`
`CALEh
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`
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`rl
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`’
`
`The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`Neen)ayeoeee see
`
`or ;
`
`Ex. 1101
`APPLEINC./ Page 1 of 44
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`GSM and UMTS
`The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
`
`Edited by
`
`Friedhelm Hillebrand
`Consulting Engineer, Germany
`
`With contributions from 37 keyplayers involved in the work for GSM and UMTS
`
`
`
`JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
`
`Ex. 1101
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`
`
`
`
`
`Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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`Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`GSMand UMTS: the creation of global mobile communications / [edited by] Friedhelm Hillebrand.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-470-84322-5
`1. Global system for mobile communications.
`TK5103.483 .G7496 2001
`384.5'35—dc21
`
`I, Hillebrand, Friedhelm.
`
`;
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`2001045565
`
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`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`ISBN 0470 84322 5
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`Typeset in Times by Deerpark Publishing Services Ltd, Shannon,Ireland.
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by T. J. International Ltd, Padstow, Cormwall.
`This bookis printed onacid-free paper responsibly manufactured fromsustainable forestry, m which atleast twotrees
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`Ls
`
`Ex. 1101
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`Chapter 8: The UMTSStandardisation Work in ETSI
`
`This common concept would be based on UMTSservice innovation, UTRA and the GSM
`core network evolution. This result had been prepared and enabled by a network of interested
`companies active at the global level.
`
`8.2.6.2 The Efficient Global Open Organisation of the UMTS and GSM Specification
`Work in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
`
`§.2.6.2.1 Problem Situation
`The implementation of the agreement on the UMTS cornerstones within the existing
`organisations would have been unmanageable. Three committees in different continents
`would have worked on the UMTSradio specifications (SMG2, T1P1.5 radio sub-working
`group, ARIB), several other committees would have worked on network aspects (SMG12 and
`$MG3, TIP1.5 network sub-working group, TTC). The situation in other key areas like
`services, SIM, O&M would have been comparably difficult. There would have been no
`overall decision-making body for conflict resolution. Therefore, the global strategic agree-
`ment on the UMTS cornerstones called for a new moreefficient global organisational solu-
`tion, in order to lead the agreement on the cornerstones to a complete and consistent UMTS
`system specification available in time for the market.
`
`———$<——___
`“ommunication
`
`responding to
`
`ir position at
`and a question
`
`uical analysis.
`the resulting
`
`1is iS More an
`
`UTRA allows
`
`in the work of
`
`' several Qual-
`would reduce
`
`usation of the
`
`Ictober 1998
`
`sition.''” They
`
`for the resolu-
`were expected
`
`‘ly Re-
`id UMTS
`
`i TTC (Japan)
`
`camevisible at
`between EPS!
`forth Americ&
`
`APPLEINC. / Page 4 of 44
`
`In order to secure the integrity of GSM and UMTS,the cohesion between GSM and UMTS,
`the ongoing cross-fertilisation between UMTS and GSM andanefficientspecification work,
`| proposed in the fourth quarter of 1997 to create an ETSI Partnership Project for UMTS
`and GSMto several network operators and manufacturers. This would provide asingle lean
`Working structure and would be open to all committed parties world-wide. This Partnership
`Project model had been developed in the ETSI reformin 1996, but had never been used.
`This Partnership Project for GSM and UMTS was proposed by several GSM network
`Operators at SMG#24 in December 1997.'!* The document “Future Organisation for GSM
`and UMTSStandardisation”, source T-Mobil, Mannesmann Mobilfunk, E-Plus Mobilfunk,
`aimed at a smoothandefficient standardisation processfor the evolution of GSM and towards
`UMTS. The GSM community is now a global community of operators and manufacturers but
`BMS experienced difficulties in opening up for a widerparticipation in ETSI/SMG. Organisa-
`fions from outside Europestill cannot become full ETSI members. Even voting rights for
`penn late members in Technical Bodies were not endorsed by ETSI’s General Assembly in
`PPYember 1997. Present working methods with ANSI T1P1 on common GSMspecifications
`© Proven as a best possible solution for co-operation with other standard bodies, but they are
`7 complex. This situation calls for a closer and.moreefficient overall co-operation. The
`M MoU Association and especially the Asian Pacific Interest Group (APIG) of GSM MoU
`_*Xpressed their desire to participate fully in GSM work and in third generation stan-
`> ton and to ensure roaming with Japan.
`For these reasons, these three companies proposed the establishment of SMG asthe joint
`S., = Sttucture amongtheinterested bodies to produce GSM and UMTSstandards for
`PSI (as an ETSI partnership project) and for the other interested bodies, avoiding parallel
`and overhead co-ordination; current budget allocations for ETSI/SMGto be considered
`MG P-97-1062 submitted by T-Mobil, Mannesmann and Eplus.
`
`$.2.6.2.2 Proposal to Initiate a Partnership Project for GSM and UMTS
`
`Ex. 1101
`
` Ex. 1101
`APPLE INC. / Page 4 of 44
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`

`

`as an asset for this possible joint working structure;
`x»
`12
`exploratory mission in this sense.
`
`the SMG chairman to carry out an
`
`8.2.6.2.3 Endorsement of the Partnership Project by Technical Committee SMG and
`Mandate for Exploratory Missions
`
`it was approved by
`After an intensive discussion and some revisions of the document
`SMG#24 in December 1997.'7! This included a mandate for exploratory missions to Japan
`and the US. This mission mandate was endorsed by the chairman of the ETSI General
`Assembly and Board as well as the ETSI director general in a meeting on 13 January 1997
`in Sophia Antipolis.
`I gavea first progress report to SMG#24bisin January 1999, 2? Then I led —as mandated by
`SMG~anexploratory mission to Japan on 3-11 February 1998. We found a stronginterest in
`such an intensified co-operation (23 The following summary was agreed in the meeting on 5-6
`February 1998 between ETSI SMG, UMTS Forum, GSMA, ARIB, TTC and ANSI TIPI:
`“1. There is interest to create common specifications for IMT -2000in the areas of terminals,
`radio access networks and core networks
`2. It was recognised that the developmentofthese standardsin parallel organisations would be
`slow and could lead to unnecessary differences
`3. It was agreed that the best way to proceed would be to further explore the creation of a
`common working structure (a “Project”) to produce commonspecifications.
`4. Such a Project, built on agreed commoninterests, would need appropriate recognition by as
`well as relationship / membership to the standardisation bodies.
`S.A procediiesfcr a transition phaseinto the full implementation of the Project would need to be
`worked out.” *~
`This wasthe basic agreementforthe creation of the Third Generation Partnership Project
`
`APPLEINC. / Page 5 of 44
`
`8.2.6.2.4 Lead Taken by the ETSI Board
`
`Creation of the UMTS Globalisation Group
`Dueto the fundamental importancethe creation of such a Partnership Project had for ETSI.
`the ETSI Board created the UMTS Globalisation Group with a strong SMG participallll
`who undertookthe negotiationsfor the implementation (see Chapter9, Section 1), THiS St00%
`was chaired by Karl Heinz Rosenbrock, the ETSI director general.
`;
`Theinterest of the GSM and UMTS community wasespecially actively supported by 15
`membersof the ETSI Board in the UMTS Globalisation Group and in ETSI Board mechs
`Wolf Haas of Mannesmann Mobilfunk, Kari Lang of Nokia and Tom Lindstrém of
`icssoe
`Their contribution was decisive for the ultimate success, the creation of 3GPP.
`Greathelp for the ultimate resolution came also from the UMTS Forum and the chal
`
`0 Extract from the SMG#24 Meeting Report (CD ROMfolder B1), Section 3.3
`2 SMG P-97-1154.
`22 SMG P-98-0009.
`3 Report on the Japan mission in SMG P-98-0112.
`of
`'" This summaryis contained in SMG P-98-0112 as appendix B13.It was also presented fo SMGand a
`Board in February 1998.
`
`Ex. 1101
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`

`‘ommunication
`
`
`
`Chapter 8: The UMTS Standardisation Work in ETS] 217
`
`Thomas Beijer. His diplomacy,bridge building ability and the ability not to give up strategic
`targets was an indispensable keyto the ultimate success.
`SMGwasrepresented in the UMTS Globalisation Group by Gunnar Sandegren (SMGvice
`chairman), Francois Grassot (ECTEL TMSchairman) and me as SMG chairman.
`
`carry out an
`
`e SMG and
`
`approved by
`sions to Japan
`ETSI General
`January 1997
`
`s mandated by
`ong interestin
`neeting on 5-6
`ANSI TIPI:
`
`of terminals,
`
`ons would be
`
`creation of a
`
`ygnition by as
`
`uld need to be
`
`nership Project.
`
`APPLEINC. / Page 6 of 44
`
`Factions in the UMTS Globalisation Group
`There was a very strong polarisation between three factions in the UMTS Globalisation
`Group. They were notofficially organised. Therefore, I will name and describe them briefly:
`“Greater ETSI faction”: they wanted an even stronger and greater role for ETSI in the
`future in UMTS.They feareda big loss, if SMG the greatest producer of deliverables in ETSI
`were to “emigrate” to the Partnership Project. Theytried to bring non-Europeanpartnersinto
`ETSI. But after the decision of the ETSI General Assembly to grant
`these parties only
`associate membership without voting rights, this was not attractive to the non-Europeans.
`In the UMTSGlobalisation Groupthey tried in the beginning to block the Partnership Project
`and later to minimise the scope of work to be transferred to the Partnership Project.
`“Fixed-mobile convergence faction”: this community came from a fixed network back-
`ground. They hopedto reach fixed-mobile convergence bybringingtherel atively indepen-
`dent GSM/UMTSworkinto an organisation which would be created by melting the existing
`fixed network committees with SMG underthe leadership of the fixed side. Their UMTS
`vision was dominated by fixed-mobile convergence as a high priority. They lacked in their
`groups dealing with the fixed network evolution towards third generation a sufficient support
`and momentum. They wanted to keep GSM and UMTSin ETSI in orderto reachtheirtargets
`and to exploit the SMG momentum and know-how.They tried in the beginning to block the
`creation of the Partnership Project. Later they tried to limit the scope ofthe transferred work
`as much as possible.
`“GSM-UMTSfaction”: due to the global acceptance of GSM and the UMTS comerstones
`they needed an efficient globally open work structure which dealt with all system aspects.
`Their prime concern was the progress of their GSM-based UMTSvision, This was comple-
`mented with work on the “mobile-fixed convergence”. They saw that the number of mobile
`isers would very soon be muchbiggerthan the numberoffixed users. They wanted to transfer
`all GSM and UMTS workinto the Partnership Project.
`
`ct had for ETSI.
`G participation,
`n 1). This group
`
`pported by three
`Board meeting
`rom of Eriessom
`‘PP.
`nd the chairmalt
`
`The Decision of the ETSI General Assembly Which Freed the Way for 3GPP
`Dueto the strong polarisation in ETSI a decision of the General Assembly on principles
`‘Was needed in September 1998. During this General Assembly I was charged with negotiat-
`‘ing “compromise, which was acceptable to the whole ETSI membership. The compromise
`Proposal foresaw:
`.
`
`» W create 3GPP for an initial phase of UMTS;
`4 © keep GSM in ETSI: and
`* create the ETSI Project UMTSfor long-term UMTSaspects.
`pats Proposal was endorsed with a very high majority. It cleared the way to the 3GPP
`
`~ ment signed in December 1998.
`re Success of 3GPP
`PME
`first 3GPP Technical Meeting in December1998attracted 350 delegates and thelevel
`
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`

`of participation and contributions remained high. 3GPP produced a commonset of Technical
`Specifications for UMTS based on service innovation, UTRA and the GSM core network
`evolution. The work wasstarted in December 1998. The Technical Specifications of UMTS
`Release 99 were completed in December 1999. Some smaller issues were resolved by March
`2000. For this purpose all pure UMTS work was transferred from SMG to 3GPP during the
`first quarter of 1999. The responsibility for the common GSM and UMTSspecifications was
`transferred in the third quarter of 1999. 3GPP was supported by a large number of SMG
`contributors and SMGleaders. The full-time program managers of the SMGtechnical support
`were made available to 3GPP. All proven SMG working methods were made available to
`3GPP.
`In autumn 1999 ANSI TIP1 and TIA with UWCCproposedthe transfer of the remaining
`GSM work (mainly EDGE, SIM and mobile station testing) to 3GPP in order to ensure the
`cohesion between the classic GSM and UMTS.The ETSI Board endorsed this proposalbased
`on a review and recommendation of SMG. A Board ad-hoc group was installed with SMG
`representation. The negotiations between the partners led to an acceptance in principle in
`May 2000. Therefore, the remaining GSM activities were transferred to 3GPP in mid-2000,
`ETSI Project UMTS attracted 30-50 delegates and did not have the momentumto produce
`UMTSspecifications. It was closed in 2000.
`So finally the SMG vision of 3GPP was realised. The creation of 3GPP ensuresthe integrity
`of GSM and UMTS,the cohesion between GSM and UMTSandthe cross-fertilisation of
`GSM and UMTS. 3GPP allowsall interested and committed organisations, e.g. regulators,
`network operators and manufacturers world-wideto participate in the work with equal rights.
`
`the sta
`
`8.2.7 Complementary Work to 3GPP in ETSI
`
`8.2.7.1 The Transposition of 3GPP Documents in ETSI Documents
`After the creation of 3GPP the question arose, how to “transpose” the 3GPP documents into
`ETSI documents and whetherthere is a need for additional documents, 3GPP elaborates and
`approves common Technical Specifications and Technical Reports, which should be tans
`posed into ETSI documents. I developed the following concept, which was endorsed by SMG
`and the ETSI Board.'*
`3GPPis acknowledged by the ETSIinternal rules as an ETSI Technical Body. Th
`Technical Specifications and Reports approved by 3GPPare to be recognised direetly a8
`Technical Specifications and Reports without another “ETSI internal approval”. They can
`published directly by the ETSI Secretariat.
`Besides Technical Specifications and Reports there are in ETSI European Standards (BN
`They are approved by an ETSI Technical Body and then in a second step by the whole Bs
`membership with the assistance ofthe National Standardisation Organisations.
`A broad demand survey'° regarding the demand for ENsin autumn 1999 showed ina
`demand for ENsexists for the purposes of the R&TTE-Directive only (access of term
`the market). All other demand can be covered by Technical Specifications.
`These ENs should be elaborated and approved by a “pure” Buropean Committee <
`
`125 p.99-751.
`26 p.99.736,
`
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` obile Communication
`
`Chapter 8: The UMTSStandardisation Work in ETSI
`
`219
`
`yon set of Technical
`GSM core network
`‘ifications of UMTS
`= resolved by March
`to 3GPP during the
`'§ specifications was
`‘ge number of SMG
`AG technical support
`re made available to
`
`sfer of the remaining
`n order to ensure the
`-d this proposal based
`; installed with SMG
`‘tance in principle in
`o 3GPP in mid-2000,
`jomentum to produce
`
`P ensures theintegrity
`: cross-fertilisation of
`itions, e.g. regulators,
`york with equalrights.
`
`Ss
`
`3GPP documentsinto
`;. 3GPP elaborates and
`which should be trans
`was endorsed by SMG
`
`Technical Committee SMG). In this process 3GPP results should be referred to as much as
`possible.
`
`82.7.2 The Elaboration of European UMTSAMT-2000 Harmonised Standards for
`Terminals Pursuant to the R&TTE Directive
`In order to avoid barriers to international trade the European Commission requested ETSI ina
`letter in December 1999 to produce European harmonisedstandards pursuantto the R&TTE
`Directive, which “wouldtypically describe emission masksensuring proper coexistence of
`the different members of the IMT-2000 family and that it would be aligned with similar
`standards outside the Community”.
`I was charged by SMG with forming a small delegation and to talk to the different parties
`involved to explore a way forward. A strategic framework and several technical documents
`were elaborated and endorsed by SMG. Theprinciples were endorsed by the ETSI Board. A
`joint ERM/SMGTask Force was formed in May 2000 to do the technical work.
`The strategic framework document developed by me and endorsed by Technical Commit-
`tee SMG’ identifies the regulatory requirements and contains the following key targets for
`the standardisation work:
`
`* ETSI needs to produce harmonised standards for all IMT-2000systems.
`* The work can reference ITU, 3GPP2 and TIAspecifications directly. There is no need to
`transpose these into ETSI documents.
`* The harmonised standards will be produced by a joint ERM/SMG Task Force and EP
`DECT.
`* The first release of the harmonised standard needs to be completed ideally in October
`2000.
`
`82.7.3 Technical Committee MSG, the New Body for ENs
`
`is the elaboration and approval of ENs needed for
`The work, which remains in ETSI,
`fegulatory purposes. For this task I proposed to create a new body Technical Committee
`MSG (Mobile Standards Group) andits terms of reference. This was endorsed by SMG"and
`approved by the ETS! Board.It started in June 2000.
`
`
`
`§.2.7.3.1 EP SCP (ETSI Project Smart Card Platform)
`
`
` The generic smart-card work and the work on commonlowerlayer functions for smart-cards
`of all 3G systems was transferred to EP SCP which was created in March 2000.
`
`8.2.8 Conclusions
`MMe the period from April 1996 to February 1999 ETSI Technical Committee SMG
`
`da UMTS strategy consensus on a vision which was based onservices’ innovation,
`Gs
`evolution and Internet orientation. All basic concepts for the UMTSstandard were
`eZ
`
`5MG P-0)0-194.
`SMGP-00-133.
`
`anical Body. Therefore
`gniseddirectly as ETSI
`approval”. They can be
`
`opean Standards (ENS!
`step by the whole
`anisations.
`mn 1999 showed that #
`y (access of terminals @
`cations.
`ropean Committee (e.g
`
`
`
`seme AUD
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`elaborated and agreed. Very difficult decisions like the UTRA decision were taken. On this
`basis a set of reports and raw specifications were produced. The creation of a globally open
`efficient new working structure, the 3GPP, was initiated and brought to life. All UMTS and
`GSM work was transferred to 3GPP. The necessary changes in ETSI were initiated. Then
`the Technical Committee SMG was closed at the end of July 2000 since its Mission was
`
`APPLEINC. / Page 9 of 44
`
`fulfilled.
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`imunication
`
`on. On this
`ibally open
`UMTSand
`
`ision
`
`Chapter 9: The Third Generation
`Partnership Project (3GPP)
`
`Section 1: The Creation of 3GPP
`Karl Heinz Rosenbrock'!
`
`APPLEINC. / Page 10 of 44
`
`Havingreadthetitle, it should not surprise you that this section deals with the creation of the
`Partnership Project for the standardisation of a Third Generation Mobile Communications
`System (3GPP).
`Why, you mayask,in a history book about the GSM and UMTSdevelopment, do I want to
`talk about the establishmentof a partnership project? Isn’t it the most natural thing to do?
`This is, of course, a stance an insider can take today — after nearly 30 months of 3GPP’s
`creation and the smooth and successful running of this project.
`Asthis section will eventually show,it took quite sometime,filled with tough and even
`passionate discussions, before the goal was achieved. Approachingthis idea from a rather
`philosophical point of view, one should not be too surprised about the big efforts needed,
`because already the old Greek ancestors knew that “prior to being successful the Gods will
`demand some sweat”...”
`This section starts with some general considerations leading the European Telecommuni-
`cations Standards Institute (ETSI) membership towards a global approachin standardisation
`and then deals with the establishmentof an ad hoc group ofthe ETSI Board (UGG = UMTS
`Globalisation Group) to address the matter of global standardisation in this context and the
`lated meetings and discussions. Afterwards, the 3GPP will be described in a rather general
`Manner, highlighting how it works, who the stakeholders are and dealing with the results
`achieved so far. The section is rounded up with the relationship towards the International
`Telecommunication Union (ITU) andotherinitiatives as well as a few concluding remarks.
`
`9.1.1 First Approaches to Globalisation —
`Theia fe-engineering process ETSI, the “Excellent” Telecommunications Standards Institute
`pe. undertook in the years 1995/1996 — only 7 years after its creation — resulted in
`stone others a kind of mission statementfor the Institute: “Making international standards
`ePPen first in Europe”.
`
`"The
`MERE
`WiEWs
`‘ ws
`‘
`this cect;
`expressed i
`’
`s expressedin this section are thoseofthe author anddo notnecessarily reflectthe viewsof his affiliation
`1Ome of my cruel translations of a German idiom “Vor den Erfolg haben die Gétter den Schweib gesctzt”...
`
`Ex. 1101
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`
`Classical examples of ETSI successstories that witness this slogan are among others:the
`Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM); Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommu-
`nications (DECT); Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB); Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB):
`Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA), just to name a few of them.
`In positioning ETSI in the standardisation landscape,it became clear that the trends and
`changes towardsglobalisation, convergence and new value chains would lead to the creation
`of a huge volumeof standards making space. Furthermore, it was not tenable for ETSIto try
`to fill the entire space. Choices had to be made. In addition, the investigations revealed that
`collaboration by means of appropriate partnerships could be a promising formula.
`ETSI consciously withstood the temptation to become a global standards body. Butit has
`always undertaken great efforts to ensure that all of its products, i.e. deliverables, such as
`European Norms (ENs), ETSI Standards (ESs), ETSI Technical Specifications (TSs), ete,
`satisfy real market needs and have the potential to becomeglobal standards. The ITU remains
`ETSI’s global partner of choice. But the fast moving markets were expected to require ETSI
`to supplementthis with various international partnerships on a case-by-case basis.
`The high level task force that undertook the ETSI reviewin 1995/1996 advised the Institute
`that it had to sustain its core competence of making high quality standards for large and
`complex telecommunications systems. But, if neat demarcation lines are going to cease to
`exist, then ETSI must inevitably move more into the IT, audio-visual and other fields. It
`should do this in goodpartnerships, where other Standards Devel oping Organisations (SDOs)
`or appropriate fora and consortia are willing to co-operate with ETSI. Retrenchment by ETSI
`was not considered to be in Europe’s interest.
`Otherresults of interest here, of ETSI’s re-engineering process after 7 years ofexistence
`were:
`e to reduce the hierarchical structure in the Technical Organisation to a minimum,
`F
`:
`#
`.
`:
`.
`sos
`* to delegate power(ofapproval,etc.) to the Technical Bodies where the main workis being
`done;
`,
`;
`:
`e to focus on semi-autonomous projects;
`’
`;
`:
`
`e to aimat proper project management,
`
`© to allow the creation of ETSI Partnerships Projects (EPPs);
`e to streamline andrationalise the ETSI Working Procedures;
`
`© to improve the use of electronic tools for further rationalisation and innovation;
`
`®
`to use audio and video conferencing;
`Re
`Re
`ps,
`
`
`to broadcast inter-active meetings;® 1998—co
`
`©
`to increase standards promotion activities;
`
`to facilitate and to promote direct electronic access to ETSI documents and deliverane;
`©
`
`
`free of charge.
`
`
`Regarding ETSI’s external relations the advice given was: that ETSI should add @
`
`
`strength throughpartnerships in complementing areas, ceding some sovereignty 0M acax®
`
`
`
`case basis to achieve common purposes.
`
`
`egiona[/national oO
`ETSI should continue its dialogue (in GSC/RAST)with its majorr
`ration
`terparts, with the objective of strengthening arrangements for effective co-ope
`
`
`
`prepared to enter into bilateral co-operation on a case-by-case basis.
`
`
`With this short excerpt of some basic results stemming from the
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` 222 GSM and UMTS:The Creation of Global Mobile Communication
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` ETSI re-enginie Ex. 1101
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`imunication
`
`Chapter 9: The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
`
`others: the
`elecommu-
`ing (DVB);
`
`trends and
`the creation
`ETSI to try
`evealed that
`la.
`y. But it has
`yles, such as
`s (TSs), ete,
`ITU remains
`require ETSI
`ISIS.
`ithe Institute
`for large and
`ig to cease to
`ther fields, It
`ations (SDOs)
`ment by ETSI
`
`5 of existence
`
`imum:
`1 work is being
`
`Ex. 1101 APPLEINC. / Page 12 of 44
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`process undertakenin the middle of the 1990s, we have the fertile soil, i.e. the driving forces,
`motivations, basic elements needed in orderto establish a partnership project.
`The tremendous success story of GSM may have even led some ETSI membersto believe
`that it would have been the most natural choice to repeat this with the third generation mobile
`communication system within ETSI, too. But for insiders it became clear that such a success
`could not be guaranteed another time.
`After having dealt with the ETSI internal change in orientation from Europe-centric to
`international and global, let’s have a short look at the first attempts at getting into closer
`contact with our partners. Let’s start with our American friends.
`In Sections 5.3 and 5.4 the standardisation work on PCS 1900 in ANSI TIP1as well as the
`new co-operation between ANSI TIP1 and ETSI Technical Committee SMGare described.
`The relationship between ANSI TIP1 and ETSI TC SMG started in 1996/1997. Both
`Technical Committees were working on independent sets of Technical Specifications, i.e.
`GSM 1900 in the US and GSM 900/100 in Europe, etc. Parallel working with different
`speeds includes the risk ofdifferences that may result in incompatibilities. In order to avoid
`these difficulties both SDOs agreed to merge the two independentsets of specificationsinto a
`common one and to further developit commonly using a co-ordinated approach,i.e. each
`work item and the results were approved in both committees and incorporated into the
`eommonspecifications.
`Despite the fact that the co-operation between TIP1 and SMG wasexcellent,it suffered a
`little fromthe fact that the double approval process and the difficult co-ordination process at
`several levels, e.g. first in TIP] and then within SMG, were not very efficient and too time
`consuming. One ofthe lessonslearnt from this exercise was: Why don’t wereally co-operate,
`ie. work together, from the very beginning — then avoiding any type of “approval ping-
`pong”? This wasanother good reason to consider what and how to improve the standardisa-
`tion work for the third generation...
`Now let’s have a lookatthe relationships with our friends from Asia.
`In the People’s Republic of China, network operators had implemented large GSM
`networks based on existing ETSI standards.In order to avoid divergence, Chinese authorities
`(RITT)joined ETSI as an associate member and participated fully in the work of ETSI TC
`SMGsince 1997. Thus, it was possible to fully integrate the Chinese requirementsinto the
`Slandardisation process within TC SMGin order to secure the integrity of GSM between
`China and the “rest of the world”.
`in the meantime — with the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)decisionin January
`1998 — contacts with Japanese ARIB/TTC colleagues had been established within ETSI TC
`PMG. These contacts hadstarted in spring 1997,
`1 yearearlier
`Discussions on the Technical Committee working levelat the end of 1997 and the begin-
`Ming of 1998 between ETSI, ARIB/TTC, and TIP1° led to the hope that the creation of a
`common UMTSconcept applicable in all
`territories — and thus de facto globally — was
`: Such a concept could be based on UMTSservice innovation, UTRA and the
`M core network evolution.
`ih other words, there was from the beginning a lot of goodwill available from all sides to
`3 dertake something in common. But how to do it? It became clear that to perform the
`EMTS
`Standardisation within the three (or more) existing organisations would have been
`¥ Uamanageable. Three committees in different continents could have developed the
`More informationis in Chapter8, Section 8.2.6.2.3
`
`vation;
`
`nd deliverables
`
`nould add to
`ity ona case-by=
`
`/national COW”
`operation
`
`J re-engine
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`224
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`GSMand UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Com munication
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`UMTSradio specifications whilst several other committees would have worked on network
`aspects. The situation in other key areas, such as services, Subscriber Identification Module
`(SIM), and Operation and Maintenance would have been equally difficult. Furthermore, there
`would have beenno overall decision-making body for the resolution of possible conflicts. All
`these difficulties sketched out here simply called for a new and much more effective global
`organisational solution.
`‘As the friends from ARIB were quite interested in developing a common radio interface
`whose key parameters had been agreed in Japan and in the UTRAradio interface decision in
`January 1997, a delegation from the ETSI TC SMG undertook an exploratory mission to
`Japan on 5 and 6 February 1998 in orderto find out whetheror not a kind ofco-operation with
`them would be possible. Further information is given in Chapter 8, Section 8.2.6.2.3.
`These informalcontacts on the working level revealed that there wasa good resonance on
`the Japanese si