DICTIONARY
`aA
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`@
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`SEVENTH EDITION
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`SR ee
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`MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
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`Rudolf F. Graf is an author whose name is well-known to engineers, technicians, and hobbyists
`around the world. He graduated as an electronics engineer from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
`and did his graduate work New York University, Mr. Graf has been active in the electronics
`industry for more thanfifty years in capacities ranging from design and consulting engineer, chief
`engineer, chief instructor at electronics and television schools, and consulting editor. He also
`held various sales and marketing positions. Mr. Graf is the author or co-author of more than 150
`technical articles published by major magazines. He has written about SO books onelectricity and
`electronics, with more than 2 million copies in print, including the best-selling Video Scrambling
`& Descrambling for Satellite & Cable TV, Second Edition and the Circuits series of books, both
`published by Newnes. A numberof his books have been translated into several European languages
`as well as Chinese, Japanese, and Russian.
`
`IPR2023-00697
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`IPR2023-00697
`Theta EX2009
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`

`MODERN
`DICTIONARY
`of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`Rudolf F. Graf
`
`Boston Oxford Auckland
`
`Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
`
`Newnes
`
`IPR2023-00697
`Theta EX2009
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`IPR2023-00697
`Theta EX2009
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`Newnesis an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`RQ A memberof the Reed Elsevier Group.
`
`All rights reserved.
`
`Nopart of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
`in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`@
`
`Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth-Heinemann
`prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
`
`OT ae AT Butterworth-Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global
`GLOBAL
`ReLeaf program in its campaign for the bettermentoftrees,
`Ree forests, and our environment.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`Moderndictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf. — 7th ed.,
`revised and updated.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics — Dictionaries. I. Title
`TK7804.G67
`1999
`621.381’03 —dc21
`
`99-17889
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this bookis available from the British Library.
`
`The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
`For information, please contact:
`Managerof Special Sales
`Butterworth-Heinemann
`225 Wildwood Avenue
`Woburn, MA 01801-2041
`Tel: 781-904-2500
`Fax: 781-904-2620
`
`For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact
`our World Wide Web homepageat: http://www.bh.com
`
`10987654321
`
`Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India
`Printed in the United States of America
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`immersion pyrometer — impedance bridge
`
`364
`
`constructed that the active region is very close to a good
`being plated by the substrate. Thickness of the platingis
`heat sink. For the same reason,
`the bias supply must
`limited to 10 to 50 microinches (0.254 to 1.27 um). 2. The
`be a constant-current type. 2. A device whose negative
`chemical deposition of a thin metallic coating over cer-
`resistance characteristic is produced by a combination of
`tain base metals by a partial displacement of the base
`metal.
`impact avalanche breakdown and charge-carrier transit-
`time effects. Avalanche breakdown occurs when the
`immersion pyrometer— An instrument for deter-
`mining molten-steel temperature and normally consisting
`electric field across the diode is high enoughforthe charge
`of a platinum-platinum rhodium bimetal
`thermocouple
`carriers (holes or electrons) to create electron-hole pairs.
`junction and a recording device for transposing the milli-
`With the diode mounted in an appropriate cavity, the field
`voltage into degrees of temperature.
`patterns and drift distance permit microwaveoscillations
`immittance — A term that denotes both impedance
`or amplification. 3. A semiconductor microwave diode
`and admittance. It is commonly applied to transmission
`that, when its junction is biased onto avalanche, exhibits a
`lines, networks, and certain kinds of measuring instru-
`negative resistance over a frequency range determined by
`ments.
`the transit time of charge carriers through the depletion
`IMOS — See ion-implanted MOS.
`region.
`impact excitation—The starting of damped oscil-
`lations by a sudden surge, such as by a spark discharge.
`impact modulator amplifier — A fluidic device in
`which the impact plane position of two opposed streams
`is controlled to alter the output.
`impact predictor — A device that can determine,in
`real time, the point on the earth’s surface whereaballistic
`missile will impact if thrust is instantaneously terminated.
`impact printer— 1. Any type of printer that gener-
`ates characters by using some form of stamping or inking
`through a ribbon by some sort of character slug, ele-
`ment, or hammer-needle. (Daisy-wheelprinters are impact
`printers.) 2. Any mechanical imprinting device that forms
`characters by striking characters against a ribbon onto
`paper. 3. A mechanical printer operating at relatively low
`speeds—from 150 lines per minute to 1800 lines per
`minute. Has multiple copy capability and normally is
`capable of producing an original plus three copies. Impact
`printers are identified as letter-quality, dot-matrix, and
`line-printing types. No longer in commonuse.
`
`ACTIVE
`
`REGION
`
`DISTANCE
`
`IMPATTdiode.
`
`
`
`
`
`ELECTRICFIELDINTENSITY
`
`PAPER
`
`RIBBON CONTAINED
`
`IN CASSETTE
`
`DUAL-COLUMN
`
`BIDIRECTIONAL
`
`PRINTING HEAD
`
`Impact printer (dot-matrix).
`
`impact printing — Printing that is produced by the
`impact of a key on an inked ribbon,
`transferring the
`impression of a character onto the paper located behind
`the ribbon.
`impact resistance — Resistance to fracture under
`shock force.
`IMPATT — Acronym for impact avalanche and transit
`time.
`IMPATT diode—JImpact avalanche and transmit
`time diode. 1. A pn-junction diode operated with heavy
`back bias so that avalanche breakdown occurs in the
`active region. To prevent burnout,
`the device is
`so
`
`IMPATT oscillator—An oscillator in which the
`active element is an IMPATT diode operating in a negative
`resistance mode. Dc to rf conversion efficiencies are
`normally less than 20 percent. Present devices operate
`above 5 GHz.
`impedance — 1. Thetotal opposition (i.e., resistance
`and reactance) a circuit offers to the flow of alternating
`current at a given frequency; the ratio of the potential
`difference across a circuit or element of a circuit to the
`current
`through the circuit or element. It
`is measured
`in ohms, and its reciprocal is called admittance. Sym-
`bol: Z. 2. The combination of resistance and reactance
`3. Combined opposition to current resulting from resis-
`tance, capacitance, and inductance. 4. The sinusoidal ter-
`minal voltage of a circuit divided by the current throughit.
`5. A speaker’s resistance to an alternating current, which
`varies with frequency. A speaker’s rated impedance is
`usually the value measured at 400 Hz. 6. The opposition
`to alternating current in a circuit, generally categorized as
`either high or low, and measured in ohms. 7. The total
`opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of alternating
`current or any other varying current at a particular fre-
`quency. It is a combination of resistance, R, and reactance,
`X, measured in ohms.
`impedance angle — Angle of the impedance vector
`with respect to the resistance vector. Represents the phase
`angle between voltage and current.
`impedanceat the intermediate frequency — In
`a mixer semiconductor diode, the impedance measured at
`the output terminals of a mixer circuit when the device is
`driven by a local oscillator under specified conditions.
`impedance bridge —A device for measuring the
`combined resistance and reactance of a component part
`of a circuit.
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`365
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`impedancecharacteristic — impulse excitation
`
`impedance characteristic—A graph of impe-
`heart muscle (myocardial electrodes) or the inner surface
`of the heart chamber (endocardiac electrodes).
`dance versus frequency of a circuit or component.
`implied AND -— Also called dot AND or wired AND.
`impedancecoil—Acoil whose inductive reactance
`A logic element in which the combined outputs are true
`is used to hinder the flow of alternating current in or
`betweencircuits.
`if and only if all outputs are true. (Sometimes improperly
`called dot OR or wired OR.)
`impedance compensator— |. An electric net-
`implied OR — Alsocalled wired OR. A logic element
`work used with a line or another network to give the
`impedance of the combination a certain characteristic over
`in which the combined outputs are true if one or more of
`a desired frequency range. 2. A circuit that ensures that a
`the outputs are true.
`transmission line is a proper electrical load for its com-
`implode — The inward bursting of a picture tube due
`municating devices. It is connected in parallel with the
`to its high vacuum.
`devices.
`import—To copy data created by one computer
`impedance coupling — A methodofcoupling using
`program orfile into another.
`an impedance as the coupling device commonto both the
`impregnant— |. A substance, usually a liquid, used
`primary and secondary circuits. This type of coupling is
`to saturate the paper dielectric of a capacitor and replace
`usually limited to audio systems, where high gain and
`the air betweenits fibers, thereby increasing the dielectric
`limited bandpass are required.
`strength and the dielectric constant of the capacitor. 2. A
`impedance drop — Thevector sum ofthe resistance
`substance intendedto replace the air as dielectric between
`drop and the reactance drop.
`(For
`transformers,
`the
`the electrodes of a capacitor.
`resistance drop,
`the reactance drop, and the impedance
`impregnate — |. To fill voids and air spaces (of a
`drop are,
`respectively.
`the sum of the primary and
`capacitor or transformer) with a material having good
`secondary drops reduced to the same terms. They are
`insulating properties commonly called an impregnant.
`usually expressed in percent of the secondary-terminal
`2. To fill
`the voids and interstices of a material with a
`voltage.)
`compound. This does not imply complete fill or complete
`impedance ground— Anearth connection made
`coating of the surfaces by a hole-free film.
`through an impedance of predetermined value usually
`impregnated coils —Coils that have been perme-
`chosen to limit the current of a short-circuit to ground.
`ated with an electric grade varnish or other protective
`impedanceirregularities — Breaksor abrupt chan-
`material to protect them from mechanized vibration, han-
`ges that occur in an impedance-frequency curve when
`dling, fungus, and moisture.
`unlike sections of a transmission line are joined together
`impregnating — Completefilling of even the small-
`or when there are irregularities on theline.
`est voids in a component or closely packed assemblyof
`impedance match—The condition in which the
`parts. Low-viscosity compounds,usually liquids, are used.
`impedance of a component or circuit
`is equal
`to the
`The process is frequently accomplished by a vacuum pro-
`internal impedance of the source or the surge impedance
`cess in which all air is removed before introducing the
`of a transmission line, thereby giving maximum transfer
`impregnating material. Typical examples of impregnating
`of energy from sources to load, minimum reflection, and
`are the filling of capacitors or transformer windings.
`minimum distortion.
`impregnation — 1. Theprocessof coating the insides
`impedance matching — |. The connection across a
`of coils and closely packed electronic assemblies by dip-
`source impedance of another impedance having the same
`ping them into a liquid and letting it solidify. 2. The
`magnitude and phaseangle. If the source is a transmission
`process of completely filling all
`interstices or a part or
`line,
`reflection is thereby avoided. 2. The process of
`assembly with a thin,liquid, electrically insulating mate-
`adjusting the impedances of a load and of its power
`rial. The process is best accomplished by first removingall
`source so that they are equal. This permits the greatest
`air (creating a vacuum), then introducing the impregnant,
`possible transfer of power. 3. Making the impedanceof a
`and finally applying atmospheric or elevated pressures to
`terminating device equal to the impedanceofthe circuit to
`completely force-fill the system.
`whichit is connected in order to achieve optimum signal
`transfer.
`impressed voltage—The voltage applied to a
`circuit or device.
`impedance-matching transformer—A_trans-
`improvement threshold — A characteristic of FM
`former used to match the impedanceof a source and load.
`radio receivers that determines the minimum rf signal
`impedance
`plethysmograph— An_ instrument
`used to detect
`the increased blood volume in the
`power required to overcome the inherent thermal noise.
`For increasing values of rf power above this point, an
`tissues of the body during a contraction of the heart.
`improvementof signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.
`See aiso elecirical-impedance cephalography;
`finger
`impulse —1. A pulse that begins and ends within
`plethysmograph.
`so short a time that it may be regarded mathematically
`impedance’ transformer—A_transformer that
`
`
`as infinitesimal. The change produced in the medium,
`transfers maximum energy from one circuit to another.
`however,
`is generally of a finite amount. 2. A current
`impedance triangle—A diagram consisting of a
`surge of unidirectional polarity. See also pulse.
`right triangle. The sides are proportional to the resistance
`impulse bandwidth—The area diyided by the
`and reactance in an ac circuit, with the hypotenuse
`height of the voltage-response selectivity as a function
`representing the impedance.
`of frequency. It is used in the calculation of broadband
`imperfect dielectric— A dielectric in which part
`interference.
`of the energy required to establish its electric field is
`impulse-driven clock — Anelectric clock in which
`conyerted into heat
`instead of being returned to the
`the hands are moved forward at regular intervals by
`electric system when thefield is removed.
`current impulses from a master clock.
`imperfection — In a crystalline solid, any deviation
`impulse excitation — Also called shock excitation.
`in structure from an ideal crystal (one that is perfectly
`1. A method of producing oscillatory current in which the
`periodic in structure and contains no foreign atoms).
`duration of the impressed voltageis relatively short com-
`implantable pacemaker — A miniature pulse gen-
`pared with that of the current produced. 2. The sudden
`erator surgically implanted beneath the skin and provided
`application of a momentary steep-wavefront voltage to a
`with output leads that connect directly to the heart mus-
`resonantcircuit, resulting in a damped oscillation.
`cle. The electrodes may contacteither the outer wall of the
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`IPR2023-00697
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