THE
`
`CANC
`Diiclionary
`
`PD EDITION
`
`REVI
`
`AN A-TO-Z GUIDE
`
`cancer symptoms.
`
`TO MORE THAN 2,500 TERMS
`
`surgical procedures
`
`anticancer drugs
`
`THAT INCLUDE:
`
`side effects
`
`CELGENE 2064
`CELGENE 2064
`APOTEX v. CELGENE
`APOTEX v. CELGENE
`IPR2023-00512
`IPR2023-00512
`ROBERTA ALTMAN | MICHAEL J. SARG, M.D.
`
`risk factors: ”
`
`diagnostic tests
`
`p reven tion
`
`and more
`
`

`

`THE
`
`CANCER
`DICTIONARY
`
`Revised Edition
`
`Roberta Altman
`
`Michael J. Sarg, M.D.
`
`Associate Chief of Medical Oncology,
`St. Vincent's Hospital, New York City
`Member ofthe teaching faculty
`of the St. Vincent’s Hospital
`Comprehensive Cancer Center
`
`Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine,
`
`New York Medical College
`
`vy
`Checkmark Books”
`An imprint of Facts On File, Inc.
`
`

`

`The Cancer Dictionary, Revised Edition
`
`Copyright © 2000 and 1992 by Roberta Altman and MichaelJ. Sarg, M.D.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproducedorutilized in any form or by any means,electronic or
`mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storageor retrieval systems, without permission
`in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
`
`Checkmark Books
`An imprint of Facts On File, Inc.
`11 Penn Plaza
`
`New York NY 10001
`
`Altman, Roberta.
`The cancer dictionary / Roberta Altman, Michael J. Sarg.—Rev. ed.
`.
`em.
`
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-8160-3953-4 (alk. paper).—ISBN 0-8160-3954-2 (alk. paper)
`1. Cancer—Dictionaries. I. Sarg, Michael.IL. Title. RC262.A39 1999
`616.99¢4¢003 —DC21 99-21201
`
`Checkmark Booksare available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
`associations, institutions or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York
`at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
`
`You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Webat http:/Avww.factsonfile.com
`
`Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon
`Mlustrations on pages 40-43, 62, 105, 156, and 174 by Jeremy Eagle
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`MP Hermitage 10987654321
`(pbk) 10987654321
`
`This bookis printed on acid-free paper.
`
`

`

`This book is dedicated to
`
`all cancer patients, the courageous cancersurvivors, their
`friends and loved ones, and the dedicated researchers, nurses,
`and physicians who work with them.
`
`
`

`

`
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Acknowledgments
`introduction to the Previous Edition
`Introduction to the Revised Edition
`Howto Use This Book
`
`The Cancer Dictionary
`
`Appendix|: National Organizations for Cancer and AIDS
`AppendixIl: Comprehensive Cancer Centers by State
`Appendix III: Clinical Cancer Centers by State
`Appendix IV: Subject Index
`Antiemetics
`Biological Therapy
`CancerSites/Types
`Carcinogens/Suspected Carcinogens
`Chemotherapy Agents
`Combination Chemotherapy
`Diagnosis/Evaluation
`Medical Support
`Pain Management
`Precancerous Conditions
`Prevention
`Reconstruction/Rehabilitation
`Risk Factors
`Side Effects
`Symptoms
`Treatment
`Tumor Marker
`
`340
`340
`341
`344
`345
`345
`350
`353
`353
`354
`355
`355
`355
`356
`357
`357
`360
`
`Bibliography
`Index
`
`vi
`vii
`Ix
`x
`
`1
`
`325
`334
`338
`340
`
`361
`365
`
`

`

`
`
`16 anesthesiaa
`
`angiostatin and endostatin two antiangiogenic
`a state of total or
`anesthesia (an”es-the’ze-ah)
`proteins that stop the developmentof new blood ves-
`partial loss of consciousness and sensation, espe-
`sels,
`thereby interfering with the blood supply
`cially pain, induced inapatientin order to perform
`needed by tumors to survive and grow. When used
`surgery or other painful procedures. Anesthesia
`together experimentally in mice,
`the drugs have _
`may beachieved with one drug or a combination of
`eliminated tumors. Onceeradicated, the tumors have
`drugs. Anesthesia can be administered in the fol-
`not returned. Angiostatin is a part of a very common
`lowing ways:
`protein called plasminogen that the body used in
`*
`topical—sprayed or painted directly onto the
`bloodclotting. Endostatinis a part of the protein col-_
`area involved
`legen 18 thatis in all blood vessels butbyitself has
`local—confined to a specific part of the body;
`no effect on cancer. The mice had no adverse side
`used for many minorsurgical procedures
`effects from angiostatin and endostatin whereas they
`° regional—affecting a large part of the body; more
`suffer many side effects when given chemotherapy.
`extensive than a “local”
`And they did not becomeresistant to the drugs.
`total—affecting the entire body; done for any
`These drugs are the only onesevertested that seem
`major surgical procedure; a total loss of con-
`able to eliminate all tumors in mice, regardless of the
`sciousness and sensation
`size of the tumor. There is much promise for their
`use in humans. They have generated tremendous
`excitement and optimism in the cancer community.
`Asoflate 1998, cancer researchers and patients were
`awaiting their availability, expected sometime in
`1999, for use in clinical trials with humans.
`
`¢
`
`*
`
`anesthetic (an”es-thet/ik)
`state of ANESTHESIA.
`
`an agent that induces a
`
`aneuploid (an’u-ploid) - of cancer cells that have
`abnormal amounts of DNA. Most cancer cells are
`aneuploid, and the more aneuploid they are, the
`more aggressive the cancer is. Tumorcells that have
`a normal amount of DNAare called diploid. See
`also PLOIDY.
`
`the formation of new blood vessels
`angiogenesis
`that commonly accompanies malignant
`tissue
`growth.
`
`a
`leukemia)
`nonlymphocytic
`(acute
`ANLL
`malignant (cancerous) disorder in which abnor-
`mal, immature white blood cells are produced. in
`the bone marrow. Theresult is an excessive accu-
`mulation of those cells in the bloodstream and
`bone marrow.
`Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)is the most
`common kind of ANLL. AML is a major form of
`leukemia, accounting for about 35% of all diag-
`nosed cases in the United States, most frequently
`affecting people aged 40 and over.In children,it is
`the second most common leukemia. AMLis also
`a
`[arteriography]
`angiography (an’je-og’rah-fe)
`referred to as acute myelocytic leukemia, acute
`diagnostic procedure that examines the blood ves-
`myeloblastic leukemia, and acute granulocytic
`sels leading to an organ or area of concern aswell
`leukemia. Because it is the major type of ANLL,
`as the blood distribution within the organ. A con-
`AMLis frequently used instead of ANLL, which
`trast agent that will show up on anXrayis injected
`can be confusing. In 1999 there were approxi-
`into the blood vessels, usually through a catheter
`mately 10,100 new cases of AML diagnosed and
`or tube. These X rays, called an angiogram, can
`6,900 deathsattributed to the disease.
`then show structural abnormalities or disorders.
`ANLLhasother subtypes that are very rare and
`Angiography is used most frequently in the evalua-
`accountfor less than 10% of the diagnosed cases.
`tion ofliver, pancreatic, kidney, or brain cancer.
`The othertypes are:
`° acute monocytic leukemia—characterized by the
`overproduction of the white blood cells mono-
`cytes and monoblasts
`
`angiogram (an’je-o-gram”)
`
`see ANGIOGRAPHY.
`
`a malignant
`angiosarcoma(an”je-o-sar-ko’ mah)
`(cancerous) tumor originating in a blood vessel.
`This is a very rare SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA.
`
`

`

`
`
` anorexia 17
`
`e acute promyelocytic leukemia—characterized by
`the overproduction of promyelocytes (primitive
`granulocytes)
`e acute erythroleukemia leukemia—characterized
`by the overproduction of immature red cells
`mixed with a variety of immature white cells
`e acute myelomonocytic leukemia—characterized
`by the overproduction of monocytes and myelo-
`cytes (an intermediate stage monocyte)
`e acute megakaryoblastic leukemia—characterized
`by the overproduction of a rare white blood cell
`in its earliest, most immature state
`
`Symptoms of ANLL mayinclude fatigue, infec-
`tions, flu-like symptoms including high fever and
`chills, respiratory discomfort, weakness,irritability,
`loss of appetite, and unexplained weight
`loss.
`Excessive bleeding may occurafter a minorinjury,
`and the skin maybruise easily or develop purplish
`red blotches. The gumsor nose may bleed with no
`apparent
`cause,
`and women may experience
`unusually heavy menstrual periods. Occasionally
`there is bone or joint pain. These symptoms may
`also be signs of manyother disorders.
`The only definitive diagnosis is by bone marrow
`biopsy, which is usually done after a suspicious
`blood test. After a positive diagnosis, a sample of
`cerebrospinal fluid may be examined for leukemia
`in the central nervous system.
`Thereis no clear-cut staging system for adult or
`childhood ANLL. The National Cancer Institute
`(NCI) breaks it down in the following way for
`adult ANLL:
`
`°
`
`° untreated—there has been no treatment except
`to treat symptoms(blood products, antibiotics,
`etc.); there are too many white bloodcells in the
`blood and bone marrow;there may be no other
`signs or symptomsof leukemia
`in remission—the number of white blood cells
`and other blood cells in the blood and marrow is .
`normalfollowing treatment; there are no signs or
`symptomsof leukemia
`° relapsed/refractory—the leukemia has recurred
`(come back) after going into remission, refrac-
`tory meansit has failed to go into remission after
`treatment.
`
`NCI breaks down childhood ANLL in the fol-
`lowing way:
`
`¢
`
`* untreated—there has been no treatment other
`than supportive care (blood products, antibi-
`otics, allopurinol)
`in remission—blood counts are normal, bone
`marrow is normal, and there are no signs or
`symptoms of the disease following radiation
`remission induction treatment
`¢ relapsed—leukemia has come back following
`remission
`
`Treatment depends on the type andstage of the
`disease and other factors. ANLL may be treated
`with combination chemotherapy. Bone marrow
`transplantation is a treatment underevaluation, as
`are biological therapies. For specific information
`on the latest state-of-the-art treatment for ANLL,
`call the NCI’s Cancer Information Service at 1-800-
`4-CANCER.See also LEUKEMIA.
`
`loss of appetite fre-
`anorexia (an”o-rek’se-ah)
`quently experienced by cancer patients, which can
`be caused by the canceritself or its treatment. A
`patient may experiencea lack of appetite or a change
`in the way things taste; a condition in the mouth,
`suchas sores, may develop and makeeating painful,
`or experiencing pain generally can cause a patient to
`lose his or her appetite. Anorexia can result
`in
`cachexia (severe protein loss). Good nutrition is an
`essential ingredientin recovery, enabling the body to
`repair normalcells that have been damaged by can-
`cer treatment and giving the patienta sense ofwell-
`being. Good nutrition is also important to keep the
`immune system operating at as optimal a level as
`possible. It is important, therefore, that the cancer
`patient gets the required nutrients.
`Anorexia can cause intense family distress. It is
`natural to equate eating and appetite with health.
`Attempts to alleviate this condition are directed at
`its cause if at all possible. The agent megace is
`being widely used to increase the appetite and pro-
`mote weight gain in anorexic patients. Marinol
`(marijuana) has been of some help to some
`patients.
`Following are sometips for patients experienc-
`ing a lack of appetite:
`
`° eat small frequent meals
`e keep nutritious
`snacks
`throughout the day
`
`available
`
`for eating
`
`

`

`myeloma
`
`197
`
`ilter
`
`trea
`
`myelofibrosis
`
`lation
`
`on
`
`the
`
`lat
`
`myelogram
`
`EI
`
`myelography
`
`(mi’®-log’rah-f
`
`myeloblastoma
`
`mvelocyte
`
`a
`
`ae
`
`’
`
`myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
`ven
`r
`erir
`
`‘
`
`¢
`
`myeloma
`
`tefra
`
`
`
`

`

` cia1175 0251
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`The CANCER Dictionary
`( oauthored by a former cancer patient and the associate chief
`
`
`
`PRAISE FOR THE
`Previous EDITION:
`
`oncologist at St. Vincent’s Hospital in New York, The Cancer
`A Dictionary, Revised Edition, provides clear and concise informa-
`tion that cancer patients and their families need in order to allay their
`fears and concerns.
`
`The Cancer Dictionary fills a long-
`standing need for cancer patients,
`their families and those of us who
`advise them .
`.
`. It is truly a
`unique resourceforall of ue
`
`—Walter Lawrence, Jr., M.D.
`Former President,
`American Cancer Society
`
`eats
`A kind of“Everything You Always
`Wanted to Know About Cancer,
`But Were Afraid to Ask’...
`concise, comprehensive, and
`accessible.??
`
`pe TEHa
`—The
`Village
`Voi
`
`
`
`
`
`This A-to-Z resource contains more than 2,500 definitions that detail:
`
`m Individual cancers, their causes, stages, and treatments
`m Diagnostic tests, therapies, and risk factors
`m Recent advancesin radiation treatments, combination chemotherapy,
`and pain management
`m Thelatest information on prevention,alternative therapies, and reha-
`bilitation
`m Plus extensive and updated appendixes on national organizations for
`cancer research and on clinical care centers by state
`
`Roberta Altman worked for the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer
`Information Service at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in
`New York City. A cancer survivor, Ms. Altman received the American
`Cancer Society’s Courage Award in 1988. Sheis also the author of Facts
`On File’s Complete Book of Home Environmental Hazards and Every
`Woman’ Handbook for Preventing Cancer. She lives in New York City.
`
`is associate chief of medical oncology at St.
`Michael J. Sarg, M.D.,
`Vincent's Hospital, New York City, and a memberofthe teachingfaculty
`of the St. Vincent's Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center as well as
`Rear
`|
`associate professorofclinical medicine, New York Medical College.
`
`ISBN O-8160-35954-2
`
`| il
`
`
`$1 9.95 U.S.
`9.95 Can.
`
`9 17808 160039548
`
`Cover design by Cathy Rincon
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`