(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:1)
`(cid:27)(cid:32)(cid:1)(cid:38)(cid:26)(cid:23)(cid:1)(cid:39)(cid:32)(cid:27)(cid:38)(cid:23)(cid:22)(cid:1)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:19)(cid:38)(cid:23)(cid:37)(cid:1)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:33)(cid:39)(cid:36)(cid:38)(cid:1)
`(cid:24)(cid:33)(cid:36)(cid:1)(cid:38)(cid:26)(cid:23)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:32)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:19)(cid:30)(cid:1)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:38)(cid:1)(cid:33)(cid:24)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:30)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:33)(cid:36)(cid:32)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:1)
`(cid:41)(cid:23)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:23)(cid:36)(cid:32)(cid:1)(cid:22)(cid:27)(cid:40)(cid:27)(cid:37)(cid:27)(cid:33)(cid:32)(cid:1)
`(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:1)
`(cid:25)(cid:33)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:1)(cid:37)(cid:38)(cid:36)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:31)(cid:27)(cid:32)(cid:25)(cid:4)(cid:1)(cid:30)(cid:30)(cid:21)(cid:1)
`(cid:34)(cid:57)(cid:46)(cid:54)(cid:59)(cid:64)(cid:54)(cid:51)(cid:51)(cid:4)(cid:1)(cid:1)
`(cid:66)(cid:6)(cid:1)
`(cid:32)(cid:23)(cid:38)(cid:24)(cid:30)(cid:27)(cid:42)(cid:4)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:32)(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:1)
`(cid:22)(cid:50)(cid:51)(cid:50)(cid:59)(cid:49)(cid:46)(cid:59)(cid:64)(cid:6)(cid:1)
`(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:1)
`(cid:21)(cid:46)(cid:63)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:32)(cid:60)(cid:6)(cid:1)(cid:9)(cid:17)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:48)(cid:66)(cid:5)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:12)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:5)(cid:36)(cid:25)(cid:29)(cid:5)(cid:37)(cid:26)(cid:29)(cid:1)
`(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:1)
`(cid:17)(cid:27)(cid:29)(cid:29)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:31)(cid:19)(cid:18)(cid:1)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:15)(cid:31)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:1)(cid:18)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:24)(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:26)(cid:1)(cid:33)(cid:23)(cid:25)(cid:25)(cid:15)(cid:30)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:29)(cid:1)
`
`(cid:29)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:26)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:23)(cid:26)(cid:33)(cid:15)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:18)(cid:23)(cid:31)(cid:34)(cid:1)(cid:27)(cid:20)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:32)(cid:3)(cid:30)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:28)(cid:15)(cid:31)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:30)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:2)(cid:11)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:1)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:1)
`(cid:15)(cid:26)(cid:18)(cid:1)(cid:12)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:12)(cid:10)(cid:9)(cid:1)
`(cid:24)(cid:37)(cid:36)(cid:35)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:1)
`
`(cid:27)(cid:1)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:57)(cid:46)(cid:62)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:65)(cid:59)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:62)(cid:1)(cid:61)(cid:50)(cid:59)(cid:46)(cid:57)(cid:64)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:60)(cid:51)(cid:1)(cid:61)(cid:50)(cid:62)(cid:55)(cid:65)(cid:62)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:65)(cid:59)(cid:49)(cid:50)(cid:62)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:57)(cid:46)(cid:67)(cid:63)(cid:1)(cid:60)(cid:51)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:39)(cid:59)(cid:54)(cid:64)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:1)(cid:37)(cid:64)(cid:46)(cid:64)(cid:50)(cid:63)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:53)(cid:46)(cid:64)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:60)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:63)(cid:64)(cid:1)
`
`(cid:60)(cid:51)(cid:1)(cid:58)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:59)(cid:60)(cid:67)(cid:57)(cid:50)(cid:49)(cid:52)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:47)(cid:50)(cid:57)(cid:60)(cid:67)(cid:1)(cid:54)(cid:63)(cid:1)(cid:64)(cid:62)(cid:65)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:59)(cid:49)(cid:1)(cid:48)(cid:60)(cid:62)(cid:62)(cid:50)(cid:48)(cid:64)(cid:6)(cid:1)
`
`(cid:22)(cid:46)(cid:64)(cid:50)(cid:17)(cid:1)(cid:28)(cid:65)(cid:59)(cid:50)(cid:1)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:4)(cid:1)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:1)
`
`(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)
`(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:45)(cid:1)
`
`(cid:28)(cid:60)(cid:53)(cid:59)(cid:1)(cid:40)(cid:54)(cid:57)(cid:57)(cid:46)(cid:63)(cid:50)(cid:59)(cid:60)(cid:62)(cid:4)(cid:1)(cid:34)(cid:53)(cid:6)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:1)
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`VIII. OPINIONS REGARDING CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`A.
`Summary of Opinions
`123.
`In this section, I give my opinions regarding the view of a POSITA as
`
`to the meaning of certain terms in the Asserted Claims of the ’865, ’245, and ’715
`
`patents. I am informed that the Parties have proposed certain claim terms from the
`
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`Asserted Claims be construed. I have also been informed of certain agreed-upon terms
`
`which appear in the Asserted Claims, and their corresponding agreed constructions,
`
`which are listed in the table below:
`
`
`
`Claim Term
`
`Agreed Upon Construction4
`
`plain and ordinary meaning; no
`construction necessary
`
`plain and ordinary meaning; no
`construction necessary
`
`plain and ordinary meaning; no
`construction necessary
`
`plain and ordinary meaning; no
`construction necessary
`
`“content items”
`(’865 patent claim 1)
`
`“page description”
`(’865 patent claims 1, 4)
`
`“compiled content”
`(’245 patent claims 1, 2,
`4, 5, 12, 13, 15, 16)
`(’715 patent claims 1, 3,
`4, 12)
`
`“rendering
`[capability/capabilities] of
`said wireless device”
`(’865 patent claims 1, 12)
`(’245 patent claims 5, 16)
`(’715 patent claims 4, 12)
`
`124.
`
`I also have been informed of the disputed terms which appear in the
`
`Asserted Claims, and their corresponding proposed constructions by the parties, which
`
`
`4 I am informed that on June 12, 2023 the parties agreed on the construction of these
`
`terms.
`
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`are listed in the table below:
`
`
`
`Claim Term Claim Term
`
`
`
`Defendant’s Proposed Defendant’s Proposed p
`
`Construction5 Construction5
`
`Plaintiff’s Proposed
`Construction
`
`Not indefinite
`Alternatively, “discrete
`rendering command that
`is tailored based on
`wireless device
`capability”
`
`“a description for
`rendering a page
`component, such as the
`width or the height of the
`component”
`
`
`“discrete low level “discrete low level
`
`rendering command” rendering command”
`
`(’865 patent claims 1, 4) (’865 patent claims 1, 4)
`
`
`
`Indefinite Indefinite
`
`
`
`“instruction[s] to “instruction[s] to[ ]
`
`generate graphics on a generate graphics on a
`
`display” isplay”
`
`gd
`
`
`
`“render[ing] “render[ing][ g]
`
`command[s]”6 command[s]””6
`
`(’865 patent claims 1, 4, (’865 patent claims 1, 4,
`
`16) 6)
`
`(’245 patent claims 1) (’245 patent claims 1)
`
`(’715 patent claims 1) (’715 patent claims 1)
`
`(1
`
`
`5 I am informed that Netflix adopted claim constructions for “render[ing]
`
`command[s],” “custom configuration,” and “rendering blocks” on June 9, 2023, that
`
`it had proposed as compromise constructions to Plaintiff on June 8, 2023. The
`
`analysis and conclusions that I have reached regarding prior art invalidity apply
`
`Netflix’s current proposals for those three terms. I have considered Netflix’s former
`
`constructions for “render[ing] command[s],” “custom configuration,” and
`
`“rendering blocks,” and the opinions that I offer herein would apply equally under
`
`the former constructions.
`
`6 Plaintiff has construed only the term “command.”
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`HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL – ATTORNEY EYES ONLY
`
`“custom configuration”
`“custom configuration”
`(’865 patent claims 1, 10)
`(’865 patent claims 1, 10)
`(’245 patent claim 1)
`(’245 patent claim 1)
`(’715 patent claim 1)
`(’715 patent claim 1)
`
`“instructions that
`“instructions that
`determine the look and
`determine the look and
`feel of the application”
`feel of the application”
`
`
`“wireless device generic “wireless device generic
`
`template” template”
`(’865 patent claim 1)
`(’865 patent claim 1)
`
`
`“a screen description inp
`“a screen description in
`a high level language”
`a high level language”
`
`
`“rendering blocks” “rendering blocks”
`(’865 patent claims 4, 10)
`(’865 patent claims 4, 10)
`(’245 patent claim 1)
`(’245 patent claim 1)
`(’715 patent claims 1)
`(’715 patent claims 1)
`
`“graphical user interface
`
`“graphical user interfaceg p
`items that display
`
`items that display p y
`application content to a
`
`application content to a pp
`user and enable a user to
`user and enable a user to
`interact with an
`interact with an
`application”
`application”
`
`Not indefinite
`“a configuration that
`determines certain
`graphical appearances, or
`the look and feel, of the
`application”
`
`Plain and ordinary
`meaning
`Alternatively, “a template
`for a wireless device that
`is independent of a
`capability of the device”
`
`“blocks that perform
`discrete rendering
`operations”
`
`125.
`
`I have applied the constructions in the table above in forming my
`
`opinions in Section X below.
`
`126.
`
`For claim terms that were not proposed to be construed by the Parties,
`
`or agreed upon by the parties, I have applied those terms by giving them the ordinary
`
`meaning they would have to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the priority date in
`
`light of the specification and the file history of the ’865, ’715, and ’245 patents,
`
`respectively. To the extent that the Court may later supply any constructions or orders
`
`that affect the meaning of the claims I have considered, I respectfully reserve the right
`
`to augment my opinions as appropriate, and/or to submit a supplemental report
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`
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`addressing the constructions.
`
`B. Disputed Terms
`i.
`“discrete low level rendering command”
`
`Claim Term
`
`Defendant’s Proposed
`Construction
`
`Plaintiff’s Proposed
`Construction
`
`“discrete low level
`rendering command”
`(’865 patent claims 1, 4)
`
`Indefinite
`
`Not indefinite
`Alternatively, “discrete
`rendering command that
`is tailored based on
`wireless device
`capability”
`
`127. A POSITA would not have had reasonable certainty about the scope of
`
`this claim because a POSITA would not know what constitutes a “low level” rendering
`
`command, much less what constitutes a “discrete” low level rendering command.
`
`Asserted claim 1 of the ’865 patent is independent, which I have excerpted and
`
`emphasized below:
`
`1. A server implemented method for processing data for a wireless
`device, comprising:
`. . .
`generating a page description based on said wireless device generic
`template and a capability of the wireless device, said page
`description having at least one discrete low level rendering
`command that is within said rendering capability of said wireless
`device but that is of a syntax that is wireless device generic; . . . .
`128. Outside of the claims, the specification provides a total of six instances
`
`of “discrete low level” when referring to a “command” of any kind: two instances of
`
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`“discrete low level rendering command” (’865 patent, Abstract, 13:22-25); one
`
`instance of “discrete low level commands” (19:63-64); and three instances of “discrete
`
`low level basic command” (id., FIG. 7, 13:34-37, 20:1-2). In none of these instances
`
`does the specification explain what differentiates a “discrete” low level rendering
`
`command from a non-discrete low level rendering command, or what differentiates a
`
`discrete “low level” rendering command from a command at any other “level.”
`
`Furthermore, it is not clear if “discrete” is modifying “render command” or if it is
`
`modifying “low level.”
`
`129.
`
`In my opinion, a POSITA would have understood “discrete” to modify
`
`a noun to mean distinct or separate. However, in my opinion, all commands are
`
`separate, so a POSITA would not have understood what an indistinct or combined
`
`command is. Consequently, a POSITA would not have been able to ascertain what is
`
`not covered by the term.
`
`130.
`
`Putting “discrete” aside, “low level rendering command” is not a term
`
`of art, and the intrinsic record is silent on what differentiates a rendering command to
`
`be “low level.” The specification does not disclose, explain, or even give examples
`
`describing a spectrum of levels of rendering commands, e.g., from low to high. For
`
`example, a POSITA would not have been able to ascertain whether commands in
`
`XML (Extensible Markup Language), HTML (Hypertext Markup Language),
`
`OpenGL, or any other language contained high or low level rendering commands or
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`where on the spectrum those languages and commands are. Nor does the intrinsic
`
`record disclose how to ascertain the relative relationship between different rendering
`
`commands to determine if one is higher level or lower level than another.
`
`131. The specification does disclose that XML is “a high level language”
`
`(Id., 3:38-42), but no other languages are discussed. The specification does not,
`
`however, explain if a command, or tag, in XML is a high-level command, a low-level
`
`command, or something in between. The specification provides no defined hierarchy
`
`to determine what is low-level and even where low-level begins or ends.
`
`132. The specification explains that with respect to page description, “[l]ow
`
`level rendering commands include physical screen positions of display elements” (id.,
`
`Abstract), that “low level basic commands . . . layout content, position, etc.” (id., 2:47-
`
`50), that “discrete low level rendering commands [are] tailored based on the rendering
`
`capability of the client” (id., 13:22-25), and that “discrete low level commands [are]
`
`operable to render content on the wireless device” (id., 19:63-64). The specification
`
`further states that “low level instructions”7 can preprogram “rendering blocks to
`
`operate and look a certain way.” Id., 2:58-60. All of these statements disclose the
`
`function of the “low level rendering command,” but nowhere does the specification
`
`disclose what “low level” means or how low must one go to be a “low level”
`
`
`7 As I explain below, in my opinion, a “command” is an “instruction.”
`
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`command.
`
`133.
`
`In my opinion, because a POSITA could not ascertain with reasonable
`
`certainty the boundaries of what constitutes “low level” with respect to a rendering
`
`command, a POSITA would have been unable to ascertain the scope of the claim.
`
`Indeed, all commands could be “low level” but also all commands could be at a level
`
`higher than “low level.”
`
`134. The specification also discloses that “precompiled basic commands are
`
`discrete low level rendering commands tailored based on the rendering capability of
`
`the client” (id., 13:22-25) and that “[e]ach basic command may describe a given
`
`component on the page of the requested application to be rendered and includes a
`
`rendering block to be used” (id., 15:58-62). Furthermore, a basic command “may be
`
`a description for rendering an image” or “may be the description for rendering a video
`
`clip.” Id., 15:62-64. This disclosure does nothing to elucidate the meaning of “low
`
`level”; rather it attempts to explain what a basic command does.
`
`135.
`
`I am informed that Plaintiff proposes to construe “discrete low level
`
`rendering command” as “discrete rendering command that is tailored based on
`
`wireless device capability.” I disagree. Plaintiff appears to only propose a
`
`construction for “low level” because “discrete rendering command” remains in its
`
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`proposed construction.8 Plaintiff proposes that “low level” means “tailored based on
`
`wireless device capability.” In my opinion, whether a command is “tailored” to a
`
`specific device is irrelevant to where in a hierarchy of command levels the specific
`
`command sits. For example, a device may be able to execute only certain OpenGL
`
`commands and HTML commands. Thus, either would be “tailored” to the device, but
`
`a POSITA would not have been able to ascertain with reasonable certainty whether a
`
`particular OpenGL or HTML command was lower level than another OpenGL or
`
`HTML command, or even if one, both, or neither was sufficiently “low level” to be a
`
`“discrete low level rendering command.”
`
`136.
`
`I am also informed that Plaintiff points to dictionary definitions for
`
`“discrete” from online dictionaries that were not available at the time of the patents.
`
`For example, Plaintiff provided online citations from Merriam Webster and the
`
`American Heritage Dictionary definitions websites. These definitions do nothing to
`
`define the scope of “low level,” and are not contemporaneous to the time of the
`
`claimed invention.
`
`137.
`
`Furthermore, combining Plaintiff’s proposed constructions
`
`for
`
`“discrete low level rendering command” and “command” yields a circular and
`
`
`8 I note that, to a POSITA, such a circular definition defining the term using the term
`
`would be unhelpful.
`
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`disjointed construction of “discrete rendering description for rendering a page
`
`component, such as the width or the height of the component that is tailored based on
`
`wireless device capability.” The scope of “discrete rendering description for
`
`rendering a page component” is wholly unascertainable. A “rendering description for
`
`rendering” is nonsensical.
`
`138. Accordingly, in my opinion, a POSITA would not be able to reasonably
`
`ascertain the meaning of “discrete low level rendering command” in the context of
`
`claim 1.
`
`139. Asserted claim 4 also would not have informed a POSITA as to the
`
`scope of claim 1 with respect to “discrete low level rendering command.” Claim 4
`
`recites “The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one discrete low level rendering
`
`command of said page description is operable to be executed by a plurality of
`
`rendering blocks of a graphical user interface of the wireless device.” For a POSITA,
`
`whether or not a command can be executed by a plurality of rendering blocks does not
`
`provide the bounds of what constitutes “low level.”
`
`ii.
`
`“render[ing] command[s]”
`
`Claim Term
`
`Defendant’s Proposed
`Construction
`
`Plaintiff’s Proposed
`Construction9
`
`
`9 See Footnote 6.
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`“render[ing]
`command[s]”
`(’865 patent claims 1, 4)
`(’245 patent claim 1)
`(’715 patent claim 1)
`
`“instruction[s] to
`generate graphics on a
`display”
`
`
`
`“a description for
`rendering a page
`component, such as the
`width or the height of the
`component”
`
`140. The term (either “rendering command” or “render commands”) is used
`
`in claims 1 and 14 of the ’865 patent; claim 1 of the ’245 patent; and claim 1 of the
`
`’715 patent.10 A POSITA would have understood that “render[ing] command[s],” as
`
`recited in the claims, means “instruction[s] to generate graphics on a display.”
`
`141. The term appears in four limitations, including in asserted claim 1 of
`
`each of the Asserted Patents, which I have excerpted below:
`
` 1. A server implemented method for processing data for a wireless
`device, comprising:
`. . .
`generating a page description based on said wireless device generic
`template and a capability of the wireless device, said page
`description having at least one discrete low level rendering
`command that is within said rendering capability of said wireless
`device but that is of a syntax that is wireless device generic;. . . .
`(’865 patent, claim 1)
`1. A server implemented method for processing data for a wireless
`device, comprising:
`
`
`10 The term “render command” is used only in the abstracts of the ’245 and ’715
`
`patents.
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`. . .
`receiving compiled content generated in part from execution of said
`application wherein said compiled content comprises render
`commands expressed in a syntax that is generic to said wireless
`device;. . . .
`(’245 patent, claim 1)
`1. A method of generating content that is renderable by a wireless
`device, said method comprising:
`. . .
`transmitting, to said wireless device, compiled content comprising
`(i) first compiled content specific to a first page of said application
`and (ii) second compiled content specific to a second page of said
`application, wherein said compiled content is generated in part from
`execution of said application, wherein said compiled content
`comprises render commands expressed in a syntax that is generic
`to said wireless device, and wherein said custom configuration is
`applicable to said first and second compiled content, . . . .
`(’715 patent, claim 1)
`142.
`In my opinion, a POSITA would have understood “command” to mean
`
`“instruction” because, as I explained above for “discrete low level rendering
`
`command,” the specification explains that “commands [are] operable to render
`
`
`
`content on the wireless device” (id., 19:63-64).11 In my opinion, a POSITA would In my opinion, a POSITA would
`
`
`
`have understood this statement to mean that a command causes a device to do have understood this statement to mean that a command causes a device to do
`
`something. In other words, a command “instructs” a device to perform an action, and
`something. In other words, a command “instructs” a device to perform an action, and
`
`
`11 For simplicity, I have only cited to the ’865 patent, since all three patents have the
`
`same disclosure.
`
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`defining the term command requires preserving the notion of compulsion.
`defining the term command requires preserving the notion of compulsion.
`
`Furthermore, technical dictionaries at the relevant time define “command” as an
`
`“instruction” or a word that “execute[s]” a program. See, e.g., NTFLX_GTS-
`
`00034490 (“[a] signal that initiates a predetermined type of computer operation that
`
`is defined by an instruction.”); NTFLX_GTS-00034486 (“2. A word or phrase that is
`
`recognised by a computer system and starts or terminates an action o an interrupt
`
`command o The command to execute the program is RUN.”) Indeed, claim 4 of the
`
`’865 patent makes clear that a command is “operable to be executed” to cause
`
`something to happen.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`143.
`
`In my opinion, a POSITA would have understood “render[ing]” to
`
`mean “generate graphics on a display.” For example, the specifications explain that
`
`“pages are generated for display on the wireless device.” ’865 patent, 16:62-63. The
`
`wireless device is described as having “a display 350, such as liquid crystal display
`
`(LCD), for displaying information.” Id., 15:28-30. Thus, a POSITA would have
`
`understood that to render is to “generate graphics on a display.”
`
`144.
`
`I am informed that Plaintiff proposes to construe “command” as “a
`
`description for rendering a page component, such as the width or the height of the
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`X.
`
`PRIOR ART INVALIDITY OPINIONS
`A.
`Summary of Opinions
`185. The chart below summarizes the asserted prior art grounds against each
`
`of the asserted patents.
`
`Claims
`Patent
`1, 4, 10 and 11
`’865 Patent
`
`1, 4, 10 and 11
`
`12 Subject to the claim constructions as discussed below
`
`Basis12
`§ 102, Anticipation
`§ 103, Obviousness
`
`References
`Astrology Zone
`Stirbu
`
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`’715 Patent
`
`
`
`
`’245 Patent
`
`
`
`
`
`1, 4, 10 and 11
`1, 4, 10 and 11
`1, 3, 4 and 12
`1, 3, 4 and 12
`1, 3, 4 and 12
`1, 3, 4 and 12
`1, 3, 4 and 12
`1, 4, 5 and 16
`1, 4, 5 and 16
`1, 4, 5 and 16
`1, 4, 5 and 16
`1, 4, 5 and 16
`
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 102, Anticipation
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 102, Anticipation
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`§ 103, Obviousness
`
`
`
`Stirbu and Volkov
`Stirbu and Harris
`Astrology Zone
`Stirbu
`Stirbu and Hariki
`Stirbu and Kloba
`Hariki and Harris
`Astrology Zone
`Stirbu
`Stirbu and Hariki
`Stirbu and Kloba
`Hariki and Harris
`
`186.
`
`In my opinion, all of the Asserted Claims of each Asserted Patent are
`
`invalid as being anticipated or obvious over the prior art.
`
`B.
`187.
`
`The Astrology Zone Application Anticipates the Asserted Claims
`I am informed that Plaintiff on June 12, 2023, produced evidence and
`
`supplemented its interrogatory response regarding invalidity, specifically addressing
`
`Astrology Zone. Because this supplement was made the day before this declaration
`
`is to be served, I have not been able to fully review and form opinions regarding the
`
`newly produced material. I reserve the right to submit a supplemental report directed
`
`to invalidity addressing the newly produced information on the Astrology Zone
`
`application. I further reserve the right to augment, modify, or supplement this
`
`declaration on any position or argument made by Plaintiff and/or its expert(s)
`
`concerning invalidity.
`
`188.
`
`In my opinion, the Astrology Zone application (“Astrology Zone”) as
`
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