nate
`
`(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:47)(cid:42)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:25)
`_. APOTEX v.CELGENE
`(cid:36)(cid:51)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:59)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:40)(cid:47)(cid:42)(cid:40)(cid:49)(cid:40)
`(cid:44)(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:20)(cid:21)
`
`lon
`
`1ee
`
`Ei
`
`ath E
`
`

`

`Teanne Forehand
`
`Table of Metric Doses with Approximate Apothecary Equivalents
`
`These approximate dose equivalents represent the quantities usually prescribed, under identical condi-
`tions, by physicians using, respectively, the metric system and the apothecary system of weights and measures.
`Statements of quantity or strength in the labeling of drug products, when expressedin the metric and apothecary
`systems, shall utilize exact equivalents.
`When prepared dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, etc, are prescribed in the metric system, the phar-
`macist may dispense the corresponding approximate equivalent in the apolhecary system and vice versa, as
`indicated in the following table.
`For the conversion of specific quantities in converting pharmaceutical formulas, use the exact equivalents
`(see pages 75 and 76). For prescription compounding, use the exact equivalents rounded to three significant fig-
`ures.
`
`
`
`Matric
`
`Approximate Apothecary
`
`Equivalents
`
`Liquid Measure
`Approximate Apothecary
`Approximate Apothecary
`
`Metric
`Equivalents
`Metric
`Equivalents
`
`
`
`8 minims
`0.5 mbt
`21/5 fluid drams
`mL
`O
`quart
`1
`1000 mL
`5 minims
`0.30 mL
`2
`fluid drams
`8 mt
`1/5 pints
`750 mt
`4
` minims
`0.25 mL
`1%, fluid drams
`5
`mb
`1
`pint
`500 mL
`3. minims
`0.2 mL
`1
`fluid dram
`4
`mt
`8
`tiuid ounces
`250 mL
`15 minims
`0.1 mL
`45 minims
`3
`mL
`7
`fluid ounces
`200 mL
`
`
`
`
`
`100 mL 30)=ominims3% fluid ounces 2 me 0.06 mL 1) minim
`
`50 mt
`4°/; fluid ounces
`1
`mt
`15 minims
`0.05 mL
`3, minim
`30 mL
`1
`fluid ounce
`0.75 mL
`12
`=minims
`0.03 mL
`V> minim
`
`
`
`15 mbt 4_fluid drams 0.6 mb 10. minims
`
`
`
`
`Weight
`
`
`Approximate Apothecary
`Approximate Apothecary
`Equivalents
`Matric
`Equivalents
`Metric
`Vis grain
`4 mg
`3
`grains
`200 mg
`Voq grain
`3 mg
`2% grains
`150 mg
`Vag grain
`2 mg
`2
`grains
`125 mg
`Yao grain
`1.5 mg
`1% grains
`100 mg
`Veg grain
`1.2. mg
`1%, grains
`75mg
`Vsq rain
`1 mg
`1
`grain
`60 mg
`Yeo grain
`800
`yg
`3, grain
`50 mg
`Yioo grain
`600
`jug
`“ly grain
`40 mg
`Yi09 grain
`500
`jg
`V2 grain
`30 mg
`Vso grain
`400
`pq
`%q grain
`25 mg
`Vooo grain
`300
`jig
`V5 grain
`20 mg
`Yos9 grain
`250
`yg
`V, grain
`15 mg
`‘Yaoo grain
`200
`pg
`Vs grain
`12mg
`Vig grain
`150
`tg
`Va grain
`10 ma
`Ys00 grain
`120
`keg
`Ye grain
`8 mg
`6mg
`Vig grain
`100
`yg
`Yeaq grain
`5 mq
`Vio grain
`
`
`Matric
`30
`g
`15
`g
`10
`g
`7.59
`6
`g
`5
`g
`4
`9
`3
`g
`2g
`1.59
`1
`og
`750 mg
`600 mg
`500 mg
`400 mg
`300 ma
`250 mg
`
`Approximate Apothecary
`Equivalents
`ounce
`1
`drams
`4
`2% drams
`2
`drams
`90
`grains
`75
`grains
`60
`grains (1 dram)
`45
`grains
`30
`grains (> dram)
`22°
`grains
`15
`grains
`12.
`grains
`10
`grains
`7 Vo grains
`6
`grains
`5
`grains
`4
`grains _
`
`NOTE:
`
`A milliliter (ML) is the approximate equivalent of a cubic centimeter (cc).
`
`

`

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`

`

`Remington's
`Pharmaceutical
`Sciences
`
`16
`
`

`

`180
`
`EDITION
`
`
`
`ALFONSO R GENNARO
`
`Editor, and Chairman
`of the Editorial Board
`
`

`

`
`
`1990
`
`MACK PUBLISHING COMPANY
`
`Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
`
`

`

`Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885 by Joseph P Remington,
`in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington DC
`
`Copyright 1889, 1894, 1905, 1907, 1917, by Joseph P Remington.
`
`Copyright 1926, 1936, by Joseph P Remington Estate
`
`Copyright 1948, 1951, by The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science
`
`Copyright © 1956, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, by The Philadelphia College of
`Pharmacy and Science
`
`All Rights Reserved
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card No, 60-53334
`
`ISBN 0-912734-04-3
`
`The use of structural formulas from USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names is by
`permissionof The USP Convention. The Convention is not responsible for any inaccuracy
`contained herein.
`
`NovricE—This text is not intended to represent, nor shallit be interpreted to be, the equivalent
`of or a substitute for the official United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and/or the National
`Formulary (NF).
`In the event of any difference or discrepancy between the current official
`USP or NF standards of strength, quality, purity, packaging and labeling for drugs and
`representations of them herein, the context and effect of the official compendia shall
`prevail.
`
`Printed in the United States of America by the Mack Printing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania
`
`

`

`Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.. . a treatise on the theory
`and practice of the pharmaceutical sciences, with essential
`information about pharmaceutical and medicinal agents; also a guide
`to the professional responsibilities of the pharmacist as the
`drug-information specialist of the health team... A textbook
`and reference work for pharmacists, physicians and other
`practitioners of the pharmaceutical and medical sciences.
`
`EDITORS
`
`Alfonso R Gennaro, Chairman
`Grafton D Chase
`
`Ara Der Marderosian
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Daniel A Hussar
`
`Thomas Medwick
`Edward G Rippie
`
`Joseph B Schwartz
`Ewart A Swinyard
`
`Gilbert L Zink
`
`AUTHORS
`
`The 109 chapters of this edition of Remington’s Pharmaceutical
`Sciences were written by the editors, by members of the
`Editorial Board, and by other authors listed on pagesix to xi,
`
`Managing Editor
`
`John E Hoover
`
`Editorial Assistant
`
`Bonnie Brigham Packer
`
`Director
`
`Allen Misher 1985-1990
`
`Eighteenth Edition— 1990
`
`Published in the 170th year of the
`PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE
`
`

`

`Remington Historical / Biographical Data
`
`The following is a record of the editors and the dates of publication of successive editions of this book, prior to the 13th
`Edition known as Remington's Practice of Pharmacy and subsequently as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
`
`First Edition, 1886
`Second Edition, 1869
`Third Edition, 1697
`Fourth Edition, 1905
`
`Fifth Edition, 1907
`Sixth Edition, 1917
`
`Seventh Edition, 1926
`
`Editors
`E Fullerton Cook
`Charles H LaWall
`
`Eighth Edition, 1936
`
`Editors
`E Fullerton Cook
`
`Charles H LaWall
`
`Ninth Edition, 1946
`
`Tenth Edition, 1951
`
`Eleventh Edition, 1956
`
`Editors
`Eric W Martin
`E Fullerton Cook
`
`Twelfth Edition, 1964
`
`Joseph P Remington
`
`Thirteenth Edition, 1965
`
`Joseph P Remington
`Assisted by
`E Fullerton Cook
`
`Associate Editors
`Ivor Griffith
`
`Adley B Nichols
`Arthur Osol
`
`Editors
`E Fullerton Cook
`Eric W Martin
`
`Editors
`E Fullerton Cook
`Eric W Martin
`
`Associate Editors
`E Emerson Levallen
`Arthur Osol
`Linwood F Tice
`Clarence T Van Meter
`
`Editor-In-Chief
`Eric W Martin
`Editors
`Grafton D Chase
`Herald R Cox
`Richard A Deno
`Alfonso R Gennaro
`
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Fourteenth Edition, 1970
`
`Chairman, Editorial Board
`Arthur Osol
`Editors
`Grafton D Chase
`Richard A Deno
`Alfonso R Gennaro
`Melvin R Gibson
`
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Fifteenth Edition, 1975
`
`Chairman, Editorial Board
`Arthur Osol
`Editors
`John T Anderson
`Cecil L Bendush
`Grafton D Chase
`Alfonse R Gennaro
`Melvin R Gibson
`
`Sixteenth Edition, 1960
`
`Chairman. Editorial Board
`Arthur Osol
`
`Editors
`Grafton D Chase
`Alfonso R Gennaro
`Melvin BR Gibson
`
`C Boyd Granberg
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Seventeenth Edition, 1965
`
`Managing Editor
`John E Hoover
`
`Robert E King
`E Emerson Levallen
`Arthur Osol
`
`Ewart A Swinyard
`Clarence T Van Meter
`
`Managing Editor
`John E Hoover
`
`Robert E King
`Alfred N Martin
`
`Ewart A Swinyard
`Clarence T Van Meter
`Bernard Witlin
`
`Managing Editor
`John E Hoover
`
`C Boyd Granberg
`Stewart C Harvey
`Robert E King
`Alfred N Martin
`
`Ewart A Swinyard
`
`Robert E King
`Alfred N Martin
`
`Ewart A Swinyard
`Gilbert L Zink
`
`Editors
`Eric W Martin
`E Fullerton Cook
`Edward G Ripple
`E Emerson Leuallen
`Joseph D Schwartz
`Arthur Osol
`Ewart A Swinyard
`Stewart Harvey
`
`LinwoodFTice Danie! A Hussar
`Gilbert L Zink
`Thomas Medwick
`
`Assistant ta the Editors
`John E Hoover
`
`Chairman, Editorial Board
`Alfonso R Gennaro
`Editors
`Grafton D Chase
`Ara Der Marderosian
`
`Clarence T Van Meter
`
`Vili
`
`

`

`Editorial Board Members and Editors .
`
`Alfonse R Gennaro, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—Professor of
`Chemistry. Chairman of the Editorial Board and Editor, Remington’s Pharmaceutical
`Sciences. Coauthor, Chapter 22. Coeditor, Part 6, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
`Agents.
`
`Grofton D Chase, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—Emeritus Professor of
`Chemistry, Editor, Part 5, Radioisotopes in Pharmacy and Medicine. Author, Chapters
`32 and 33.
`
`Ara DerMarderosian, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science —Professor of
`Pharmacognosy. Research Professor in Medicinal Chemistry. Editor, Part 4,
`Orientation. Author, Chapters 64, 74 and 96.
`
`Stewart C Harvey, PhD / University of Utah School of Medicine—Professor of Pharmacology.
`Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 6, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents.
`Author, Chapters 35, 36, 40, 43 to 47, 49, 61 and 62. Coauthor, Chapters 36, 41 and
`50.
`
`Daniel A Hussar, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—Remington Professor of
`Pharmacy. Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 9, Pharmaceutical Practice. Author,
`Chapters 100 and 102.
`
`Thomes Medwick, PhD / Rutgers University—Professor and Chairman, Department of
`Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Editorial Board member. Editor, Part 3, Pharmaceutical
`Chemistry, and Part 4, Testing and Analysis. Coauthor, Chapter 26.
`
`Edward G Rippie, PhD / University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy—Professor of
`Pharmaceutics. Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 2, Pharmaceurics. Author,
`Chapter 12. Coauthor, Chapter 88.
`
`Joseph D Schwartz, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and 5cience—Linwood Tice
`Professor of Pharmaceutics. Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 8, Pharmaceutical
`Preparations and Their Manufacture. Coauthor, Chapters 88 and 89.
`
`Ewart A Swinyard, PhD / University of Utah—Professor Emeritus of Pharmnacology, College of
`Pharmacy and School of Medicine. Editorial Board member. Editor, Part 6,
`Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents, Author, Chapters 39, 42, 48, 53 to 60, 63, 65
`and 70. Coauthor, Chapter 66.
`
`Gilbert L Zink, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—Associate Professor of
`Biology, Editor, Part 7, Biological Products. Author, Chapter 71.
`
`

`

`Authors
`
`The following contributors to the Eighteenth Edition of Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences
`served as authors or coauthors, along with the editors and membersof the Editorial Board,
`of the 109 chapters of this book.
`
`Hamed M Abdou, PhD / Vice President, Worldwide Pharmaceuti-
`Michael R Franklin, PhD / Professor of Pharmacology, College of
`eal Technical Operations, E R Squibb & Sons, Inc; Author of
`Pharmacy and School of Medicine, University of Utah; Author
`Chapter 30, Instrumental Methods of Analysis and Chapter
`of Chapter 52, Enzymes.
`:
`Ruta Freimanis, BS, RPh/ Associate Secretary, United States
`31, Dissolution.
`Adopted Names Council; Coauthor of Chapter 24, Drug No-
`Ann B Amerson, PharmD / Professor, College of Pharmacy/Di-
`menclature— United States Adopted Names.
`rector, Drug Information Center, Chandler Medical Center,
`University of Kentucky; Author of Chapter 103, Clinical Drug
`James W Freston, MD, PhD / Professor and Chairman, Depart-
`Literature.
`ment of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center;
`Coauthor of Chapter 34, Diseases: Manifestations and Patho-
`Howard C Ansel, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy and Dean, College
`of Pharmacy, University of Georgia; Author of Chapter 101,
`physiology,
`The Prescription.
`RobertL Giles, BA / Vice President and General Manager, Glenn
`Kenneth E Avis, DSc / Emeritus Professor, Pharmaceutics, Col-
`Beall Engineering Inc; Coauthorof Chapter 80, Plastic Packag-
`lege of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis; Author
`ing Materials.
`of Chapter 84, Parenteral Preparations.
`Harold N Godwin, MS / Professor and Director of Pharmacy, The
`University of Kansas Medical Center; Author of Chapter 94,
`Leonard C Bailey, PhD / Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical
`Institutional Patient Care.
`Chemistry, Rutgers University College of Pharmacy; Authorof
`Frederick J Goldstein, PhD / Professor of Pharmacology, Phila-
`Chapter 29, Chromatography.
`delphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of Chapter
`Lawrence H Block, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutics, Duquesne
`University School of Pharmacy; Author of Chapter 87, Medi-
`69, Pharmacological Aspects of Substance Abuse.
`A Richard Goolkasian, BS, RPh / Director of Alumni and Profes-
`cated Applications.
`sional Affairs, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied
`Joseph B Bogardus, PhD / Basic Pharmaceutics Research, Bris-
`tol-Myers Company; Coauthor of Chapter 18, Reaction Kinet-
`Health Sciences; Author of Chapter 1, Scope.
`ics.
`Gerald Hecht, PhD / Director Process Development, Alcon Lab-
`Sanford Bolton, PhD / Chairman, Department. of Pharmacy and
`oratories; Coauthor of Chapter 86, Ophthalmic Preparations.
`Judith A Hesp, MS/ Instructor in Information Science, Coordina-
`Administrative Sciences, St John's University; Author of Chap-
`ter 10, Statistics.
`tor of Bibliographic Instruction, Joseph W England Library,
`John Bosso, PharmD / Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Ad-
`Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of
`junct Professor of Pediatrics, College of Pharmacy and School
`Chapter 7, Drug Information.
`Gregory J Higby, PhD / Director, American Institute of the Histo-
`of Medicine, University of Utah; Coauthor of Chapter 34, Dis-
`ry of Pharmacy, Schoo! of Pharmacy, Universityof Wisconsin-
`: eases; Manifestations and Pathophysiology.
`B Sue Brizuela, MS / Assistant Professor of Information Science,
`Madison; Author of Chapter 2, Evolution of Pharmacy.
`Andrew S Katocks, Jr, PhD / Senior Research Pharmacologist,
`Head of Public Services, Joseph W England Library, Philadel-
`American Cyanamid Company, Medical Research Division;
`phia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of Chapter 7,
`Coauthor of Chapter 27, Bislogical Testing.
`Drug Information.
`Calvin H Knowlton, MDiv, RPh / Clinical Associate Professor of
`Dale B Christensen, PhD /Associate Professor, Department of
`Pharmacy,Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Au-
`Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wash-
`ington; Coauthor of Chapter 11, Computer Science.
`thor of Chapter 4, The Practice of Community Pharmacy.
`Sebastian G Cianacio, DDS/Professor and Chairman, Depart-
`Richard W Knueppel, RPh / President, Knueppel Home Health
`ment of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, State Uni-
`Care Center; Author of Chapter 104, Health Accessories.
`versity of New York at. Buffalo; Author of Chapter 109, Dental
`Harry B Kostenbauder, PhD / Associate Dean for Research, Col-
`Services.
`lege of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky; Coauthor of Chap-
`ter L8, Reaction Kinetics.
`Kenneth A Connors, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutics, School of
`Richard L, Kronenthal, PhD / Director of Research, Ethicon Inc;
`Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin; Author of Chapter 14,
`Complex Formation.
`Author of Chapter 105, Surgical Supplies.
`Anthony J Cutie, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutics, Arnold and
`Arthur J Lawrence, PhD, RPh / Office of the Assistant Secretary
`of Health, US Public Health Service; Author of Chapter 6,
`Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
`Pharmacists in. Government.
`.
`Long Island University; Coauthor of Chapter 92, Aerosols.
`Anthony R DiSanto, PhD / Vice President, Drug Delivery Re-
`Eric J Lien, PhD/Professor of Pharmacy / Pharmaceutics and
`search and Development, The Upjohn Company; Author of
`Biomedical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of
`Chapter 76, Bioavailability and Bioequivalency Testing.
`Southern California; Author of Chapter 13, Molecular Struc-
`Clarence A Discher,* PhD / Professor Emeritus, Rutgers Univer-
`ture, Properties and States af Matter.
`sity; Author of Chapter 21, Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemis-
`Mark A Longer, PhD / MCR Research Fellow, Department of
`fry.
`Biological Sciences, University of Keele; Coauthor of Chapter
`91, Sustained-Release Drug Delivery Systems.
`Clyde R Erskine, Jr, BSc / Vice President, Corporate Quality
`Audits and Services, SmithKline Beckman Corporation; Au-
`Werner Lowenthal, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy and Pharma-
`thor of Chapter 82, Quality Assurance and Control.
`ceutics and-Professor of Educational Development and Plan-
`Lorraine D Evans, BS, H(ASCP) / Clinical Pathology, Bristol-
`ning, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia; Author
`Myers Company; Coauthor of Chapter 28, Clinical Analysis.
`of Chapter 9, Metrology and Calculation.
`Karen B Main, PhD / Physical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical De-
`William E Fassett, BS, MBA / Assistant Professor, Department of
`Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wash-
`velopment Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals Group; Coauthor
`ington; Coauthor of Chapter 11, Computer Science.
`of Chapter 26, Analysis of Medicinals,
`Joseph L Fink II, BS(Pharm), JD/Assistant Dean and Profes-
`Duane D Miller, PhD / Professor and Chairman, Division of Me-
`sor, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky; Coauthor of
`dicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy,
`Chapter 107, Laws Governing Pharmacy.
`
`* Deceased
`
`

`

`The Ohio State University; Author of Chapter 25, Structure-
`Names Council; Coauthor of Chapter 24, Drug Nomencla-
`Activity Relationship and Drug Design.
`ture—United States Adopted Names.
`Michael Montagne, PhD / Associate Professor of Pharmacy Ad-
`Hans Schott, PhD/Professor of Pharmaceutics and Colloid
`ministration, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science;
`Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Temple University; Coauthor
`Coauthor of Chapter 3, Ethics and Author of Chapter 99, Drug
`of Chapter 19, Disperse Systems and Author of Chapter 20,
`Education.
`Rheology.
`John D Mullins, PhD / Consultant; Coauthor of Chapter 86, Oph-
`John d Sciarra, PhD / President, Retail Drug Institute / Professor
`thalmte Preparations.
`of Industrial Pharmacy, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of
`Maven J Myers, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy Administration,
`Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University; Coau-
`Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of
`thor of Chapter 92, Aerosols.
`Chapter 3, Ethics.
`John H Shinkai, PhD / Emeritus Professor of Pharmaceutical
`2} G Nairn, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
`Chemistry, Rutgers University, College of Pharmacy; Coauthor
`University of Toronto; Author of Chapter 83, Solutions, Emul-
`of Chapter 22, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
`sions, Suspensions and Extracts.
`E Richard Shough, PhD / Associate Dean and Professor, Univer-
`Paul J Niebergall, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutical and Sci-
`sity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy;
`ences / Director, Pharmaceutical Development Center, Medi-
`Author of Chapter 73, Allergenic Extracts.
`eal University of South Carolina; Author of Chapter 17, Jonic
`Frederick P Siegel, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutics, College of
`Solutions and Electrolytic Equilibria.
`Pharmacy, University of Illinois; Author of Chapter 79, Tonici-
`Robert E O’Connor, PhD / Merck Frosst Canada, Inc; Coauthor of
`ty, Osmoticity, Osmolality and Osmolarity.
`Chapter 88, Powders.
`Larry M Simonsmeier, BS(Pharm), JD/Associate Dean and
`Melanie O’Neill / Becton Dickinson & Company; Coauthor of
`Professor, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University;
`Coauthor of Chapter 107, Laws Governing Pharmacy,
`Chapter 78, Sterilization.
`Richard W Pecina, PhD / President, Richard W Pecina & Asso-
`Robert D Smyth, PhD / Vice President, Pharmaceutical Develop-
`ciates; Coauthor of Chapter 80, Plastic Packaging Materials.
`ment, Bristol-Myers Company; Coauthor of Chapter 28, Clini-
`Garnet E Peck, PhD / Professor of Industrial Pharmacy / Director
`cal Analysis.
`Thomas C Snader, PharmD / Consultant Pharmacist; Author of
`of the Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Purdue University;
`- Author of Chapter 77, Separation,
`Chapter 95, Long-Term Care Facilities,
`G Briggs Phillips, PhD / Becton Dickinson & Company; Coauthor
`Theodore D Sokoloski, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy, College of
`. of Chapter 78, Sterilization.
`Pharmacy, The Ohio State University; Author of Chapter 16,
`Nicholas G Popovich, PhD / Associate Professor of Pharmacy
`Solutions and Phase Equilibria.
`Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue
`Robert B Stewart, MS / Professor and Chairman, Departmentof
`University; Author of Chapter 93, Ambulatory Patient Care.
`Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Flori-
`da; Author of Chapter 67, Adverse Drug Reactions,
`Stuart C Porter, PhD / Vice President, Research and Develop-
`James Swarbrick, DSe, PhD / Professor and Chairman, Division
`ment, Colorcon; Author of Chapter 90, Coating of Pharmaceu-
`of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North
`tical Dosage Forms.
`Carolina at Chapel Hill; Coauthor of Chapter 19, Disperse
`Galen Radebaugh, PhD / Director of Pharmaceutics, Parke-Davis
`Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert. Compa-
`Systems.
`Anthony R Temple, MD / Director, Regulatory and Medical Af-
`ny; Coauthor of Chapter 75, Preformulation.
`fairs, McNeil Consumer Products Company / Adjunct Asso-
`Paul L Ranelli, PhD / Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Adminis-
`ciate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Penn-
`tration, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Author
`sylvania School of Medicine / Lecturer, Philadelphia College of
`of Chapter 98, Patient Communication.
`Pharmacy and Science; Author of Chapter 106, Poison Conérol,
`Louis J Ravin, PhD / Department of Pharmaceutics, Research and
`John P Tischio, PhD / Principle Scientist, Immunobiology Re-
`Development, Smith Kline & French Laboratories; Coauthorof
`search Institute; Author of Chapter 68, Pharmacogenetics,
`Chapter 75, Preformulation.
`5
`Salvatore J Turco, PharmD / Professor of Pharmacy, Temple
`Jack W Reich, PhD/Vice President Regulatory Affairs, Gensia
`Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Author of Chapter 8, Research.
`University School of Pharmacy; Author of Chapter 85, Jntrave-
`nous Admixtures,
`James W Richards, MBA/ Professor of Pharmacy Administra-
`Elizabeth B Vadas, PhD / Merck Frosst Canada, Inc; Author of
`tion, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan; Author of
`Chapter 108, Community Pharmacy Economics and Manage-
`Chapter $1, Stabrlity of Pharmaceutica! Products.
`mene.
`Ernestine Vanderveen, PhD / National Institute on Drug Abuse,
`ADAMHA; Coauthor of Chapter 51, Vitamins and Other Nu-
`Jack Robbins, PhD / Director, Pharmacy Affairs, Schering Lab-
`trients.
`oratories; Author of Chapter 5, Opportunities for Pharmacists
`in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
`John E Vanderveen, PhD / Division of Nutrition, Food and Drug
`Administration, Coauthor of Chapter 51, Vitamins and Other
`Joseph R Robinson, PhD/Professor of Pharmacy, School of
`Nutrients.
`Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin; Coauthor of Chapter 91,
`Vincent S Venturella, PhD / Section Manager, Pharmaceutical
`Sustatned-Release Drug Delivery Systems.
`Research, Anaquest, Div of BOC; Author of Chapter 23, Natu-
`Frank Roia, PhD / Professor of Biology, Philadelphia College of
`ral Products.
`Pharmacy and Science; Author of Chapter 72, [mmunizing
`Albert I Wertheimer, PhD / Professor and Director, Department
`Agents and Diagnostic Skin Antigens.
`of Graduate Studies in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,
`Douglas E Rollins, MD, PhD / Associate Professor of Medicine
`College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota; Author of
`and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and College of Pharma-
`Chapter 97, The Patient: Behavioral Determinants.
`cy, University of Utah; Author of Chapter 37, Clinical Pharma-
`cokinetics.
`Timothy S Wiedmann, PhD/Assistant Professor, College of
`G Victor Rossi, PhD / Vice President of Academic Affairs / Pro-
`Pharmacy, University of Minnesota; Author of Chapter 15,
`Thermodynamics,
`fessor of Pharmacology, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and
`C Dean Withrow, PhD/Associate Professor of Pharmacology,
`Science; Coauthor of Chapter 27, Biological Testing and Coau-
`School of Medicine, University of Utah: Coauthor of Chapter
`thor of Chapter 69,
`36, Basic Pharmacokinetics, Coauthor of Chapter 41, Cardio-
`Edward Rudnic, PhD/Director, Formulation Development,
`vascular Drugs and Coauthor of Chapter 60, Hormones.
`Schering Research; Coauthor of Chapter 89, Oral Solid Dosage
`Forms.
`George Zografi, PhD / Professor, School of Pharmacy, University
`of Wisconsin; Coauthor of Chapter 19. Disperse Systems.
`Donald O Schiffman, PhD/Secretary, United States Adopted
`
`

`

`Preface to the First Edition
`
`‘The rapid and substantial progress made in Pharmacy
`within the last decade has created a necessity for a work
`treating of the improved apparatus, the revised processes,
`and the recently introduced preparations of the age.
`The vast advances madein theoretical and applied chem-
`istry and physics have much to do with the development of
`pharmaceutical science, and these have been reflected in all
`the revised editions of the Pharmacopoeias which have been
`recently published. When the author was elected in 1874 to
`the chair of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy in the Phila-
`delphia College of Pharmacy, the outlines of study which
`had been so carefully prepared for the classes by his erninent
`predecessors, Professor William Procter, Jr, and Professor
`Edward Parrish, were found to be not strictly in accord,
`either in their arrangementof the subjects or in their method
`of treatment. Desiring to preserve the distinctive charac-
`teristics of each, an effort was at once made to frame a
`system which should embody their valuable features, em-
`brace new subjects, andstill retain that harmony of plan and
`proper sequence which are absolutely essential to the suc-
`cess of any system.
`Thestrictly alphabetical classification of subjects whichis
`now universally adopted by pharmacopoeias and dispensa-
`tories, although admirable in worksof reference, presents an
`effectual stumbling block to the acquisition of pharmaceuti-
`cal knowledge through systematic study; the vast accumula-
`tion of facts collected under each head being arranged lexi-
`cally, they necessarily have no connection with one another,
`and thus the saving of labor effected by considering similar
`groups together, and the value of the associationof kindred
`subjects, are lost to the student.
`In the method of grouping
`the subjects which is herein adopted, the constant aim has
`been to arrange the latter in such a manner that the reader
`shall be gradually led from the consideration of elementary
`subjects to those which involve more advanced knowledge,
`whilst the groups themselves are so placed as to follow one
`another in a natural sequence.
`The work is divided into six parts. Part I is devoted to
`detailed descriptions of apparatus and definitions and com-
`ments on general pharmaceutical processes.
`The Official Preparations alone are considered in Part IL.
`Dueweight and prominence are thus given to the Pharmaco-
`poeia, the National authority, which is now so thoroughly
`recognized.
`In order to suit the convenience of pharmacists who prefer
`to weigh solids and measureliquids, the official formulas are
`expressed, in addition to parts by weight,
`in avoirdupois
`weight and apothecaries’ measure. These equivalents are
`
`printed in bold type near the margin, and arranged s0 as.to
`fit them for quick and accurate reference.
`Part II treats of Inorganic Chemical Substances. Prece-
`denceis of course given to official preparation in these. The
`descriptions, solubilities, and tests for identity and impuri-
`ties of each substance are systematically tabulated underits
`propertitle.
`It is confidently believed that by this method
`of arrangement the valuable descriptive features of the
`Pharmacopoeia will be more prominently developed, ready
`reference facilitated, and close study of the details rendered
`easy. Each chemical operation is accompanied by equa-
`tions, whilst the reaction is, in addition, explained in words.
`The Carbon Compounds, or Organic Chemical Sub-
`stances, are considered in Part IV. These are naturally
`grouped according to the physical and medical properties of
`their principal constituents, beginning with simpl