June 1, 1965
`
`Filed July 28, 1960
`
`P. W. MARTIN
`WELL SIGNALING SYSTEM
`
`3,186,222
`
`4. Sheets-Sheet
`
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`
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`
`INVENTOR,
`PHP W. MARTIN
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`ATORNEYS
`
`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 1
`
`

`

`June 1, 1965
`
`Filed July 28, 1960
`
`
`
`P. W. MARTIN
`WELL SIGNALING SYSTEM
`
`3,186,222
`
`4. Sheets-Sheet 2
`
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 2
`
`

`

`June 1, 1965
`
`P. W. MARTN
`WELE SIGNALING SYSTEM
`
`3,186,222
`
`Filed July 28, 1960
`
`4. Sheets-Sheet 3
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 3
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`

`

`June 1, 1965
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 4
`
`

`

`United States Patent Office
`
`3,186,222
`Patented June 1, 1965
`
`5
`
`0
`
`20
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`25
`
`30
`
`2
`Still another object of the present invention is to pro
`vide a novel transmission system for well logging which
`is more economical to operate than any of those employed
`heretofore.
`One important bit of data which is sought to be trans
`mitted, from the bottom of the well to the top, is the
`weight applied by the drill string on the drill bit. The
`reason is that it has been found that excessive weight on
`the drill bit can cause the drill stem to flex, whereby drill
`ing will take place at an angle to the vertical. A crooked
`well is extremely costly to the oil industry, since it pro
`duces serious wear on both the drilling and producing
`equipment, making it impractical to produce some other
`wise productive wells, and sometimes causes the total loss
`of a valuable oil well. Often a hole already drilled is sub
`sequently lost because the hole is so crooked that the
`drill string will not re-enter the hole.
`Although it is desirable not to apply excessive weight to
`the drill bit because of the possibility of drilling a crooked
`hole, on the other hand, the drilling of the hole does re
`quire a sufficient weight to be applied for obtaining the
`maximum efficiency. All the devices which have been
`produced heretofore attempt, not very successfully, to
`solve the problem of preventing a crooked hole by meas
`uring the weight on the drill bit.
`Yet another object of this invention is the provision of
`an arrangement whereby an indication is achieved at the
`bottom of the well, which can be transmitted to the top
`of the well, as to when a drill bit is about to make a
`crooked hole whereby preventive measures may be taken.
`Still another object of this invention is the provision of
`a simple and improved sensing arrangement which indi
`cates when the drill bit deviates from a straight hole.
`These and other objects of this invention may be
`achieved in a transmission system which transmits pulses
`wherein the time between successively transmitted pulses
`of opposite polarity is a measure of the quantity sought
`to be transmitted. Repeater stations for these pulses are
`provided along the drill string. Further, a sensing ar
`rangement for determining when a crooked hole is about
`to occur is achieved by placing two sensing devices, such
`as strain gages, crystals, or electromagnetic transducers,
`on opposite sides of the pipe close above the drill bit to
`indicate the lateral stress on the pipe. The electrical
`outputs of these sensing elements may be balanced by op
`posing one against the other, whereby whenever the pipe
`begins to bend as the result of starting to travel in a path
`other than the vertical path there is a difference in com
`pression which is measured by the sensing elements and
`which provides a resultant signal, indicating that a crooked
`hole is about to be drilled. This enables the drill opera
`tor to take the necessary steps to avoid the drilling of Such
`crooked hole.
`The novel features that are considered characteristic
`of this invention are set forth with particularity in the
`appended claims. The invention itself, both as to its
`organization and method of operation, as well as addi
`tional objects and advantages thereof, will best be under
`stood from the following description when read in con
`nection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
`FIGURE 1 is a drawing illustrating an arrangement
`for transmitting data from the bottom of the well to the
`top in accordance with this invention;
`FIGURE 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a trans
`mitter in accordance with this invention;
`FIGURE 3 is a block diagram of another type of trans
`mitter in accordance with this invention;
`FIGURE 4 is a circuit diagram of a repeater station
`in accordance with this invention;
`FIGURE 5 is a block schematic diagram of a receiver
`in accordance with this invention;
`
`3,186,222
`WWELL SIGNALING SYSTEMA
`Philip W. Martin, Whittier, Calif. (% McCullough Tool
`Co., 5820 S. Alameda St. Los Angeles 58, Calif.)
`Filed July 28, 1960, Ser. No. 45,857
`12 Chaims. (C. 73-151)
`This invention relates to a well signaling system and,
`more particularly, to improvements therein.
`The desirability of having available at the surface of
`a well, while it is being drilled, information concerning
`conditions at and in the vicinity of the drill at the bot
`tom of the well has long been established. A consider
`able number of well signaling systems have been devel
`oped for the purpose of transmitting the information
`Ineasured at the bottom of the well to the surface. The
`transmission of data from the bottom to the top of the
`well has not proved to be an easy task. The rotating metal
`drill string causes the generation of noise signals which
`adds to the problems attendant those of signal transmis
`sion. A considerable number of expedients have been
`tried. For example, cables have been lowered to the drill
`ing string to contact the bit. The extremely rapid flow of
`fluid down the well with high mud pressures caused by
`mud pumps having on the order of hundreds of horse
`power, cause terrific strain on such a line, cause stretch,
`and consequently slack in the line. The abrasive muds
`wear the line rapidly, and very high pressure differentials
`along the length of the drill pipe make this process quite
`impractical.
`Another method which has been tried has been to sig
`nal, by pressure, pulses on the drill string set up by a puls
`ing device on the bottom. This has proven to be an
`economic failure and to be unreliable because of its ex
`treme complexity and high noise level on a drilling rig.
`Still another method has been to use a fixed conductor
`and a series of connections at each joint down the well.
`These have also not been successful. The trouble with
`using joints may be appreciated from the fact that in an
`average drilling string of 10,000 feet there are somewhere
`on the order of 250 joints, or connections, that must be
`made up. This means 250 places for shorts or open cir
`cuits; consequently, this, again, has not proven successful.
`Industry still very much desires a process of logging-while
`drilling, because the most important time to obtain lith
`ological information from the drilling well is while that
`formation is uncontaminated and fresh and immediate
`contact is made with the virgin formation, at which time
`one may withdraw the drill pipe and test that formation
`for productivity, or even spot oil in it immediately as it
`is open, to prevent water from reaching the clays in the oil
`sands and blocking all future production. This inability
`of the oil-drilling industry to realize what it is drilling
`through has probably cost the oil industry on the order
`of hundreds of millions of dollars a year, and it is entirely
`probable that the drilling rate per rig could double if a
`successful method of logging-while-drilling and deviation
`determination-while-drilling entered the field. While the
`industry has spent millions of dollars trying to develop
`60
`apparatus for logging-while-drilling and while large num
`bers of patents have been issued on logging-while-drilling
`over the last thirty years, not one commercially successful
`logging-while-drilling apparatus has been obtained.
`An object of this invention is to provide a practical and
`operative well-logging system.
`Another object of this invention is to provide a well
`signaling system wherein the effects of noise signals are
`obviated.
`Yet another object of this invention is to provide a Well
`signaling system which is simpler than those employed
`heretofore.
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
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`55
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`65
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`70
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 5
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`

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`3,186,222
`
`5
`
`O
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`20
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`3 5
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`40
`
`e 5
`FIGURE 6 illustrates recordings illustrative of what
`is obtained with the use of the invention;
`FIGURE 7 is a block diagram illustrating another
`receiver in accordance with this invention;
`FIGURE 8 is a section through a drill string showing
`repeater and transmitter component placement therein;
`FIGURE 9 is a schematic section through the drill
`string attached to the drill bit illustrating transducer dis
`position. In addition, FIGURE 9 illustrates the place
`ment of sensing elements to detect the deviation of the
`drill string from the vertical in accordance with this
`invention;
`FIGURE 10 illustrates another placement for sensing
`elements to detect drill-string deviation from vertical; and
`FIGURES 11 and 12 are schematic drawings showing
`circuit arrangements of the deviation-measuring apparatus
`in accordance with this invention.
`In FIGURE 1 there is a representation of a well 16
`with a string of drill pipe 2 lowered therein in order to
`drill the hole deeper in accordance with the customary
`rotary drilling practice. The usual derrick and mud
`circulation system and other features attendant to these
`types of wells are not shown to preserve clarity in the
`drawing. It will be assumed that by some means, either
`by actual contact of the drill with the earth or by a con
`ducting material, such as drill mud, there is electrical
`contact between the conducting drill pipe 2 and the earth
`itself.
`In the lower end of the drill string is the drill col
`lar section 16. This section serves to apply weight to the
`drill bit 7 and to stiffen the lower section of the drill pipe
`so that a straighter hole may be bored. A portion of the
`wall of the drill collar is hollowed out, as will be shown
`in greater detail hereinafter, in order that the well-logging
`apparatus, including the deflection-sensing equipment and
`transmitter in accordance with this invention, will be pro
`tected and maintained at the bottom of the well.
`In accordance, with this invention, signals from trans
`ducing apparatus 17, which convert phenomena sought to
`be logged into such signals, are applied to transmitting
`apparatus 18. The transmitting apparatus 8 is connected
`to a transformer winding 20. The transformer winding
`20, which surrounds the drill casing, serves as the primary
`of a transformer whose secondary comprises the conduc
`tive drill pipe 12, the drill mud, not shown, and the earth.
`The output of the transmitter may be transmitted by elec
`tromagnetic induction and appears as a flow of current up
`the drill string, which may be detected by a receiving
`transformer winding 22, which has its output connected
`to the repeater apparatus 24. The output of the repeater
`apparatus 24 is applied to an output transformer winding
`26 to be again transmitted up the drill string, thus adding
`to or reinforcing the signal already going up the drill pipe.
`While only two are shown, the receiving-transformer wind
`ing, repeater apparatus, and output-transformer winding
`are periodically provided, as often as is required along the
`drill string, for insuring transmission of clear signals to
`the surface. Thus, the two repeater arrangements shown
`are by way of exemplification, and not to be construed as
`a limitation. For picking up the transmitted signals, a
`receiver 32 is provided which is conductively coupled
`between the drill string and the earth.
`As will be shown hereinafter, this invention, in opera
`tion, transmits powerful pulses of alternate polarity at
`spaced intervals. The duration of these intervals is deter
`mined by the quantity sought to be transmitted from the
`bottom of the well. In view of this mode of operation,
`substantially no power is required except during the trans
`mission of the pulse. The actual pulse width is made
`short, so that the actual power drain during the pulse
`transmission interval is a minimum and pulse amplitude
`is a maximum during transmission.
`Reference is now made to FIGURE 2, which shows a
`circuit diagram of a transmitter in accordance with this
`invention.
`Let it be assumed that it is desired to transmit from the
`
`4.
`bottom of the well such quantities as the deviation of the
`drill pipe from the vertical, employing a "pipe-deviation
`transducer' 34, to be subsequently described herein, and
`the earth's self potential, using an "earth's self-potential
`transducer' 36, a number of arrangements for which are
`described, shown, and claimed in an application for patent
`by this inventor, entitled "Means and Techniques for
`Logging Well Bores,” Serial No. 670,326, filed July 5,
`1957, now Patent No. 3,079,549 and also in Patent No.
`2,568,241. One embodiment of a transmitter, in accord
`ance with this invention, will include two pairs of input
`terminals, one pair 38A, 38B of which are respectively
`connected to the collector and emitter of a transistor. 39,
`the current-conducting ability of which is controlled by
`the signal applied from the pipe-deviation transducer 34.
`The other pair 40A, 4GB of terminals are respectively
`connected to the collector and emitter of a transistor 41,
`the current-conducting ability of which is controlled by
`signals received from the earth's self-potential (SP) trans
`ducer 36.
`Terminals 38A, 46A are connected to a capacitor 42,
`and also to the emitter 46 of a unijunction transistor 48,
`which also has base-1 and base-2 electrodes, respectively
`50, 52. The base-; electrode 50 is connected through a
`resistor 54 to the capacitor 42. The base-i electrode is
`connected through a resistor 56 to the control electrode
`66 of a silicon-controlled rectifier 58. The silicon-con
`trolled rectifier also has a cathode 62 and an anode 64.
`The cathode 62 is connected through a resistor 66 to
`resistor 54 and capacitor 42. A capacitor 68 is connected
`between the control electrode 60 and resistor 54. The
`anode 64 of silicon-controlled rectifier 58 is connected
`through a diode 76 to input terminal 40B and through
`a resistor 72 to a battery 74. Base-2 of the unijunction
`transistor 48 is connected to the battery 74 through a
`resistor 76.
`Base- of the unijunction transistor 48 is connected
`through a resistor 78 to the control electrode 82 of a
`second silicon-controlled rectifier 30, which also has a
`cathode electrode 84 and an anode electrode 86. The
`cathode electrode 84 of silicon-controlled rectifier 80 is
`connected through a resistor 88 to the negative terminal
`of battery 74, as are also resistors 54 and 66, and capacitor
`68. The anode electrode 86 is connected through a re
`sistor 90 to the positive side of battery 74. It is aiso
`connected through a diode 92 to terminal 38B, and
`through a capacitor 94 to anode 64 of silicon-controlled
`rectifier 58. A capacitor 96 couples control electrode 82
`to the positive side of the battery 74.
`A third silicon-controlled rectifier 100 has a control
`electrode 62 connected to the cathode 62 of the first
`silicon-controlied rectifier 58. The cathode 164 is con
`nected to the positive terminal of a bias battery 105.
`The anode 06 is connected to one end of a winding
`E68A, which is one-half of a center-tapped transformer
`winding á68 having another half 108B, and a center tap
`10. The center tap 10 is connected through a resistor
`112 to the positive terminal of the battery 74 and through
`a capacitor 4 to the negative terminal of the battery.
`A fourth silicon-controlled rectifier 16 has its control
`electrode it 8 connected to the cathode 84 of the second
`silicon-controlled rectifier 86. Its cathode 120 is con
`nected to the positive terminal of the bias battery 105,
`and its anode is connected to the end of winding 108B.
`A capacitor 124 is connected between the anodes 22 and
`86 of silicon-controlled rectifiers 80 and 16. Similarly,
`capacitor 24 is connected between anodes 196 and 64
`of silicon-controlled rectifiers 100 and 58.
`The transformer windings 108A, 108B are wound on
`a laminated core 26, which is toroidal in shape and which
`Surrounds the drill pipe. These windings are wound on
`the core to pass through the toroidal aperture. Thus,
`the winding 108 comprises the primary of a transformer,
`of which the secondary comprises the pipe drill string and
`the earth. The winding 108 corresponds to the winding
`
`50
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`60
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`65
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`75
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 6
`
`

`

`3,186,222
`
`20
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`25
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`30
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`40
`
`5
`20 represented in FIGURE 1. The transducing appara
`tus 17 in FIGURE 1 corresponds to the transducers 34
`and 36 in FIGURE 2, The transmitter apparatus 18 in
`FIGURE 1 is represented by the circuitry in FIGURE 2.
`For a description of the operation of the circuit shown
`in FIGURE 2, let it first be assumed that, upon the first
`application of potential by battery 74 to the circuit, ca
`pacitor 96 applies a positive pulse to the control electrode
`82 of the second silicon-controlled rectifier 80, rendering
`it conductive and dropping the potential of its anode 86.
`Capacitor 68 simultaneously applies a negative pulse to
`the control electrode 60 of the first silicon-controlled
`rectifier 58, holding it nonconductive. When the second
`silicon-controlled rectifier 80 is rendered conductive, ca
`pacitor 42 commences to charge up from the battery 74
`controlled by the transducer 36 over a path which in
`cludes resistor 72, diode 70, terminal 40B, the transistor
`4i, terminal 40A, to capacitor 42. Since the amount of
`charging current allowed to flow through transistor 41 is
`determined by the amplitude of the earth's self-potential
`transducer signal, the time required to elapse before uni
`junction transistor 48 will conduct depends upon the
`signal potential received from the transducer 36.
`When capacitor 42 reaches a potential sufficiently high
`to enable unijunction transistor 48 to conduct, the ca
`pacitor 42 is discharged over a path through the emitter
`46, base-1 50, and resistor 54. As a result, a positive
`pulse is applied to the control electrodes 60, 82 through
`the respective resistors 56, 78. However, since silicon
`controlled rectifier 86 is already conducting, silicon-con
`trolled rectifier 58 can and does respond by becoming con
`ductive. Capacitor 94 discharges through silicon-con
`trolled rectifier 58 which reduces the potential at anode
`86, which cuts off silicon-controlled rectifier 80.
`When capacitor 52 has discharged below the potential
`required to maintain unijunction transistor 48 conductive,
`it again begins to charge up, this time over a path in
`cluding resistor 90, diode 92, terminal 38B, transistor 39,
`and terminal 38A. This time the interval required for
`capacitor 42 to charge up to a potential required to
`render unjunction transistor 48 conductive again depends
`upon the signal voltage of the pipe deviation transducer.
`When the unijunction transistor 48 conducts again, it
`operates to switch conduction between the silicon-con
`trolled rectifiers again. Thus, the intervals of conduction
`of the first and second silicon-controlled rectifiers is de
`termined by the amplitudes of the signals being produced
`by the transducers. Effectively, the operation of the cir
`cuit described thus far is that of a bistable-state flip-flop
`circuit which is driven from one to the other of its stable
`states at a rate determined by the amplitude of two sepa
`rate signals derived from two separate transducers. The
`remainder of the circuit in FIGURE 2 emits a positive
`and then negative pulse into the pipe drill string each time
`a transfer of conduction between the two silicon-con
`trolled rectifiers 58, 80 occurs. It is also within the scope
`of this invention for certain purposes to replace trans
`ducers 34 and 36, respectively, with variable resistances
`and to eliminate transistors 39 and 4. The variable re
`sistances are respectively connected between terminals
`38A, 38B and 40A, 40B. The resistance of these variable
`resistances is then varied in accordance with the quantity
`being measured, thus varying the timing of the unijunction
`transistors. For example, a pressure transducer can di
`rectly vary the timing of these transistors, thus eliminating
`transistors 39 and 4.
`A capacitor 114 is charged up from battery 74 through
`resistor a 12. When silicon-controlled rectifier 58 is
`rendered conductive, its cathode 62 goes positive, thus
`applying an enabling pulse to the control electrode 162 of
`silicon-controlled rectifier 100, which is connected thereto.
`This enables capacitor 114 to discharge over a path in
`cluding winding 198A and silicon-controlled rectifier 100.
`Thus, a pulse of one polarity is applied to the pipe drill
`string. Similarly, when silicon-controlled rectifier 80 is
`
`first rendered conductive, its cathode goes positive,
`thereby applying an enabling signal to control electrode
`158, whereby silicon-controlled rectifier 116 can dis
`charge capacitor 14, and a pulse of opposite polarity to
`said one polarity is applied to said pipe drill string. Each
`of the silicon-controlled rectifiers 100, 16 becomes non
`conductive upon discharge of capacitor 14, since this
`drops the voltage across them below the conduction-sus
`taining value. In the event both silicon-controlled recti
`fiers (0, 116 are turned on initially, capacitor 24 assists
`0.
`- in reducing the potential at anode 122, in the manner de
`scribed for capacitor 94, to turn off silicon-controlled
`rectifier 89. Bias battery 105 assists in turning off silicon
`controlled rectifiers 100 and 16.
`The silicon-controlled rectifiers 60 and 16 are alter
`nately enabled to discharge capacitor f4 through the
`transformer windings 108A, 108B at intervals determined
`by the amplitude of the signals derived from transducers
`36, 34, whereby pulse signals of opposite polarity are
`transmitted with the information desired being repre
`sented by the interval between these pulses. Although
`transmission can be performed using unipolar pulses, this
`is to be considered within the scope of this invention; the
`reason successive pulses of opposite polarity are used is
`because it is desired to transmit successive pulses at high
`power levels. The transformer cores would soon saturate
`with unidirectional pulses unless a very, very large amount
`of iron in the core were used. When successive pulses of
`opposite polarity are used, then the full extent of the
`core hysteresis characteristics is used, and much less iron
`in the core is necessary for transmitting power. Using
`pulse spacing to carry intelligence eliminates the effects
`of noise and amplitude modulation.
`Thus far there has been described an embodiment of
`the invention for transmitting signals from two trans
`ducers at the bottom of a well to the surface. Those
`skilled in the art, with the teachings provided herein,
`will be able to transmit one or more than two signals
`from the bottom of a well, without departing from the
`spirit and scope of this invention. For example, FIG
`URE, 3 illustrates a block schematic diagram of an ar
`rangement for transmitting more than two signals from
`the bottom of a well. This includes a typical pulse-posi
`tion-modulator arrangement, also known as “PPM,”
`which drives a flip-flop circuit or bistable-state circuit 130,
`which drives an opposite polarity pulse transmitter 132.
`This latter circuit will be recognized as that portion of
`FIGURE 2 which includes the silicon-controlled recti
`fiers 60, 16, the transformer winding 108, and the
`capacitor i4.
`Assume, for the purpose of exemplification, that it
`is desired to transmit from the bottom of a well, while
`it is being drilled, information from an earth's self-poten
`tial transducer A34, a pipe-deviation transducer 36, an
`earth's resistivity transducer 38, and an earth's radio
`activity transducer 40. An oscillator 42 drives a saw
`tooth generator 144. The output of the saftooth gener
`ator drives a counter 146 and is also applied to a voltage
`comparator 48. The counter outputs, consisting of the
`sampling frequency, are applied to channel-input circuits
`156 and chanel-collector circuits 52 which comprise gate
`circuitry, which gates are successively enabled, in re
`sponse to the output of the counter, to successively sample
`the outputs of each of the transducers 134-140 and to
`serialize these outputs. These outputs are applied to the
`voltage comparator 48.
`The input to the voltage comparator 148 will comprise
`a train of pulses having amplitudes representative of the
`different transducer-output signals. The voltage com
`parator 48 converts these amplitude-modulated pulses
`into pulse-width modulated pulses. The pulse-width mod
`ulated pulses are applied to differentiator and clipper cir
`cuits 154, wherein these are differentiated and clipped
`and thus converted to pulse-position modulation pulses.
`These are then applied to a mixer 56.
`
`55
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`50
`
`60
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`65
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`70
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`75
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`HALLIBURTON EXHIBIT 1022
`Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. U.S. Well Services, LLC, IPR2023-00558, Page 7
`
`

`

`7
`The last count of the counter 46 is applied to a triple
`pulse generator 158, which generates three closely spaced
`pulses in response thereto. These are inserted in the
`pulse-position pulse train by the mixer 155. The output
`of the mixer is applied to the flip-flop circuit A36, to drive
`it from one to the other stable state in response to each
`Successive pulse. Each of the flip-flop circuit bistable out
`puts is applied to the opposite-polarity pulse generator 132
`to alternately trigger it to generate opposite-poiarity pulses,
`which may be in the manner described wherein silicon
`controlled rectifiers 60 and 26 were alternately triggered
`for this purpose. Thus, the output of the opposite-polarity
`pulse transmitter 132, which is transmitted up the pipe
`drill string, will consist of a train of seven pulses of alter
`nate polarity which is repeated. The spacing between the
`last three pulses of a train is closer than that of the re
`maining pulses and is always constant. The spacing
`between the last of these three pulses and the first of the
`succeeding four pulses, as well as the spacing between
`the remaining three of these succeeding four pulses, rep
`resents the amplitudes of the respective signals derived
`from the four transducers 34-40.
`The portion of the block diagram bearing reference
`numerals 42 through 56 is illustrative of an encoder of
`PPM signals, which are well-known in the communica
`tion art. For example, see pages 98-101 in a text en
`titled "Telemetering Systems,” by Borden and Mayo-Wells,
`published in 1959 by the Reinhold Publishing Corp. The
`flip-flop circuit 230 is of a type well known in the art.
`The transmitter 132 has been described in connection
`with FIGURE 2,
`FIGURE 4 is a circuit diagram of the repeater appa
`ratus 24 and the receiving-transformer winding 22 and
`transmitting-transformer winding 26. The receiving-trans
`former winding is center tapped, thus having two halves,
`respectively 22A, 22B. The transmitting-transformer
`winding is also center tapped, having two halves 26A,
`26B. These transformer windings are of the same gen
`eral type as those described for the transmitter, being
`toroidal in form and placed around the pipe drill string
`to which they are inductively coupled. One end of the
`winding 22A is connected to the control electrode 162
`of a first silicon-controlled rectifier 163. The opposite
`end of the transformer winding 22B is connected to the
`control electrode 172 of a second silicon-controlled rec
`tifier 176. The center tap of the winding 22 is connected
`to cathodes 164, 74 of the silicon-controlled rectifiers,
`respectively 160, 70. The opposite ends of the center
`tap windings 26A, 26B are respectively connected to the
`anodes 76, 166 of the silicon-controlled rectifiers 178,
`160. The center tap of the winding 26 is connected to
`a capacitor 80, the other end of which is connected to
`the cathodes 64, 174 of the silicon-controlled rectifiers.
`Across the capacitor 180 there is connected a battery
`182 in series with a charging resistor 84.
`A voltage from a transmitted pulse is induced in the
`detecting winding 22. This voltage is applied with oppo
`site polarity to both control electrodes 62, 72 of the
`silicon-controlled rectifiers. However, only the one of
`these which receives a positive voltage in excess of the
`critical firing voltage of the silicon-controlled rectifiers
`will be enabled to conduct. Thus, since the polarity of
`the transmitted pulse is alternately positive and negative,
`first one and then the other of the silicon-controlled rec
`tifiers is enabled to conduct in response thereto. Capacitor
`189 charges up through resistor 134 from battery 132 be
`tween the times the capacitor is discharged. Thus, the ap
`plication of a proper polarity pulse to the control electrode
`of the silicon-controlled rectifier 6 will enable the capaci
`tor 180 to discharge through the winding 26B. The appli
`cation of a positive pulse to the control electrode of the
`silicon-controlled rectifier 179 enables the discharge of
`the capacitor 156 through the winding 26A. in this man
`ner the polarity and the pulse spacing of the pulses re
`transmitted by the repeater is maintained identical with
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`70
`
`3,186,3
`333
`3 62
`
`O
`
`20
`
`@
`that received. It will be appreciated that no standby
`power is required by the repeater station. It operates only
`when called upon and in response to pulses of opposite
`polarity. As many of these repeater stations as are re
`quired may be employed. They insure that the pulses
`spaced by the meaningful intervals are of a sufficiently
`high level that they are not masked or distorted by noise.
`The amplitude of these pulses and to a large extent their
`shape are not significant. What is significant is that
`pulses occur which exceed the noise levels and which
`demark data intervals,
`FIGURE 5 is a block schematic of a receiver (32 in
`FIGURS 1) in accordance with this invention for receiv
`ing information from the transmitter shown in FiGURE
`2. The data represented by the interval between two
`transmitted pulses may be identified by the polarity of
`either of these pulses. Although pulse polarities alter
`nate, there is a fixed association between the polarity of
`a pulse generated by the transmitter and a transducer sig
`inal. Thus, by way of illustration, the earth's self-potential
`data is represented by the interval between a positive and
`a negative pulse, and the pipe-deviation data is represented
`by the interval between the negative pulse terminating the
`self-potential data interval and a Succeeding positive pulse.
`This association is maintained by the repeater stations.
`The receiver shown in FIGURE 5 includes a flip-flop
`or bistable-state circuit 200 which is connected to be
`driven from one to the other of its stable states by the
`alternative positive and negative polarity pulses. The in
`put to the flip-flop circuit is derived by way of suitable
`amplifying and fil