“Frontmatter”
`Electrical Engineering Dictionary.
`Ed. Phillip A. Laplante
`Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
`
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`International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2170-0
`International Standard Series Number 1097-9568
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`© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
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`(MAT), Radon transform, separable image
`transform, sine transform, slope transform,
`top hat transform, transform, Walsh transform,
`wavelet transform.
`
`image understanding
`the interpretation
`by a computer of the contents of an image.
`The process seeks to emulate people’s abil-
`ity to intelligently extract information from
`or make conclusions about the scene in an
`image. Also called image interpretation.
`
`imaginary power
`
`See reactive power.
`
`imaging modalities
`the general phys-
`ical quantity that the pixels in an image
`represent;
`the type of energy an image
`processing system converts during image
`acquisition.
`The most common modal-
`ity is visible light, but other modali-
`ties include invisible light (infrared or x-
`ray), sound (ultrasound) and magnetism
`(nuclear magnetic resonance).
`See also
`computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy,
`image acquisition, magnetic resonance imaging
`(MRI), multispectral image, nuclear magnetic
`resonance, positron emission tomography
`(PET),
`synthetic aperture radar
`(SAR),
`tomography, ultrasound, X-ray image.
`
`IMC
`
`See internal model control.
`
`immediate addressing
`an addressing
`mode where the operand is specified in the
`instruction itself. The address field in the in-
`struction holds the data required for the op-
`eration.
`
`immediate operand
`a data item contained
`as a literal within an instruction.
`
`immersed flow a flow of electrons emitted
`from an electron gun exposed to the focusing
`magnetic fields.
`
`immittance
`a response function for which
`one variable is a voltage and the other a cur-
`rent. Immittance is a general term for both
`
`c(cid:2)2000 by CRC Press LLC
`
`impedance and admittance and is generally
`used where the distinction is irrelevant.
`
`immunity to a disturbance
`an equipment
`or systems capability to operate if an electro-
`magnetic disturbance occurs.
`
`impact excitation
`excitation of an atom
`or molecule resulting from collision by an-
`other particle such as an electron, proton, or
`neutron.
`
`IMPATT diode
`acronym for impact
`avalanche and transit time diode. Negative
`resistance device used at high frequencies
`used to generate microwave power. Typically
`used in microwave cavity oscillators.
`
`impedance
`(1) electrical property of a
`network that measures its ability to conduct
`electrical AC current for a given AC volt-
`age.
`Impedance is defined as the ratio of
`the AC voltage divided by the AC current
`at a given point in the network. In general,
`impedance has two parts: a real (resistive)
`part and an imaginary (inductive or capac-
`itive “reactive”) part. Unless the circuit is
`purely resistive (made up of resistors only),
`the value of impedance will change with fre-
`quency.
`(2) in an antenna, usually defined at the
`input to an antenna, the impedance is the ra-
`tio of the applied (or induced) voltage to the
`current flowing into (or out of) the antenna
`input. More generally, it is defined as the ra-
`tio of the electric field to the magnetic field.
`
`impedance inverter
`circuit whose input
`impedance, when terminated with a load, is
`inversely proportional to said load impedance
`— typically implemented with a quarter-
`wave transmission line.
`
`impedance matching
`one of the main de-
`sign activities in microwave circuit design.
`An impedance matching network is made up
`of a combination of lumped elements (re-
`sistors, capacitors, and inductors), or dis-
`tributed elements (transmission lines of vary-
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