Dec. 5, 1950
`
`.
`Filled April 30, 1949
`
`
`
`a. EBERHARD
`FLIP-FLOP, COUNTER CIRCUIT
`
`2,533,001
`
`2. Sheets-Sheet
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1030
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`
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`Dec. 5, 1950
`
`Filed April 30, 1949
`
`E. EBERHARD
`- FLIP-FLOP COUNTER CIRCUIT
`
`2,533,001
`
`2 Sheets-Sheet 2
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`2 2-1- 742?
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1030
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`

`Patented Dec. 5, 1950
`
`
`
`2,533,001
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
`
`2,533,001
`FLP-FOP COUNTER, CIRCUIT
`Everett Eberhard, Haddonfield, N.J., assignor to
`Radio Corporation of America, a corporation
`of Delaware
`Application April 30, 1949, serial No. 90,685.
`26 Claims. (C. 71-97)
`
`This invention relates generally to triggered
`electronic circuits, and particularly relates to
`flip-flop circuits or pulse counters having two
`stable states of operation.
`A flip-flop circuit may be defined as an Eccles
`Jordan or direct-coupled multivibrator having
`two conditions of stable equilibrium. Generally,
`a flip-flop circuit is a triggered circuit having two
`stable limiting conditions into which the circuit
`is alternately triggered by a trigger pulse. A
`flip-flop circuit may, for example, find use in
`electronic counters. Such as a decade counter Yor
`in electronic computers.
`Conventional fip-flop circuits have a number of
`disadvantages. Thus, they usually require two
`amplifiers which usually consist of two thermionic
`tubes. Accordingly, the power consumption of
`an electronic counter including a conventional
`flip-flop circuit is comparatively high, and in view
`of the relatively small efficiency of the circuit a
`large portion of the power must be dissipated as
`heat. Hence, the dissipation of heat is a serious
`problem in electronic computers requiring a
`larger number of tubes. Furthermore, the physi
`cal size of a flip-flop circuit is appreciable which
`makes it difficult to house a complicated elec
`tronic counter. Frequently, the problem arises
`of counting electric pulses which may be devel
`oped by radioactive radiation. Such pulses have
`a recurrence rate corresponding to a wide fre
`quency range, that is, they do not recur within
`predetermined time intervals.
`The flip-flop circuit of the present invention
`incorporates a three-electrode Semi-conductor
`amplifier which has been termed a "transistor."
`This device has been disclosed in a series of three
`letters to the Physical Review by Bardeen and
`Brattain, Brattain and Bardeen, and Shockley
`and Pearson which appear on pages 230 to 233 of
`the July 15, 1948, issue. The new amplifier in
`40
`cludes a block of a semi-conducting material Such
`as silicon or germanium which is provided with
`two closely adjacent point electrodes called "emit
`ter' and “collector' electrodes in contact with
`one surface region of the material, and a "base'
`electrode which provides a large-area, low-resist
`ance contact with another surface region of the
`semi-conducting material.
`It is accordingly the principal object of the
`present invention to provide a novel triggered
`flip-flop circuit requiring but a single amplifier
`of the semi-conductor type.
`w
`Another object of the invention is to provide
`a novel pulse counter having a count-down ratio
`of two and responsive to trigger pulses of a fre- 5.5
`quency which may vary within wide limits.
`
`45
`
`50
`
`5
`
`30
`
`A further object of the invention is to provide
`a flip-flop circuit including a three-electrode
`semi-conductor device or amplifier suitable for
`electronic counters or computers and requiring
`considerably less power and less space and devel
`oping less heat than prior counter circuits.
`A triggered circuit in accordance with the pres
`ent invention includes a three-electrode semi
`conductor amplifier. The amplifier consists of
`a semi-conducting body provided with a large
`O
`area base electrode and with Small-area emitter
`and collector electrodes. Means are provided for
`supplying potentials to the electrodes, thereby to
`render the amplifier normally conducting. To
`this end there may be impressed a comparatively
`large reverse bias on the collector electrode and
`a comparatively small forward bias on the emitter
`electrode, both potentials being taken with re
`spect to the base electrode. Trigger pulses are
`impressed between two of the electrodes such as
`20
`between emitter and base electrodes or between
`collctor and base electrodes. The trigger pulses
`may be of opposite polarities. A trigger pulse of
`a predetermined polarity will flip the circuit from
`25
`one stable condition of current conduction to its
`other stable condition of current conduction.
`However, a modified flip-flop circuit of the inven
`tion is responsive to trigger pulses of one polarity
`which will flip the circuit from either stable con
`dition into the other stable condition.
`In accordance with the present invention an
`impedance element is provided for effectively cou
`pling the emitter and collector electrodes, that is,
`the impedance element is common to the emitter
`and collector circuits. Thus, one of the electrodes
`such as the emitter electrode is responsive to
`changes of the current flowing through and
`changes of the voltage existing at one of the other
`electrodes.
`The novel features that are considered charact
`teristic of this invention are set forth with par
`ticularity in the appended claims. The inven
`tion itself, however, both as to its organization
`and method of operation, as well as additional
`objects and advantages thereof, will best be un
`der stood from the following description when
`read in connection with the accompanying draw
`ings, in which:
`Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of a flip-flop cir
`cuit embodying the present invention and having
`a common admittance between emitter and col
`lector electrodes;
`Figure 2 is a graph showing the voltages exist
`ing at various points of the circuit of Figure 1;
`Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of a flip-flop cir
`cuit in accordance with the invention having an
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`and
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`20
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`2,588,00.
`3
`4.
`impedance element common to both emitter and
`5 may be bypassed by capacitor f7. Emitter
`collector circuits;
`is biased by another suitable voltage
`electrode
`Figure 4 is a graph showing the voltages exist
`Source Such as battery 8 having its negative
`ing at various points of the circuit of Figure 3;
`terminal grounded while its positive terminal is
`Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of a preferred en
`grounded through voltage divider 20. An adjust
`bodiment of the flip-flop circuit of the invention
`able potential may be impressed on emitter elec
`combining the features of the circuits of Figures
`trode if through movable tap 2 provided on
`1 and 3;
`voltage divider 20 and connected to emitter elec
`Figure 6 is a graph showing the voltages exist
`trode
`through resistor 22. A bypass capacitor
`ing at various points of the circuit of Figure 5:
`23 may be provided between tap 2 and ground. .
`Figure 7 is a circuit diagram of a modified flip
`Trigger pulses indicated at 24 are impressed
`flop circuit in accordance with the invention
`on input terminals 25, one of which is grounded
`which is responsive to trigger pulses of one polar
`while the other One is coupled to emitter electrode
`through capacitor 26. For a purpose to be ex
`Figure 8 is a graph showing the voltages exist
`plained hereinafter capacitor 26 and resistor 22
`ing at various points of the circuit of Figure 7:
`are arranged to partially differentiate the trigger
`pulses. In accordance with the present inven
`Figure 9 is a circuit diagram of a two-stage
`tion, resistor 28 is connected between emitter
`counter in accordance with the invention.
`electrode and collector electrode 2. The out
`Referring now to the drawing, in which like
`put signal may be derived from output terminals
`components have been designated by the same
`30, One of which is grounded while the other one
`reference numbers throughout the figures, and
`is coupled to Collector electrode 2 through coul
`particularly to Figure 1, there is illustrated a
`pling capacitor 3. Capacitor 3 and resistor 32
`flip-flop circuit or pulse counter incorporating
`may also be arranged as a differentiating net
`work to differentiate the square wave 36 thereby
`a three-electrode semi-conductor device er an
`25
`plifier. The amplifier comprises a block or body
`to derive positive and negative output pulses.
`O of semi-conducting material which may con
`The theory of operation of a three-electrode
`sist, for example, of boron, silicon, germanium,
`Semi-conductor amplifier is believed to be sufi
`tellurium or selenium containing a Small but
`ciently explained in the various papers above re
`sufficient number of atomic impurity centers or
`ferred to So that further explanation here is not
`lattice imperfections as commonly employed for
`deemed to be necessary. In accordance with the
`best results in crystal rectifiers. Germanium is
`present invention the three-electrode semi-con
`the preferred material for body 0 and may be
`ductor is utilized as a flip-flop or counter circuit
`prepared, as is well known, so as to be an elec
`having two stable states of operation. In other
`tronic N type semi-conductor. The surface of
`words, the device will either conduct a large
`semi-conducting body to may be polished and
`amount of current or a small amount of current
`etched in the manner explained in the recent
`and the trigger pulses will flip the circuit from
`paper by Becker and Shive which appears on
`one condition of stable equilibrium to the other
`pages 215 to 221 of the March 1949 issue of 'Elec
`condition of stable equilibrium.
`trical Engineering.' It is also feasible to utilize
`Let it be assumed that the flip-flop circuit con
`the germanium block from a commercial high
`ducts a Small amount of current so that the col
`back-voltage germanium rectifier such as the
`lector current as Well as the emitter current are
`type 1N44, in which case further surface treat
`Small. Curve 35 of Figure 2 illustrates the emit
`ment may not be required.
`ter voltage Ee with respect to time while curve
`Semi-conducting body O is provided with eraits
`36 illustrates the collector voltage Ec. The trig
`ger pulses 24 impressed on input terminals 25
`ter electrode
`, collector electrode 2 and base
`electrode 3. Emitter electrode
`and Collector
`are also illustrated in Figure 2. Under the as
`electrode 2 are small-area electrodes and may,
`Sumed condition of Small current conduction the
`for example, be point electrodes consisting of
`emitter voltage is slightly above ground as shown
`tungsten or phosphor-bronze Wires having a di
`by curve portion 37 while the collector voltage
`is at an appreciable negative voltage with respect
`ameter of the order of 2 to 10 mills. Emitter and
`collector electrodes
`, 2 are normally placed
`to ground as shown by curve portion 38. This
`closely adjacent to each other either on the same
`is due to the fact that only a relatively small cur
`surface of semi-conducting body 0 or on oppo
`rent flows through resistor 6 so that the voltage
`site surfaces thereof and may be separated by a
`of collector electrode 2 approaches that of bat
`tery 5. In view of the current flowing through
`distance of from 2 to 5 mils. Base electrode 3
`provides a large-area, low-resistance Contact with
`resistor 28 the voltage of emitter electrode
`will
`the bulk material of semi-conducting body le.
`be intermediate the positive voltage of tap 2 and
`For the following discussion it will be assumed
`the negative voltage of collector electrode 2.
`that body to consists of an N type electronic
`This voltage is adjusted by tap 2 to be just sufi
`semi-conducting material. The amplifier is Sup
`cient to permit a small amount of current con
`plied with operating potentials and to this end a
`duction in the collector circuit including collector
`comparatively large reverse bias is applied to
`electrode 2.
`collector electrode 2 and a comparatively Small
`Iet it now be assumed that the first trigger
`forward bias to emitter electrode
`both bias
`pulse 24 is impressed on input terminals 25. This
`voltages being taken with respect to base elec
`trigger pulse is differentiated by network 26,
`trode 3. In other words, collector electrode 2
`22 before being impressed on emitter electrode
`is maintained negative with respect to base elec
`and has the shape shown by curve 40 of
`trode 3 which is grounded while emitter elec
`Figure 2. The positive portion 39 of the dif
`trode
`may normally be maintained at a posi
`ferentiated pulse will raise the emitter voltage
`tive bias potential with respect to base electrode
`Ee as clearly shown by curve 35. This, in turn,
`3. Accordingly, a suitable voltage source such
`Will cause a larger collector current to flow so
`as battery 5 has its positive terminal grounded
`that the collector voltage Ec approaches ground
`while its negative terminal is connected to co
`potential as shown by curve 36. As soon as the
`lector electrode 2 through resistor 6. Battery
`collector voltage Ee increases in a positive direc
`
`30
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`i
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`(
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`G. s
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`30
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`2,588,001
`5
`6
`trigger pulses of higher amplitude are required.
`is per
`tion the voltage of emitter electrode
`mitted to increase further in the positive direc
`Figure 3 illustrates a flip-flop circuit in ac
`tion due to the regenerative action of resistor 28.
`cordance with the invention having an imped
`Resister 28, accordingly causes a rapid changer
`ance common to both emitter and collector cir
`over from one stable condition of current conduc
`cuits. This impedance is represented by a
`tion to the other stable condition of current cOn
`resistor 45 connected between base electrode 3
`duction until the new stable equilibrium has
`and ground. The circuit of Figure 3 does not
`been reached.
`have the regenerative. resistor 28. Furthermore,
`The negative portion 4 of the differentiated
`no resistor is provided between battery 5 and
`trigger pulse 40 will not be able. to trigger the
`collector electrode 2. The emitter circuit is
`circuit back into its low current conduction state.
`substantially identical with that of Figure 1,
`This is due to the fact that the negative portion
`and the trigger pulses 24 are impressed on input.
`4 has a smaller amplitude than the positive
`terminals 25. The output signal is obtained
`portion 39. It is believed that the reason for
`across resistor 32 from output terminals 30 one
`this experimental evidence is that the impedance
`of which is connected through coupling capacitor
`looking into emitter electrode f is comparatively
`3 to base electrode 3.
`high when the circuit is in its condition of low
`The flip-flop circuit of Figure 3 also has two
`conduction. Hence, the input pulse 24 is only par
`stable states of current conduction. This may be
`tially differentiated by network 26, 22 and the
`explained by the fact that the current gain when
`amplitude of the negative portion 4 is Smaller
`plotted against the emitter current or voltage
`20
`than that of the positive portion 39. It is ac
`has two points of unity gain corresponding to a
`cordingly essential that the width of trigger
`high current conduction and a low current con
`pulses 24 be no more than the time required for
`duction equilibrium state. In the region between
`the circuit to change from one equilibrium to
`these two points the current gain is above unity
`its other equilibrium.
`and Outside of this region the current gain is
`25
`The fip-flop circuit of Figure 1 will now con
`below unity. Therefore, the circuit will be un
`tinue in its high current conduction state until
`stable within this region but stable on either
`the next trigger pulse occurs. It is to be under
`side.
`stood that the high current equilibrium state is
`Let it now be assumed that the flip-flop cir
`a stable one due to the fact that the collector
`cuit of Figure 3 conducts a Small amount of cur
`electrode 2 is near ground potential and that
`rent. In that case, the emitter voltage Ee shown
`the voltage divider 28, 22 now permits the emitter
`by curve 46 of Figure 4 will be slightly negative
`voltage to be much more positive than before
`as will be the base voltage Eb of curve 4 as evil
`as illustrated by curve 35. The positive portion
`denced by curve portions 48 and 50 respectively.
`42 of the next trigger pulse will have little effect
`Tap 2 should be adjusted in such a manner that
`on the fip-flop circuit because the circuit already
`the emitter voltage Ee is slightly positive with
`is in its maximum state of current conduction.
`respect to the base voltage Eb. However, as
`However, the negative portion 43 of the dif
`shown by curve 46 the emitter voltage Ee may be
`ferentiated trigger pulse will flop the circuit back
`negative with respect to ground because the base
`into its original state of low current conduction.
`voltage Eb will be still more negative with respect
`This may be explained as follows. Negative
`to ground, and accordingly the positive terminal
`pulse portion 43 has approximately the same
`of battery 8 may be grounded as shown in
`amplitude as positive pulse portion 42 because
`Figure 3 to supply a negative bias voltage to
`the impedance looking into the emitter electrode
`emitter electrode
`.
`is low with the device in its high conduction
`Let it now be assumed that a trigger pulse 24
`state and complete differentiation occurs in
`is applied to input terminals 25 so that the par
`capacitor 26.
`tially differentiated pulse 40 is impressed on
`Accordingly, the voltage of emitter electrode
`emitter electrode
`. The positive portion 39
`ff swings just positive and then negative as indi
`of the differentiated pulse will raise the emitter
`cated by curve 35. This will immediately reduce
`voltage whereupon the collector current increases
`the amount of collector current So that the col
`as previously explained. Since the collector cur
`lector voltage Ec becomes more negative as shown
`rent flows through base resistor 45 the base volt
`by curve 36. This, in turn, will make the emitter
`age Eb increases in a negative direction as shown
`voltage Ee more negative due to the regenerative
`by curve 47. This, in turn, will increase the
`action of resistor 28. Accordingly, the circuit
`emitter voltage Ee with respect to the base voltage
`rapidly reaches its original equilibrium condi
`Eb So that still more current is flowing through
`tion and the cycle of Operation repeats upon the
`Collector electrode 2 and base resistor 45. It
`arrival of the next trigger pulse.
`will accordingly be seen that base resistor 45
`Resistor 28 is common to both emitter and
`provides a positive feedback or regenerative ac
`collector electrodes and provides a common cur
`tion to bring the circuit rapidly into its other
`60
`stable state of operation.
`rent for the emitter and collector circuits.
`Accordingly, resistor 28 functions as a common
`The negative portion 4 of the differentiated
`admittance between emitter electrode ff. and
`pulse is again of small amplitude so that it will
`collector electrode 2.
`be unable to trigger the circuit back into the low
`As pointed out herein above, resistor 32 and
`current conduction state as has already been
`explained.
`capacitor 3 may be arranged as a differentiat
`ing network for differentiating the Square out
`The circuit now remains in its high current
`put pulse 36 obtained from collector electrode 2.
`conduction state until the arrival of the next
`It is accordingly feasible to connect output ter
`trigger pulse 24. As explained previously, trig
`minals 30 through a suitable clipper (as shown
`ger pulse 24 will now be fully differentiated due
`in Figure 9) to the emitter electrode of a sub
`to the lower emitter impedance and pulse por
`sequent counter stage provided with a suitable
`tions 42 and 43 will be of approximately equal
`emitter bias Supply. It is also feasible to apply
`amplitude. The positive portion 42 of the dif
`trigger pulses 24 between collector electrode 2
`ferentiated trigger pulse will have little effect on
`and base electrode 3 in which case, however,
`the operation of the circuit because it would only
`
`5 5.
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`40
`
`45
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`pulse portion which may be the positive portion
`tend to increase the current conduction which
`39 of a differentiated pulse will trigger the circuit.
`already has reached its maximum value. HoWs
`into its high conduction equilibrium while a neg
`ever, the negative portion 43 of the differentiated
`'ative differentiated pulse portion such as portion
`pulse will depress the emitter potential Ele as
`43 will trigger the circuit into the low conduction
`shown by curve 46. This causes immediately a
`equilibrium. In the circuit of Figure 5 the trigger
`reduction of the collector current whereupon the
`pulses may also be impressed on base electrode
`base voltage Eb rises. Consequently, the bias
`f3 or on collector electrode 2 instead of being
`potential between emitter electrode
`and base
`impressed on emitter electrode ff.
`electrode 3 is further reduced so that the circuit
`While it will be understood that the circuit.
`is rapidly flopped into its previous low-current
`specifications of the flip-flop circuit of the in
`conduction state. The cycle of operation will
`vention may vary according to the design for any
`then repeat upon the arrival of the next trigger
`particular application, the following circuit spec
`pulse.
`Resistor 45 accordingly represents an imped
`ifications for the circuit of Figure 5 are included
`by way of example only:-
`ance element common to both emitter and col
`lector circuits so that emitter electrode if and
`Capacitor 2---- or as a mir on 4,700 micromicrofarads
`collector electrode 2 have a common voltage
`Capacitor 52------------ 330 micromicrofarads
`which is the base voltage Eb. It is also feasible
`Capacitor 3------------ 1,000 micronicrofarads
`to apply the trigger pulses between base electrode
`Resistor 56------------- 1,200 ohms
`3 and ground or collector electrode 2. A sub
`20
`Resistor 22------------- 3,900 ohms
`sequent flip-flop circuit or counter stage may be
`Resistor 53------------- 48 ohms
`connected to output terminals 30 in the manner
`Resistor 28------------- 15,000 ohms
`explained hereinafter in connection with Fig
`Resistor 54------------- 470 ohms
`re 9.
`Resistor 6------------- 5,600 ohms
`The circuit of Figure 5 combines the features
`Resistor 55------------- 10,000 ohms
`of the flip-flop circuits of Figures 1 and 3 and
`Resistor 5------------- 15,000 ohms
`represents the preferred embodiment of the in
`Battery f5-------- - - - - - - 59 volts
`vention. Thus, base electrode 3 is connected to
`Battery 8-------------- 17. Wolts
`ground through base resistor 45. Resistor 28 is
`With the above specifications the collector bias
`connected between emitter electrode i? and col
`30
`boltage was -40 volts, the base bias voltage
`lector electrode 2 and may be shunted by ca
`-176 volts and the emitter bias voltage -9.
`pacitor 52. Resistor 53 may be provided between
`volts. The Collector current was 3.1 milliam
`the junction point of resistors 28 and 22 and
`peres and the emitter current 2.0 milliamperes.
`emitter electrode
`. Another resistor 54 may
`The circuit operated successfully with a trigger
`be provided between the junction point of resis
`pulse frequency between 70 and 7000 cycles. The
`tors 28 and 6 and collector electrode 2. The
`width of each trigger pulse was between 2 and 5
`collector circuit otherwise is the same as that of
`microseconds. The amplitude of the trigger
`the fip-flop circuit of Figure 1. A differentiat
`pulses was between 4 and 9 volts. The circuit
`ing network including capacitor 3 and resistor
`operated successfully when the voltage of battery
`55 connected between ground and the junction
`4)
`5 was varied by -2.5 volts and when the emitter
`point between resistors f6 and 54 may be pro
`bias voltage was varied by .5 volt.
`vided, and the output terminals' 30 may be con
`Figure 7 shows a modified flip-flop circuit
`nected across resistor 55.
`which is responsive to trigger pulses of one po
`Input terminals 25 may be connected through
`larity. The flip-flop circuit of Figure 7 is some
`capacitor 26 and resistors 56 and 53 to emitter
`45
`what sinhilar to that of Figure 5. However, re
`electrode it. Battery 8 is connected to emitter
`sistors 53, 54 and 58 of the circuit of Figure 5
`electrode if through resistors 22 and 53. It
`have been omitted. Furthermore, the bias volt
`should be pointed out, however, that resistors
`age supplied to emitter electrode if may be ad
`53, 54 and 56 are not required for the operation
`justable by tap 2 in the manner illustrated in
`of the circuit but serve the purpose of limiting
`50
`Figures 1 and 3. The flip-flop circuit of Figure
`the current through emitter electrode
`and
`is mainly distinguished over that of Figure 5
`collector electrode 2. Furthermore, capacitor
`by the provision of stabilizing capacitor 58 con
`52 may also be omitted but it serves the purpose
`nected between collector electrode 2 and ground.
`of providing a faster transition between the two
`Stabilizing capacitor 58 may, for example, have
`stable states of operation of the circuit.
`55
`a capacitance of 1000 micronicrofarads. Capac
`The operation of the circuit of Figure 5 will
`itor 26 and resistor 22 need not be arranged
`be evident from the previous explanations given
`as differentiating network as in previous circuits.
`with respect to the circuits of Figures 1 and 3.
`This will be more fully explained hereinafter.
`Figure 6 illustrates the trigger pulses 24 impressed
`Due to the provision of stabilizing capacitor
`on input terminals 25 and the partially differen
`60
`58 the flip-flop circuit or counter of Figure 7
`tiated trigger pulses 40 obtained by differentiat
`operates differently from the previously described
`Curve 46 illustrates the
`ing network 26, 56, 22.
`circuits, as illustrated in Figure 8. Let it be as
`emitter voltage Ee which is similar to the curve
`sumed that the counter of Figure 7 is again in
`of Figure 4. Curve 36 illustrates the collector
`its low current conduction state. Now a trigger
`voltage E which is similar to curve 36 of Fig
`pulse 59 (see Figures 7 and 8) is impressed on
`ure 2. Curve 7 shows the base voltage Eb which
`input terminals 25. As clearly shown in Figures
`is similar to the same curve of Figure 4. Finally,
`and 8 pulses 59 need not have a steep trailing
`curve 60 illustrates the differentiated output pulse
`edge as have trigger pulses 24. Since capacitor
`which is obtained from output terminals 3 and
`26 and resistor 22 are not arranged as a differ
`differentiated by network 3, 55.
`70
`entiating network, trigger pulse 59 is impressed
`It is to be understood that trigger pulses 24
`Substantially without shaping to emitter elec
`could also be of negative polarity but experi
`trode ff. The emitter voltage Ee is illustrated
`ments have shown that the circuit performs bet
`by curve 87 of Figure 8. Trigger pulse 59 ac
`ter with positive trigger pulses of the type illus
`cordingly will drive the emitter voltage in a posi
`trated in the drawing. In every case a positive
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`tive direction so that the emitter voltage may
`represents the differentiated collector voltage 90.
`approach ground potential as shown at 88. The
`It will be seen that the first trigger pulse 59 causes
`emitter voltage then falls in a negative direction
`a sharp Output pulse OS of large amplitude while
`as clearly shown by curve 87 due to the increased
`the Second trigger pulse 59 will cause only a Small
`emitter current when the counter is triggered
`output pulse 06. It is accordingly feasible to
`into its high current conduction state.
`connect two counter stages of the type illustrated
`The initial increase in the emitter voltage
`in Figure 7 in cascade without the necessity of
`causes a corresponding increase of the Collector
`using a clipper between the two counter stages.
`voltage Ec as illustrated by curve 90. This in
`Figure, 9 illustrates a two-stage counter in ac
`turn will cause a larger collector current to flow
`cordance with the invention. The first counter
`O
`due to the regenerative action of resistors 28 and
`stage includes semi-conducting body O and is
`45 as previously described. The base voltage Eb
`similar to the flip-flop circuit of Figure 5. Thus,
`shown by curve 9 first increases in a positive
`base electrode 3 is connected to ground through
`base resistor 45. Emitter electrode f is supplied
`direction as shown at 92 when the emitter volt
`age is initially driven more positive. The large
`with an adjustable negative bias voltage through
`collector current which thereafter flows through
`tap 2 and resistor 22 in the manner described in
`base resistor 45 will drive the base voltage in a
`connection with Figure 3. The trigger pulses 24
`negative direction as clearly shown.
`are applied to input terminals 25 and are im
`pressed on emitter electrode
`through coupling
`Before the collector voltage 90 can become
`more positive, stabilizing capacitor 58 which has
`capacitor 26. Capacitor 26 and resistor 22 form
`20
`previously been charged to a comparatively high.
`a differentiating network. Emitter electrode
`negative potential, must be discharged through
`and collector electrode 2 are connected through
`collector electrode 2, base electrode 3 and base
`resister 28 shunted by capacitor 52. Collector
`electrode 2 is supplied with a large negative bias
`resistor 45. Eventually the counter assumes its
`high current conduction state or equilibrium.
`voltage through battery f5 and load resistor 6.
`Thus, the emitter voltage Ee, the base voltage Eb
`The square wave 36 (Figure 6) derived from col
`and the collector voltage Ec assume their equi
`lector electrode 2 of the first stage is differen
`librium values shown respectively by dotted lines
`tiated by capacitor 65 and resistor 80 to obtain
`separate positive and negative pulses as shown
`93, 94 and 95.
`The next or succeeding positive trigger pulse 59
`by curve 60 (Figure 6). One terminal of re
`will now cause the counter to flop into its low
`sistor 80 is connected to tap 8 on voltage di
`current conduction state. Thus, the succeeding
`vider 82 connected across battery 8. Tap 8 is
`trigger pulse 59 impressed on emitter electrode
`bypassed to ground by capacitor 83. Rectifier 84
`will cause the emitter voltage to rise rapidly
`which may be a crystal rectifier as shown or a
`and to fall slowly again in response to the trail
`thermionic diode passes only the positive pulses
`ing edge of the trigger pulse as shown at 96.
`to capacitor 85 and resistor 86 connected between
`The collector voltage 90 also increases in a posi
`rectifier 84 and ground. Potentiometer 82 is
`provided so that rectifier 84 may be biased slightly
`tive direction due to the feedback connection
`provided by resistor 28 and capacitor 52. As
`in a non-conducting direction in order to com
`pletely eliminate or clip any positive pulse that
`shown by curve portion 97 the collector voltage
`40
`may accompany the unwanted negative pulse of
`is now above its high equilibrium state illustrated
`by dotted line 95. The base voltage 9 follows
`curve 60 in Figure 6, the clipping level indicated
`essentially the emitter voltage as shown by curve
`by dotted line 87 being adjustable by tap 8. By
`portion 98.
`pass capacitor 83 eliminates any effect that po
`tentiometer 82 may have on the differentiating
`The further rise of the collector voltage above
`45
`its equilibrium state 95 is illustrated by curve
`circuit. Thus, only the desired positive pulse is
`portion 9 and causes a further discharge of sta
`passed through capacitor 85 to the emitter elec
`bilizing capacitor 58. Accordingly, after the peak
`trode 66 of the second stage. Resistor 68 con
`of trigger pulse 59 has passed, the collector volt
`nected to tap 2 supplies the bias voltage to
`age