US 20190182884A1
`( 19 ) United States
`( 12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No . : US 2019 / 0182884 A1
`( 43 ) Pub . Date :
`Jun . 13 , 2019
`Deenoo et al .
`
`( 72 )
`
`( 54 ) CONNECTIVITY SUPERVISION AND
`RECOVERY
`( 71 ) Applicant : IDAC Holdings , Inc . , Wilmington , DE
`( US )
`Inventors : Yugeswar Deenoo , Chalfont , PA ( US ) ;
`Ping Hsuan Tan , Montreal ( CA ) ;
`Ghyslain Pelletier , Montreal ( CA )
`( 21 ) Appl . No . :
`16 / 324 , 481
`Aug . 10 , 2017
`( 22 ) PCT Filed :
`( 86 ) PCT No . :
`PCT / US2017 / 046335
`$ 371 ( c ) ( 1 ) ,
`Feb . 8 , 2019
`( 2 ) Date :
`Related U . S . Application Data
`( 60 ) Provisional application No . 62 / 373 , 071 , filed on Aug .
`10 , 2016 .
`Publication Classification
`
`( 51 )
`
`Int . Cl .
`H04W 76 / 18
`H04W 76 / 19
`H04W 16 / 28
`H04W 72 / 04
`H04L 1 / 00
`H04W 80 / 02
`H04W 24 / 08
`H04W 68 / 00
`
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`( 2006 . 01 )
`
`116
`
`woce
`
`104
`RAN
`
`Fy
`
`Lost
`
`114a
`
`9
`
`1020
`
`> > 116
`
`for
`
`102d
`
`( 52 ) U . S . CI .
`CPC . . . . . . . . . . . H04W 76 / 18 ( 2018 . 02 ) ; H04W 76 / 19
`( 2018 . 02 ) ; H04W 16 / 28 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04W
`68 / 005 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04L 1 / 0061 ( 2013 . 01 ) ;
`H04W 80 / 02 ( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04W 24 / 08
`( 2013 . 01 ) ; H04W 72 / 046 ( 2013 . 01 )
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`( 57 )
`Systems , methods , and instrumentalities are disclosed for
`connectivity supervision and recovery . A WTRU may super
`vise its capability to transmit and receive data , including in
`the absence of a control channel ( e . g . grant - less transmis
`sion ) . A supervision framework may permit a WTRU to
`supervise , for example , quality of a feedback channel ,
`quality of reciprocal resources and / or transmission attempts .
`A supervision process may be a function of a control channel
`structure or WTRU state . A supervision process may be
`associated with a quality of service . A supervision process
`may be based on WTRU transmission for energy / resource
`efficient operation . Multiple Recovery procedures may be
`defined . A recovery procedure may be a function of a
`supervision process . A recovery procedure may be opti
`mized for low latency services . Recovery procedures may
`involve dedicated resources for recovery , transition to light
`connection , grant - less resource , etc . User plane recovery
`may include reuse of layer2 context , data replication to
`companion MAC instances , etc . Control plane recovery may
`use RAN paging , WTRU triggered multi - connectivity , etc . A
`recovery procedure for a supervision process associated with
`a beam process may include WTRU triggering beam train
`ing / beam refinement , etc .
`
`108
`PSTN
`
`112
`Other
`Networks
`
`106
`Core Network
`
`Internet
`
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`108 PSTN
`
`104
`
`116
`
`1161 WAKO
`
`102a
`
`* * *
`
`112 Other Networks
`
`
`
`106 Core Network
`
`114a
`
`renumerer
`
`Warrantur
`
`ARRAMARALAR
`3
`OS
`
`* * *
`
`W
`
`1020
`
`torttu
`
`102b
`
`ONDO
`
`W
`
`110 Internet
`HARRRRRRAKAMKAKAKEK
`
`FIG . 1A
`
`114b
`
`102d
`
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`CL
`
`124
`Speakeri
`Microphone
`
`AAAAAAAAAAAAA
`
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`
`WAARMANN
`
`126
`Keypad
`
`128
`Display
`Touchpad
`
`120
`Transceiver
`
`Processor
`
`134
`Power
`Source
`
`136
`GPS
`Chipset
`
`138
`Peripherals
`
`130
`Non
`Removable
`Memory
`
`how
`
`ZET
`Removable
`Memory
`
`FIG . 1B
`
`MAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
`
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`*
`
`108 PSTN
`
`Internet
`
`112 Other Networks
`
`166
`
`Gateway
`164 Serving Gateway
`
`
`
`106 Core Network
`
`162 MME
`
`w
`
`104 RAN
`
`51
`
`ODOWY
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`COMUM
`
`eNode - B
`160a eNode - B
`
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`
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`
`116
`
`ru
`
`w
`
`ww
`
`1
`
`AUTO
`
`102a
`
`102c
`
`FIG . 1C
`
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`108 PSTN
`
`
`
`115 Core Network
`
`SOCIE WAWANA
`
`tom
`
`182a AMF
`
`Internet
`
`112 Other Networks
`
`183a SMF
`
`AMAA .
`
`185a
`
`FAK
`
`183b SMF
`
`184a
`
`182b AMF
`
`1846
`
`FIG . 1D
`
`113
`
`N3
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`ANO
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`Xn
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`CKXKKOKIRRRELAKKK
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`102a
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`O
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`UIVALEN
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`S
`
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` Ex. 1016
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 6 of 7
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` Ex. 1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 7 of 28
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Jun . 13 , 2019 Sheet 7 of 7
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`US 2019 / 0182884 A1
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` Ex. 1016
`APPLE INC. / Page 8 of 28
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`US 2019 / 0182884 A1
`
`Jun . 13 , 2019
`
`CONNECTIVITY SUPERVISION AND
`RECOVERY
`CROSS - REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`This application claims priority to and the benefit
`[ 0001 ]
`of U . S . Provisional Application Ser . No . 62 / 373 , 071 , filed
`Aug . 10 , 2016 , which is hereby incorporated by reference
`herein .
`
`BACKGROUND
`[ 0002 ] Mobile communications continue to evolve . A fifth
`generation may be referred to as 5G .
`SUMMARY
`[ 0003 ] Systems , methods , and instrumentalities are dis
`closed for connectivity supervision and recovery . A WTRU
`may supervise its capability to transmit and receive data ,
`including in the absence of a control channel ( e . g . , grant - less
`transmission ) . A supervision framework may permit a
`WTRU to supervise , for example , quality of a feedback
`channel , quality of reciprocal resources and / or transmission
`attempts . The WTRU may be configured to take one or more
`of a plurality of recovery actions depending on the condi
`tions related to a plurality of supervision processes .
`[ 0004 ]
`A supervision process may be a function of a
`control channel structure ( e . g . , single or multiple control
`channels , hierarchical or independent control channels ) . A
`WTRU may monitor , for example , the reliability of a control
`channel ( e . g . , using a reference signal associated with the
`control channel ) , a quality of the data channel scheduled by
`the control channel , and / or a quality of a dependent control
`channel .
`A supervision process may be associated with a
`[ 0005 ]
`quality of service . A WTRU may monitor one or more
`supervision processes based on expected quality of services ,
`such as in a multi - connectivity or a light connectivity
`scenario .
`[ 0006 ]
`A supervision process may be a function of a
`WTRU state or conditions , such as one or more of indemnity
`or type of a control channel being monitored by the WTRU ,
`a capability of data transfer for the WTRU , types of channels
`utilized by the WTRU , measurements and / or availability of
`reference signals in a state .
`[ 0007 ]
`A supervision process may be based on WTRU
`transmission for energy / resource efficient operation in a
`dense deployment . A supervision process may be associated
`with a control function , MAC instance , layer , or radio
`interface .
`[ 0008 ] Multiple Recovery procedures may be defined . A
`recovery procedure may be a function of a supervision
`process . For example , one or more recovery procedures may
`be defined or configured for low latency services .
`[ 0009 ] Recovery procedures may involve , for example ,
`dedicated resources for recovery , transition to a light con
`nection and / or a grant - less resource . User plane recovery
`may involve , for example , re - use of Layer 2 context and / or
`data replication to companion MAC instances . A control
`plane recovery may use , for example , RAN paging and / or
`WTRU triggered multi - connectivity . A recovery procedure
`for a supervision process associated with a beam process
`may include WTRU triggering beam training / beam refine
`ment .
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`[ 0010 ]
`FIG . 1A is a system
`diagram illustrating an
`example communications system in which one or more
`disclosed embodiments may be implemented .
`[ 0011 ] FIG . 1B is a system diagram illustrating an
`example wireless transmit / receive unit ( WTRU ) that may be
`used within the communications system illustrated in FIG .
`1A according to an embodiment .
`[ 0012 ] FIG . 1C is a system diagram illustrating an
`example radio access network ( RAN ) and an example core
`network ( CN ) that may be used within the communications
`system illustrated in FIG . 1A according to an embodiment .
`[ 0013 ] . FIG . 1D is a system diagram illustrating a further
`example RAN and a further example CN that may be used
`within the communications system illustrated in FIG . 1A
`according to an embodiment .
`[ 0014 ] FIG . 2 is an example of a supervisory process .
`[ 0015 ] FIG . 3 is an example of a supervisory process .
`[ 0016 ] FIG . 4 is an example of a supervisory process .
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
`A detailed description of illustrative embodiments
`[ 0017 ]
`will now be described with reference to the various Figures .
`Although this description provides a detailed example of
`possible implementations , it should be noted that the details
`are intended to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope
`of the application .
`[ 0018 ] . FIG . 1A is a diagram illustrating an example com
`munications system 100 in which one or more disclosed
`embodiments may be implemented . The communications
`system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides
`content , such as voice , data , video , messaging , broadcast ,
`etc . , to multiple wireless users . The communications system
`100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such
`content through the sharing of system resources , including
`wireless bandwidth . For example , the communications sys
`tems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods ,
`such as code division multiple access ( CDMA ) , time divi
`sion multiple access ( TDMA ) , frequency division multiple
`access ( FDMA ) , orthogonal FDMA ( OFDMA ) , single - car
`rier FDMA ( SC - FDMA ) , zero - tail unique - word DFT - Spread
`OFDM ( ZT UW DTS - S OFDM ) , unique word OFDM
`( UW - OFDM ) , resource block - filtered OFDM , filter bank
`multicarrier ( FBMC ) , and the like .
`[ 00191 . As shown in FIG . 1A , the communications system
`100 may include wireless transmit / receive units ( WTRUS )
`102a , 102b , 102c , 102d , a RAN 104 / 113 , a CN 106 / 115 , a
`public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) 108 , the Internet
`110 , and other networks 112 , though it will be appreciated
`that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of
`WTRUs , base stations , networks , and / or network elements .
`Each of the WTRUs 102a , 102b , 102c , 102d may be any
`type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in
`a wireless environment . By way of example , the WTRUS
`102a , 102b , 102c , 102d , any of which may be referred to as
`a " station ” and / or a " STA ” , may be configured to transmit
`and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user
`equipment ( UE ) , a mobile station , a fixed or mobile sub
`scriber unit , a subscription - based unit , a pager , a cellular
`telephone , a personal digital assistant ( PDA ) , a smartphone ,
`a laptop , a netbook , a personal computer , a wireless sensor ,
`a hotspot or Mi - Fi device , an Internet of Things ( IoT )
`device , a watch or other wearable , a head - mounted display
`
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`( HMD ) , a vehicle , a drone , a medical device and applica -
`tions ( e . g . , remote surgery ) , an industrial device and appli
`cations ( e . g . , a robot and / or other wireless devices operating
`in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain con
`texts ) , a consumer electronics device , a device operating on
`commercial and / or industrial wireless networks , and the
`like . Any of the WTRUS 102a , 102b , 102c and 102d may be
`interchangeably referred to as a UE .
`[ 0020 ]
`The communications systems 100 may also include
`a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b . Each of the
`base stations 114a , 114b may be any type of device config
`ured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUS
`102a , 102b , 102c , 102d to facilitate access to one or more
`communication networks , such as the CN 106 / 115 , the
`Internet 110 , and / or the other networks 112 . By way of
`example , the base stations 114a , 114b may be a base
`transceiver station ( BTS ) , a Node - B , an eNode B , a Home
`Node B , a Home eNode B , a gNB , a NR NodeB , a site
`controller , an access point ( AP ) , a wireless router , and the
`like . While the base stations 114a , 114b are each depicted as
`a single element , it will be appreciated that the base stations
`114a , 114b may include any number of interconnected base
`stations and / or network elements .
`[ 0021 ] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN
`104 / 113 , which may also include other base stations and / or
`network elements ( not shown ) , such as a base station con
`troller ( BSC ) , a radio network controller ( RNC ) , relay
`nodes , etc . The base station 114a and / or the base station
`114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless
`signals on one or more carrier frequencies , which may be
`referred to as a cell ( not shown ) . These frequencies may be
`in licensed spectrum , unlicensed spectrum , or a combination
`of licensed and unlicensed spectrum . A cell may provide
`coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical
`area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over
`time . The cell may further be divided into cell sectors . For
`example , the cell associated with the base station 114a may
`be divided into three sectors . Thus , in one embodiment , the
`base station 114a may include three transceivers , i . e . , one for
`each sector of the cell . In an embodiment , the base station
`114a may employ multiple - input multiple output ( MIMO )
`technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each
`sector of the cell . For example , beamforming may be used
`to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial direc
`tions .
`The base stations 114a , 114b may communicate
`[ 0022 ]
`with one or more of the WTRUs 102a , 102b , 102c , 102d
`over an air interface 116 , which may be any suitable wireless
`communication link ( e . g . , radio frequency ( RF ) , microwave ,
`centimeter wave , micrometer wave , infrared ( IR ) , ultraviolet
`( UV ) , visible light , etc . ) . The air interface 116 may be
`established using any suitable radio access technology
`( RAT ) .
`[ 0023 ] More specifically , as noted above , the communi
`cations system 100 may be a multiple access system and
`may employ one or more channel access schemes , such as
`CDMA , TDMA , FDMA , OFDMA , SC - FDMA , and the like .
`For example , the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and
`the WTRUS 102a , 102b , 102c may implement a radio
`technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications
`System ( UMTS ) Terrestrial Radio Access ( UTRA ) , which
`may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband
`CDMA ( WCDMA ) . WCDMA may include communication
`protocols such as High - Speed Packet Access ( HSPA ) and / or
`
`Evolved HSPA ( HSPA + ) . HSPA may include High - Speed
`Downlink ( DL ) Packet Access ( HSDPA ) and / or High - Speed
`UL Packet Access ( HSUPA ) .
`[ 0024 ]
`In an embodiment , the base station 114a and the
`WTRUS 102a , 102b , 102c may implement a radio technol
`ogy such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
`( E - UTRA ) , which may establish the air interface 116 using
`Long Term Evolution ( LTE ) and / or LTE - Advanced ( LTE - A )
`and / or LTE - Advanced Pro ( LTE - A Pro ) .
`[ 0025 ]
`In an embodiment , the base station 114a and the
`WTRUS 102a , 102b , 102c may implement a radio technol
`ogy such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air
`interface 116 using New Radio ( NR ) .
`10026 ] .
`In an embodiment , the base station 114a and the
`WTRUs 102a , 102b , 102c may implement multiple radio
`access technologies . For example , the base station 114a and
`the WTRUS 102a , 1021 , 102c may implement LTE radio
`access and NR radio access together , for instance using dual
`connectivity ( DC ) principles . Thus , the air interface utilized
`by WTRUS 1020 , 102b , 102c may be characterized by
`multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmis
`sions sent to / from multiple types of base stations ( e . g . , a
`eNB and a gNB ) .
`[ 0027 ]
`In other embodiments , the base station 114a and
`the WTRUs 102a , 1021 , 102c may implement radio tech
`nologies such as IEEE 802 . 11 ( i . e . , Wireless Fidelity ( WiFi ) ,
`IEEE 802 . 16 ( i . e . , Worldwide Interoperability for Micro
`wave Access ( WiMAX ) ) , CDMA2000 , CDMA2000 1x ,
`CDMA2000 EV - DO , Interim Standard 2000 ( IS - 2000 ) ,
`Interim Standard 95 ( IS - 95 ) , Interim Standard 856 ( IS - 856 ) ,
`Global System
`for Mobile communications ( GSM ) ,
`Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution ( EDGE ) , GSM
`EDGE ( GERAN ) , and the like .
`[ 0028 ] The base station 114b in FIG . 1A may be a wireless
`router , Home Node B , Home eNode B , or access point , for
`example , and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating
`wireless connectivity in a localized area , such as a place of
`business , a home , a vehicle , a campus , an industrial facility ,
`an air corridor ( e . g . , for use by drones ) , a roadway , and the
`like . In one embodiment , the base station 114b and the
`WTRUs 102c , 102d may implement a radio technology such
`as IEEE 802 . 11 to establish a wireless local area network
`( WLAN ) . In an embodiment , the base station 114b and the
`WTRUs 102c , 102d may implement a radio technology such
`as IEEE 802 . 15 to establish a wireless personal area network
`( WPAN ) . In yet another embodiment , the base station 114b
`and the WTRUs 102c , 102d may utilize a cellular - based
`RAT ( e . g . , WCDMA , CDMA2000 , GSM , LTE , LTE - A ,
`LTE - A Pro , NR etc . ) to establish a picocell or femtocell . As
`shown in FIG . 1A , the base station 114b may have a direct
`connection to the Internet 110 . Thus , the base station 114b
`may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN
`106 / 115 .
`[ 0029 ] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with
`the CN 106 / 115 , which may be any type of network con
`figured to provide voice , data , applications , and / or voice
`over internet protocol ( VoIP ) services to one or more of the
`WTRUs 102a , 1020 , 102c , 102d . The data may have varying
`quality of service ( QoS ) requirements , such as differing
`throughput requirements , latency requirements , error toler
`ance requirements , reliability requirements , data throughput
`requirements , mobility requirements , and the like . The CN
`106 / 115 may provide call control , billing services , mobile
`location - based services , pre - paid calling , Internet connec
`
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`tivity , video distribution , etc . , and / or perform high - level
`security functions , such as user authentication . Although not
`shown in FIG . 1A , it will be appreciated that the RAN
`104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect
`communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT
`as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT . For example , in
`addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113 , which may
`be utilizing a NR radio technology , the CN 106 / 115 may also
`be in communication with another RAN ( not shown )
`employing a GSM , UMTS , CDMA 2000 , WiMAX ,
`E - UTRA , or WiFi radio technology .
`[ 0030 ] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for
`the WTRUs 102a , 102b , 102c , 102d to access the PSTN 108 ,
`the Internet 110 , and / or the other networks 112 . The PSTN .
`108 may include circuit - switched telephone networks that
`provide plain old telephone service ( POTS ) . The Internet
`110 may include a global system of interconnected computer
`networks and devices that use common communication
`protocols , such as the transmission control protocol ( TCP ) ,
`user datagram protocol ( UDP ) and / or the internet protocol
`( IP ) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite . The networks 112
`may include wired and / or wireless communications net
`works owned and / or operated by other service providers .
`For example , the networks 112 may include another CN
`connected to one or more RANs , which may employ the
`same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT .
`[ 0031 ] Some or all of the WTRUS 1020 , 102b , 102c , 102d
`in the communications system 100 may include multi - mode
`capabilities ( e . g . , the WTRUS 102a , 102b , 102c , 102d may
`include multiple transceivers for communicating with dif
`ferent wireless networks over different wireless links ) . For
`example , the WTRU 102c shown in FIG . 1A may be
`configured to communicate with the base station 114a ,
`which may employ a cellular - based radio technology , and
`with the base station 114b , which may employ an IEEE 802
`radio technology .
`diagram illustrating an
`[ 0032 ] FIG . 1B is a system
`example WTRU 102 . As shown in FIG . 1B , the WTRU 102
`may include a processor 118 , a transceiver 120 , a transmit /
`receive element 122 , a speaker / microphone 124 , a keypad
`126 , a display / touchpad 128 , non - removable memory 130 ,
`removable memory 132 , a power source 134 , a global
`positioning system ( GPS ) chipset 136 , and / or other periph
`erals 138 , among others . It will be appreciated that the
`WTRU 102 may include any sub - combination of the fore
`going elements while remaining consistent with an embodi
`ment .
`The processor 118 may be a general purpose pro
`[ 0033 ]
`cessor , a special purpose processor , a conventional proces
`sor , a digital signal processor ( DSP ) , a plurality of micro
`processors , one or more microprocessors in association with
`a DSP core , a controller , a microcontroller , Application
`Specific Integrated Circuits ( ASICs ) , Field Programmable
`Gate Arrays ( FPGAs ) circuits , any other type of integrated
`circuit ( IC ) , a state machine , and the like . The processor 118
`may perform signal coding , data processing , power control ,
`input / output processing , and / or any other functionality that
`enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment .
`The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120 ,
`which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122 .
`While FIG . 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver
`120 as separate components , it will be appreciated that the
`processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated
`together in an electronic package or chip .
`
`The transmit / receive element 122 may be config
`[ 0034 ]
`ured to transmit signals to , or receive signals from , a base
`station ( e . g . , the base station 114a ) over the air interface 116 .
`For example , in one embodiment , the transmit / receive ele
`ment 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or
`receive RF signals . In an embodiment , the transmit / receive
`element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to trans
`mit and / or receive IR , UV , or visible light signals , for
`example . In yet another embodiment , the transmit / receive
`element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive
`both RF and light signals . It will be appreciated that the
`transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit
`and / or receive any combination of wireless signals .
`[ 0035 ] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is
`depicted in FIG . 1B as a single element , the WTRU 102 may
`include any number of transmit / receive elements 122 . More
`specifically , the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology .
`Thus , in one embodiment , the WTRU 102 may include two
`or more transmit / receive elements 122 ( e . g . , multiple anten
`nas ) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the
`air interface 116 .
`[ 0036 ]
`The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate
`the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive
`element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received
`by the transmit / receive element 122 . As noted above , the
`WTRU 102 may have multi - mode capabilities . Thus , the
`transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for
`enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATS ,
`such as NR and IEEE 802 . 11 , for example .
`[ 0037 ] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be
`coupled to , and may receive user input data from , the
`speaker / microphone 124 , the keypad 126 , and / or the dis
`play / touchpad 128 ( e . g . , a liquid crystal display ( LCD )
`display unit or organic light - emitting diode ( OLED ) display
`unit ) . The processor 118 may also output user data to the
`speaker / microphone 124 , the keypad 126 , and / or the dis
`play / touchpad 128 . In addition , the processor 118 may
`access information from , and store data in , any type of
`suitable memory , such as the non - removable memory 130
`and / or the removable memory 132 . The non - removable
`memory 130 may include random - access memory ( RAM ) ,
`read - only memory ( ROM ) , a hard disk , or any other type of
`memory storage device . The removable memory 132 may
`include a subscriber identity module ( SIM ) card , a memory
`stick , a secure digital ( SD ) memory card , and the like . In
`other embodiments , the processor 118 may access informa
`tion from , and store data in , memory that is not physically
`located on the WTRU 102 , such as on a server or a home
`computer ( not shown ) .
`[ 0038 ] The processor 118 may receive power from the
`power source 134 , and may be configured to distribute
`and / or control the power to the other components in the
`WTRU 102 . The power source 134 may be any suitable
`device for powering the WTRU 102 . For example , the power
`source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries ( e . g . ,
`nickel - cadmium ( NiCd ) , nickel - zinc ( NiZn ) , nickel metal
`hydride ( NiMH ) , lithium - ion ( Li - ion ) , etc . ) , solar cells , fuel
`cells , and the like .
`[ 0039 ] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS
`chipset 136 , which may be configured to provide location
`information ( e . g . , longitude and latitude ) regarding the cur
`rent location of the WTRU 102 . In addition to , or in lieu of ,
`the information from the GPS chipset 136 , the WTRU 102
`may receive location information over the air interface 116
`
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`from a base station ( e . g . , base stations 114a , 114b ) and / or
`determine its location based on the timing of the signals
`being received from two or more nearby base stations . It will
`be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location
`information by way of any suitable location - determination
`method while remaining consistent with an embodiment .
`0040 ]
`The processor 118 may further be coupled to other
`peripherals 138 , which may include one or more software
`and / or hardware modules that provide additional features ,
`functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity . For
`example , the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer ,
`an e - compass , a satellite transceiver , a digital camera ( for
`photographs and / or video ) , a universal serial bus ( USB )
`port , a vibration device , a television transceiver , a hands free
`headset , a Bluetooth® module , a frequency modulated ( FM )
`radio unit , a digital music player , a media player , a video
`game player module , an Internet browser , a Virtual Reality
`and / or Augmented Reality ( VR / AR ) device , an activity
`tracker , and the like . The peripherals 138 may include one or
`m