MUONAAOYTA
`
`US 20040047324A1
`
`as United States
`a2) Patent Application Publication co) Pub. No.: US 2004/0047324 A1
`
` Diener (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 11, 2004
`
`
`(54) SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR
`MANAGEMENTOF A SHARED FREQUENCY
`BAND USING CLIENT--SPECIFIC
`MANAGEMENTTECHNIQUES
`Inventor: Neil R. Diener, Rockville, MD (US)
`
`(76)
`
`Correspondence Address:
`COGNIO, INC.
`101 ORCHARD RIDGE DRIVE
`SUITE 350
`GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878 (US)
`
`(21) Appl. No.:
`
`10/641,973
`
`(22) Tiled:
`
`Aug. 15, 2003
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 10/420,515,
`filed on Apr. 22, 2003.
`Continuation-in-part of application No. 10/246,363,
`filed on Sep. 18, 2002.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/319,542,filed on Sep.
`11, 2002. Provisional application No. 60/319,714,
`filed on Nov. 20, 2002. Provisional application No.
`60/453,385,filed on Mar. 10, 2003. Provisional appli-
`cation No. 60/320,008, filed on Mar. 14, 2003.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`Tint. C1? cc eeeecseeeneeecceennnseseennneveeeeeene H04Q 7/24
`(SD)
`(52) U.S. Ch. eect 370/338; 370/319
`67)
`ABSTRACT
`A system and method are provided for managing commu-
`nication with a plurality of wireless client devices operating
`in a radio frequencyband shared by other types of devices,
`comprising a step of controlling at least one parameter
`associated with radio communication with each of the
`plurality of wireless devices based on the radio frequency
`environment associated with each corresponding one of the
`plurality of wireless client devices. Spectrum profile infor-
`mation describing the radio frequency environment(activity
`in the frequency band) at a wireless client device is sent to
`the wireless base station device (where the parameter con-
`trols are made) from either a wireless client device or
`another radio device in the proximity of one or more
`wireless client devices that
`is capable of generating the
`spectrum profile information. The spectrum profile informa-
`tion may include information identifying signals that are
`occurring in the frequency band in the proximity of a
`wireless client device. Examples of parameters that may be
`controlled at the wireless base station device include packet
`fragmentation threshold(the length of a data packet), trans-
`mission data rate and transmission scheduling (synchroniz-
`ing a transmission to quiescent intervals of one or more
`periodic interfering signals).
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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 1 of 36
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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
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`Sheet 2 of 36
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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 5 of 36
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`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`FIG. 5
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`
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`Co-existence Algorithms
`Etiquettes
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`
`6
`
`

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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
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`Sheet 6 of 36
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`Patent Application Publication
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`Mar.11, 2004
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`Sheet 7 of 36
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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
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`Sheet 8 of 36
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`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 9 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`FIG. 9
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`
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 10 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 11 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`FIG. 11
`
`
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`12
`
`12
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 12 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 13 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 13
`
`The Application Program
`
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`Controls
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`~~ — _ vsenart _o
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`

`

`2000
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`
`Signal
`Classification
`
`Signal
`Classification
`
`204
`
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`Alert
`
`Display Alert
`
` US 2004/0047324 Al
`2025 Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 14 of 36
`
`User Selects
`Spectrum Policy/
`Action to be
`Executed
`
`Display Event
`with
`Recommended
`Action(s)
`
`Execute
`Spectrum Policy
`
`Display Event
`Summary
`Information
`
`2020
`
`Execute
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`
`15
`
`15
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 15 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 16
`
`Up Wireless
`Interference has been detected, and
`network has been optimized.
`
`To learn more, click here. q TireeCUFTeia)aod
`
`Cordless Phone (1)
` Cordless Headset
`
` _General| Support
` Wireless Devices in Coverage Area
`Detected :
`Capacity Rating
`
`
`
`Microwave Owen (7)
`
`Microwave Owen
`Cordless Phone
`
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`Capacity
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` Alert Notification
`T Enable Notification On Interter
`I~ Enable Notification On Capacity Change
`
`Advanced
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`S_Event tog
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`
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 16 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 19
`
` ae aaang Event PropertiesmensestennantracnmrunuseesuamneavemriemrmmareasterascnnaasnmnatenanatnmMt
`Date & Time :
`19:£2:31 11/16/2002
`
`Event Time Stamp :
`
`151195575
`
`Event Source ID :
`
`1
`
`Event Type :
`
`Interferer
`
`Event ID:
`
`3
`
`Bluetooth detected
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`Event Message:
`
`
`r Description
`
` t wtomatic Spectrum Policy rule 7.0.2 has been triggered:
`
`
`
`802.11 Fragmentation size set to S5l2 bytes.
`802.11 Data rate has locked to 6 Mbps.
`
`ees
`ee
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`revert Properties
`
`
`:iDate & Time : 19:42:25 11/18/2002
`
`FIG. 20
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`
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`
`Event ID:
`
`i
`
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`
`7
`
`Event Message :
`Cordless Phone detected
`
`
`Descriptionear———__
`|
`2.4 Ghz cordless phone has been detected.
`;
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`raffic type = periodic, 1 mg bursts
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`ipseisatindittnthineaed
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`* Details
`
`then you can set a |
`Tf you experience static on your cordless phone,
`_|policy to prevent your 802.11 traffic from interfering with
`-ijthe phone.
`Go to the Policy Wizard Tab for more information.
`
`17
`
`17
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 17 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 21
`
`
`
`
`NByeCt
`Everts| Graphs 802.11 Stets|SpectrumAdvisor]
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`om
`1
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`s
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`=
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`=
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`=
`| Rx Bad Type (CiruRsvd)
`s
`| Rx Frames Too Smal
`-
`| Rx Contra Frames Too Long
`.
`i Rx trom Mcast Address
`=
`: Rx From Seit (DOSattack)
`=
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`-
`Total Rx Events
`=
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`=
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`
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`.
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`a
`Rx Filtered Mutticast trom Self
`=
`Rx ACK for Other STA.
`=
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`=
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`*
`Rx Fitered by Type
`=
`Total Channel Rx Time
`=|
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`-
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`=
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`=
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`=
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`=
`Total Tx Events
`=|
`Rx No Buffer (LMSEG)
`:
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`ai
`Total Channel CCA Time
`=
`Total’ Channel Tx Time
`wi
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`=
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`&xewhen expecting
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`
`18
`
`18
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 18 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
` La Spectrum Management
`
`Everts Graphs | 802.11 stats | Spectrum Advisor |
`
`sl SA Stats
`@ DutyCycle
`Number Of Peaks
`® Spectrum Analyzer
`
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`Spectrum Anelyzer
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`
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`
`19
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 19 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 24
` pectrumManageme
`Everts Graphs | 802.11 stets | Spectrum Aavisor |
`Message Stats
`
`G7] Pulse Histograms
`:
`Center Frequency
`Bandwidth
`Putse Duration
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`Pulse Power
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`:} @-£2J Spectrum Analyzer
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`
`Probability
`
`
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`PulseEvertCount
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`Pita era4
`
`
`20
`
`20
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 20 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`Good BER, Low
`Spectrum Activity
`
`5000
`
`Periodically monitor
`BER and
`
`
`5010
`
`spectrum activi
`
`
`5020
`
`Poor BER and/or High
`Spectrum Activity?
`
`
`BER Degradation/High
`Spectrum Activity
`
`Compute SINR and
`perform detailed spectrum analysis
`
`5030
`
`FIG. 26
`
`Interference
`
`
`
`5040
`
`
`Determine Cause o}
`Degradation
`
`
`
`Low Signal Level
`
`Yes
`
`5130
`
`Mitigate Interference
`
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`
`Notify userof
`
`5050
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`5060
`
`Recommendlocal actions
`to improvesignallevel:
`
`No
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`Yes
`
`5120
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`Automatic interference
`
`mitigation possible?
`
`No
`5140
`Notify userof
`Detected Interference
`[Done|5160
`
`Knownor Classified
`
`Interferer?
`
`Recommend actions
`to reduce interference:
`5210
`Recommend actions
`
`
`to reduce interference’
`
`
`-Checkfor recently
`Feces
`t
`5160
`acquired wireless equip
`
`
`-Increase range between
`Case: detect another 802.11
`
`
`incompatible networks
`network on same channel
`-Advise on potential
`
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`network incompatibility
`-recommenduser adjust
`
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`Case: Bluetooth device
`
`
`Case: detect another 802.11
`
`
`
`notify user of Bluetooth
`network on adjacent channel
`
`device and suspected app
`
`
`
`-recommenduser adjust
`
`(SCO, ACL)
`
`APto a ‘cleaner’ channel
`
`“recommend user increase
`-adjust location of
`
` 5170
`client range from
`
`interfering network
`Bluetooth device
`- adjust AP location
`
`
`
`Case: cordless phone
`
`
`Case: microwave oven
`-increase distance between
`
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`
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`cordless phone base & client
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`
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`
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`phonecausesinterference to
`
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`wireless networking, &
`
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`
`-recommenduserincrease
`recommend phonebeat
`
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`
`least 5 m from client or AP
`client range from microwave
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`AP to a ‘clean’ channel
`
`Recommendactions to
`improve APsignallevel:
`-adjust AP antennas
`adjust AP locati
`
`:
`.
`n iterations
`
`Notify user of inability
`to sustain reliable link
`for current configuration.
`User recommendations:
`-reduce obstructions
`between client and AP
`-reduce range between
`client and AP
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`5180
`
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`
`21
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Mar.11, 2004
`
`Sheet 21 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 27
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 22 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 23 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 24 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 30
`
`APP :
`Applications
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`
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`
`270
`
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`100
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`
`25
`
`25
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 25 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 31
`
`
` APP : Spectrum Analyzer, SUM/Stats
`400
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`
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`
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 26 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 27 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 33
`
`360
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`260
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`28
`
`28
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 28 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 34
`
`
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`L2
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`320
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`29
`
`29
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 29 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 30 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 36
`
`Engine-NSI
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 31 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`prccm-----
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`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11, 2004
`
`Sheet 32 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
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`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 33 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`Engine NSI
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`34
`
`34
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 34 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 41
`
`Num Samples:
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`35
`
`35
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 35 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`FIG. 42
`
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`Each Client Station or Spectrum Sensor Classifies Signals Occurring in
`
`the Bandin Proximity to Client Station (Client-Specific Spectrum Profile),
`or Raw Spectrum Information is Uploaded to Other Computing Device to
`Enableit to Generate Client-Specific Spectrum Profile
`
`
`
`EachClient Station or
`
`
`Nearby Spectrum Sensor
`Monitors Spectrum in Client
`
`Station’s Proximity
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Determine Whether and What Operational
`Parameters Should be Modified When
`Communicating With Client Station
`Depending on Spectrum Activity in
`Proximity of Each Client Station
`
`
`
`
`
`8030
`
`
`
`Modify One or More Operational
`Parameters When Communicating with
`
`
`Corresponding Client Station (if
`necessary)
`
`
`8040
`
`36
`
`36
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication Mar. 11,2004 Sheet 36 of 36
`
`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`1000
`
`Cordless.
`
`Phone
`
`1012
`
`FIG. 43
`
`7
`
`WLAN
`STA
`
`1030(3)
`
`1200(2)
`
`
`
`Spectrum
`Sensor
`
`V
`
`WLAN
`
`1020
`
`Microwave
`Oven
`
`
`
`1030(1)
`
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`ewes)Y[nan
`1030(5)
`and
`STA
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`Slave)
`
`Microwave Oven
`
`Spectrum
`Sensor
`
`1200(1)
`
`1020
`
`1062
`
`Video
`Camera
`
`V
`
`1030(2)
`
`WLAN
`STA
`
`1050(1)
`
`VV
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`
`WLAN
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`
`1030(6)
`
`1080
`
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`
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`1030(4)
`
`37
`
`37
`
`

`

`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`Mar. 11, 2004
`
`SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANAGEMENT OF
`A SHARED FREQUENCY BAND USING
`CLIENT--SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
`
`[0001] This application claims priority to the following
`applications (the entirety of all of which are incorporated
`herein byreference):
`
`[0002] U‘S. Provisional Application No. 60/319,542,filed
`Sep. 11, 2002.
`
`[0003] U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/319,714,filed
`Nov. 20, 2002.
`
`[0004] U/S. Provisional Application No. 60/453,385, filed
`Mar. 10, 2003.
`
`[0005] U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/320,008, filed
`Mar. 14, 2003.
`
`[0006] This application is related to and a continuation-
`in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/246,363, filed Sep.
`18, 2002 and a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser.
`No. 10/420,515 filed Apr. 22, 2003, the entirety of each of
`which is incorporated herein by reference.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0007] The explosive growth in wireless applications and
`devices over the past few years has produced tremendous
`public interest benefits. Wireless networks and devices have
`been deployed in millions of offices, homes, and more
`recently, in increasing numbers of public areas. These wire-
`less deployments are forecast to continue at an exciting pace
`and offer the promise of increased convenience and produc-
`tivity.
`
`[0008] This growth, which is taking place mostly in the
`unlicensed bands,is not without its downsides. In the United
`States, the unlicensed bands established by the FCC consist
`of large portions of spectrum at 2.4 GHz and at 5 GHz,
`whichare free to use. The FCC currently sets requirements
`for the unlicensed bands such as limits on transmit power
`spectral density and limits on antenna gain.
`It
`is well
`recognized that as unlicensed band devices become more
`popular and their density in a given arca increases, a
`“tragedy of the commons”effect will often become apparent
`and overall wireless utility (and user satisfaction) will col-
`lapse. This phenomenonhasalready been observed in envi-
`ronments that have a high density of wireless devices.
`
`[0009] The types of signaling protocols used by devices in
`the unlicensed bands are not designed to cooperate with
`signals of other types also operating in the bands. For
`example, a frequency hopping signal(e.g., a signal emitted
`from a device that uses the Bluetooth™ communication
`protocol or a signal emitted from certain cordless phones)
`may hop into the frequency channel of an IEEE 802.11
`wireless local area network (WLAN), causing interference
`with operation of the WLAN.Thus, technologyis necded to
`exploit all of the benefits of the unlicensed band without
`degrading the level of service that users expect.
`
`general
`industry’s
`the wireless
`[0010] Historically,
`approachto solving “tragedy of the commons” problems has
`been for manufacturers to simply move to another commons
`further up the spectrum. This solution, however,
`is not
`workable for much longer, due to spectrum scarcity and to
`
`the less attractive technical characteristics of the higher
`bands (decreased signal propagation and the inability to
`penetrate surfaces).
`
`[0011] Enterprisc uses of the unlicensed band are focused
`on larger scale deployment of wireless networks (e.g.,
`WLANs)and integration into wired networks. WI.ANs can
`complicate existing network management schemes because
`they introduce the additional requirement ofefficiently man-
`aging radio spectrum. Current WLAN systems and manage-
`ment technology are focused on managing activity at the
`network level of the WLAN,but provide little of no capa-
`bility to manage the frequency band where signals of
`multiple types (e.g., communication protocol/network types,
`device types, etc.) are present. What is needed is technology
`to obtain and use knowledge of what is happening in a
`shared radio frequency band, such as an unlicensed band,to
`enable devices to act intelligently with respect to their use of
`the frequency thereby maintaining the performance of
`devices and networks of devices operating in that frequency
`band.
`
`SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`
`[0012] Briefly, system, method, software and related func-
`tions are provided for managingactivity in a radio frequency
`band that is shared, both in frequency and time, by signals
`of multiple disparate types and devices of various technolo-
`gies. An example of such a frequency bandis an unlicensed
`frequency band. Radio frequency energy in the frequency
`band is captured at one or more devices and/or locations in
`a region whereactivity in the frequency bandis happening.
`Signals occurring in the frequency band are detected by
`samplingpart or the entire frequency bandfortime intervals.
`Signal pulse energy in the band is detected and is used to
`classify signals according to signal type. Using knowledge
`of the types of signals occurring in the frequency band and
`other spectrum activity related statistics (referred to as
`spectrum intelligence), actions can be taken in a device or
`network of devices to avoid interfering with other signals,
`and in general to optimize simultaneoususeofthe frequency
`band with the other signals. The spectrum intelligence may
`be used to suggest actions to a device user or network
`administrator, or to automatically invoke actions in a device
`or network of devices to maintain desirable performance.
`
`[0013] Devices using the unlicensed or shared frequency
`bands may adopt the features and functions described herein
`to better facilitate band sharing and coexistence between a
`multitude of devices that use disparate technologies. A
`device with the ability to gather intelligence and act onit, or
`act on the intelligence acquired by other devices,is referred
`to herein as a “cognitive radio device.” Any device that
`operates in a shared frequency band may contain varying
`degrees of cognitive radio to sense their local radio envi-
`ronment and/or detect the presence (and application needs)
`of other devices that are accessing the same unlicensed band.
`The capability of sensing, detecting and classifying other
`users of the shared frequency band in a device’s vicinity is
`important to being able to determine how a device can most
`effectively use the spectrum. This cognitive radio philoso-
`phy applies to both individual devices and to networks of
`devices.
`
`[0014] Cognitive radio devices enable robust andefficient
`use of the unlicensed bands and facilitate secondary access
`
`38
`
`38
`
`

`

`US 2004/0047324 Al
`
`Mar. 11, 2004
`
`applications. Cognitive radios can sense their radio environ-
`ment, detect the presence of other wireless devices, classify
`those other devices, and then implement application spe-
`cific-communications policies. Cognitive radios can also be
`equipped with location-sensing features to help them deter-
`mine the manner in which they can mosteffectively com-
`municate, or in the case of secondary access, whether they
`mayaccess certain spectrum at all.
`
`[0015] Cognitive radios benefit both the cognitive radio
`device users and the other “dumb” device users that are
`
`operating nearby. Through spectrum awarenessoftheir radio
`environments, cognitive radio devices can avoid interfer-
`ence from other devices and thereby maintain more reliable
`wireless connections than dumb devices, which are unable
`to adapt their behavior. Because cognitive radio devices can
`adapt to their environmentto, for example, transmit on less
`crowded frequencies, they cause less radio interference than
`dumb devices. This leads to improvements in the user
`experience for both cognitive radio and dumb deviceusers.
`
`[0016] As with licensed wireless applications, predictabil-
`ity of performance is important to the satisfactory delivery
`of unlicensed band wireless services. The successful provi-
`sion of cognitiv