadband’
`communications is a relative one. Compared to the 1200-baud modems commonly used
`20 years ago, today’s dial-up phone connections with 56-kbps modems are ‘broadband’.
`The demands and ambitions of the communication applications and their users have
`expanded, and will continue to expand, on what is meant by ‘broadband’. The term
`is evolving, as is the technology that is classified as broadband. Nevertheless, for the
`purposes of this book I will use the somewhat arbitrary definition that broadband wireless
`systems are those designed for, and capable of handling baseband information data rates of
`1 Mbps or higher, knowing that future developments may well move this threshold to 5 or
`10 Mbps and beyond. The term ‘broadband’ also has an engineering significance that will
`be discussed in some detail in this book. Broadband wireless channels, as distinguished
`from narrowband channels, are those whose transfer characteristics must be dealt with
`in a particular way, depending on the information transmission speed and the physical
`characteristics of the environment where the service is deployed.
`The term ‘fixed’ has also become somewhat nebulous with the technological developments
`of the past few years. Whereas fixed and mobile were previously well-understood differentia-
`tors for system types, we now have intermediate types of network terminals including fixed,
`portable, nomadic, and mobile, among others. Recent system standards such as those for 3G
`UMTS W-CDMA define different service levels and data rates depending on whether the user
`is in a fixed location, walking, or moving at high speed. This trend portends a convergence
`of fixed and mobile system types whose operation and availability are largely transparent to
`the application users. As will be shown, whether the system user is at a fixed location or in
`motion affects several decisions about the system design, the most appropriate technology,
`and the quality and performance that can be expected from a wireless application.
`Although there have been a few books recently written on broadband, and specifi-
`cally wireless broadband, in general they have been intended for non-technical audiences.
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 018
`
`

`

`xviii
`
`PREFACE
`
`This book is intended for engineers who are faced with designing and deploying fixed
`broadband wireless systems, and who must also have sufficient understanding of the
`theory and principles on which the designs are based to formulate creative solutions to
`special engineering problems that they will eventually face. Along with generally accepted
`design assumptions and simplifications, the underlying theory and requisite mathematics
`are included where necessary to provide this foundation knowledge.
`In addition to design engineers who deal with fixed broadband wireless systems on a
`daily basis, this book is also well suited to graduate and post-graduate level courses that are
`focused on wireless communications engineering. Wireless communication system design
`and planning is an increasingly important area that warrants serious academic treatment.
`This book also covers some areas that have not classically fallen in the domain of wire-
`less RF engineers; in particular, traffic modeling, environment databases, and mapping.
`Wireless system design is driven by the commercial requirements of the system operators
`who ultimately build viable businesses by successfully serving the traffic demands of the
`customers in their service areas. Detailed statistical modeling of packet-based traffic for
`a variety of applications (e-mail, web-browsing, voice, video streaming) is an essential
`consideration in fixed broadband system design if the operator’s capacity and quality of
`service objectives are to be achieved.
`The chapters in this book are organized with the fundamentals of electromagnetic
`propagation, channel and fading models, antenna systems, modulation, equalizers and
`coding treated first since they are the building blocks on which all wireless system
`designs are based. Chapters on multiple access methods and traffic modeling follow.
`The remaining chapters set forth the specific details of many types of line-of-sight (LOS)
`and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) systems, including elemental point-to-point links as well as
`point-to-multipoint, consecutive point, and mesh networks. Because of their importance,
`a separate chapter is devoted to designing both LOS and NLOS point-to-multipoint net-
`works. The final chapter deals with the important subject of channel assignment strategies
`where the capacity and service quality of the wireless network is ultimately established.
`Fixed wireless design relies on a number of published sources for data and algorithms.
`For convenience, the essential data, such as rain rate tables and maps, is included in
`the Appendices. In general, the referenced publications chosen throughout are currently
`available books or journal papers which are readily accessible in academic libraries or
`on-line. For the most recent or unique work, technical conference papers are also utilized.
`A book of this type is clearly not a solo effort. I would like to thank several people
`who offered valuable comments, including Tim Wilkinson for reviewing Chapters 7 and
`8, George Tsoulos for reviewing Chapter 6, and Jody Kirtner for reviewing Chapter 5,
`and for her efforts in proofreading the entire manuscript. Creating and refining a technical
`work such as this book is an evolutionary process where comments, suggestions, and
`corrections from those using it are most welcome and encouraged. I hope and anticipate
`that this book will prove to be a worthwhile addition to the engineering libraries of those
`who design, deploy, and manage fixed broadband wireless systems.
`
`Harry R. Anderson
`Eugene, Oregon, USA
`January, 2003.
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 019
`
`

`

`Fixed broadband wireless systems
`
`1
`
`1.1 INTRODUCTION
`
`The theoretical origin of communications between two points using electromagnetic (EM)
`waves propagating through space can be traced to James Maxwell’s treatise on electro-
`magnetism, published in 1873, and later to the experimental laboratory work of Heinrich
`Hertz, who in 1888 produced the first radio wave communication. Following Hertz’s
`developments at the end of the nineteenth century, several researchers in various coun-
`tries were experimenting with controlled excitation and propagation of such waves. The
`first transmitters were of the ‘spark-gap’ type. A spark-gap transmitter essentially worked
`by producing a large energy impulse into a resonant antenna by way of a voltage spark
`across a gap. The resulting wave at the resonant frequency of the antenna would prop-
`agate in all directions with the intention that a corresponding signal current would be
`induced in the antenna apparatus of the desired receiving stations for detection there.
`Early researchers include Marconi, who while working in England in 1896 demonstrated
`communication across 16 km using a spark-gap transmitter, and Reginald Fassenden, who
`while working in the United States achieved the first modulated continuous wave trans-
`mission. The invention of the ‘audion’ by Lee DeForest in 1906 led to the development
`of the more robust and reliable vacuum tube. Vacuum tubes made possible the creation of
`powerful and efficient carrier wave oscillators that could be modulated to transmit with
`voice and music over wide areas. In the 1910s, transmitters and receivers using vacuum
`tubes ultimately replaced spark and arc transmitters that were difficult to modulate. Mod-
`ulated carrier wave transmissions opened the door to the vast frequency-partitioned EM
`spectrum that is used today for wireless communications.
`Radio communications differed from the predominate means of electrical communica-
`tion, which at the time was the telegraph and fledgling telephone services. Because the
`new radio communications did not require a wire connection from the transmitter to the
`receiver as the telegraph and telephone services did, they were initially called wireless
`communications, a term that would continue in use in various parts of the world for several
`
`Fixed Broadband Wireless System Design Harry R. Anderson
`© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84438-8
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 020
`
`

`

`2
`
`FIXED BROADBAND WIRELESS SYSTEMS
`
`decades. The universal use of the term wireless rather than radio has now seen a marked
`resurgence to describe a wide variety of services in which communication technology
`using EM energy propagating through space is replacing traditional wired technologies.
`
`1.2 EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS SYSTEMS
`
`As the demand for new and different communication services increased, more radio spec-
`trum space at higher frequencies was required. New services in the Very High Frequency
`(VHF) (30–300 MHz), Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (300–3,000 MHz), and Super High
`Frequency (SHF) (3–30 GHz) bands emerged. Table 1.1 shows the common international
`naming conventions for frequency bands. Propagation at these higher frequencies is dom-
`inated by different mechanisms as compared to propagation at lower frequencies. At low
`frequency (LF) and Mediumwave Frequency (MF), reliable communication is achieved
`via EM waves propagating along the earth–atmosphere boundary – the so-called ground-
`waves. At VHF and higher frequencies, groundwaves emanating from the transmitter still
`exist, of course, but their attenuation is so rapid that communication at useful distances
`is not possible. The dominant propagation mechanism at these frequencies is by space
`waves, or waves propagating through the atmosphere. One of the challenges to designing
`successful and reliable communication systems is accurately modeling this space-wave
`propagation and its effects on the performance of the system.
`The systems that were developed through the twentieth century were designed to serve
`a variety of commercial and military uses. Wireless communication to ships at sea was
`one of the first applications as there was no other ‘wired’ way to accomplish this important
`task. World War I also saw the increasing use of the wireless for military communication.
`The 1920s saw wireless communications used for the general public with the estab-
`lishment of the first licensed mediumwave broadcast station KDKA in East Pittsburgh,
`Pennsylvania, in the United States using amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. The
`1920s also saw the first use of land-based mobile communications by the police and fire
`departments where the urgent dispatch of personnel was required.
`From that point the growth in commercial wireless communication was relentless.
`Mediumwave AM broadcasting was supplemented (and now largely supplanted) by
`
`Table 1.1 Wireless frequency bands
`
`Frequency band
`
`Frequency range
`
`Wavelength range
`
`Extremely low frequency (ELF)
`Very low frequency (VLF)
`Low frequency (LF)
`Mediumwave frequency (MF)
`High frequency (HF)
`Very high frequency (VHF)
`Ultra high frequency (UHF)
`Super high frequency (SHF)
`Extra high frequency (EHF)
`
`<3 kHz
`3–30 kHz
`30–300 kHz
`300–3,000 kHz
`3–30 MHz
`30–300 MHz
`300–3,000 MHz
`3–30 GHz
`30–300 GHz
`
`>100, 000 m
`100,000–10,000 m
`10,000–1,000 m
`1,000–100 m
`100–10 m
`10–1.0 m
`1.0–0.1 m
`10–1.0 cm
`1.0–0.1 cm
`
`Ford Motor Co.
`Exhibit 1015
`Page 021
`
`

`

`EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS SYSTEMS
`
`3
`
`frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting in the VHF band (88–108 MHz). Television
`appeared on the scene in demonstration form at the 1936 World Fair in New York and
`began widespread commercial deployment after World War II. Satellite communication
`began with the launch of the first Russian and American satellites in the late 1950s,
`ultimately followed by the extensive deployment of geostationary Earth orbit satellites that
`provide worldwide relay of wireless communications including voice, video, and data.
`Perhaps the most apparent and ubiquitous form of wireless communication today are
`cellular telephones, which in the year 2002 are used by an estimated one billion people
`worldwide. The cellular phone concept was invented at Bell Labs in the United States in
`the late 1960s, with the first deployments of cell s