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`(cid:1)(cid:17)(cid:12)(cid:18)(cid:25)(cid:23)(cid:8)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:5)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:26)
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`(cid:25)(cid:33)(cid:44)(cid:60)(cid:60)(cid:54)(cid:79)(cid:60)(cid:39)(cid:79)(cid:12)(cid:72)(cid:65)(cid:46)(cid:57)(cid:37)(cid:65)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:32)(cid:57)(cid:35)(cid:79)(cid:19)(cid:33)(cid:60)(cid:57)(cid:60)(cid:55)(cid:47)(cid:33)(cid:65)(cid:79)
`(cid:25)(cid:37)(cid:32)(cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:54)(cid:37)(cid:79)(cid:24)(cid:32)(cid:33)(cid:46)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:79)(cid:28)(cid:57)(cid:46)(cid:73)(cid:37)(cid:61)(cid:66)(cid:46)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:79)
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`(cid:22)(cid:45)(cid:34)(cid:43)(cid:31)(cid:38)(cid:53)(cid:79)(cid:9)(cid:6)(cid:79)(cid:13)(cid:59)(cid:74)(cid:45)(cid:56)(cid:41)(cid:68)(cid:59)(cid:56)(cid:2)(cid:79) (cid:23)(cid:43)(cid:7)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:79)
`(cid:10)(cid:61)(cid:67)(cid:46)(cid:40)(cid:33)(cid:46)(cid:32)(cid:54)(cid:79)(cid:21)(cid:57)(cid:67)(cid:37)(cid:54)(cid:54)(cid:47)(cid:42)(cid:37)(cid:57)(cid:33)(cid:37)(cid:79)(cid:14)(cid:37)(cid:57)(cid:70)(cid:37)(cid:61)(cid:79)
`(cid:27)(cid:44)(cid:37)(cid:79)(cid:29)(cid:57)(cid:46)(cid:73)(cid:37)(cid:61)(cid:65)(cid:47)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:79)(cid:60)(cid:39)(cid:79)(cid:20)(cid:37)(cid:60)(cid:61)(cid:42)(cid:47)(cid:32)(cid:79)
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`(cid:15)(cid:60)(cid:73)(cid:47)(cid:57)(cid:42)(cid:67)(cid:60)(cid:57)(cid:79)(cid:21)(cid:57)(cid:57)(cid:60)(cid:73)(cid:32)(cid:67)(cid:47)(cid:60)(cid:57)(cid:65)(cid:79)
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`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`

`

`ABOUT THE AUTHORS
`
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitative methods at the School of
`Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of several
`books in both Barron’s Easy Way and Business Review series. He is also the author
`of Java Programming the Easy Wayand Dictionary ofMathematics Terms, published
`by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from
`Yale University.
`Michael Covington is Associate Director of the Artificial Intelligence Institute at
`the University of Georgia. He is the author of several books and over 250 magazine
`articles. He holds the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
`Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designer living in Athens, Georgia. She
`is the author of Dictionary of Desktop Publishing (published by Barron’s).
`Catherine Anne Covington is a student at
`the Lamar Dodd School of Art
`(University of Georgia).
`Sharon Covington is a student at Emory University.
`
`© Copyright 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989,
`and 1986 by Barron’s EducationalSeries, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book may be reproducedor distributed in
`any form or by any means without the written permission
`of the copyright owner.
`
`All inquiries should be addressed to:
`Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`Hauppauge, NY 11788
`www.barronseduc.com
`
`ISBN-13: 978-0-7641-4105-8
`ISBN-10: 0-7641-4105-8
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 2008044365
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Downing, Douglas.
`Dictionary of computer and Internet terms / Douglas A. Downing,
`Michael A. Covington, Melody Mauldin Covington. — 10th ed.
`p. em.
`ISBN 978-0-7641-4105-8
`
`1. Computers—Dictionaries. 2. Internet—Dictionaries. 1, Covington,
`Michael A., 1957— JI. Covington, Melody Mauldin. III. Title.
`
`QA76.15.D667 2009
`004.03—dce22
`
`PRINTED IN CHINA
`
`987654321
`
`2008044365
`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`

`

`185
`
`fair use
`
`F F
`
`keys see FUNCTION KEYS.
`
`f-ratio the focal length of a lens divided by the clear aperture (diameter)
`through which light enters. The adjustment for f-ratio is called the
`F-STOP.
`
`The f-ratio determines the brightness of the image formed bythe lens;
`lowerf-ratios produce brighter images. Thus, a camera with an //1.8 lens
`requires muchlesslight to take a picture than a camera with an f/8 lens,
`even with the same film or electronic image sensor.
`The brightness of the imageis inversely proportional to the square of
`the f-ratio. That is why f-stops on lenses are often numbered as powers
`of /2 : f/2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, and so on. Each f-stop gives half as bright an
`image as the next larger (lower-numbered) one.
`To increase or decrease exposure n “stops” means to increase it or
`decrease it by 2°. Thus a one-stop decrease meansto cut the exposure in
`half, and a two-stop decrease meansto cutit to 4 of its original value.
`The rated f-ratio of a lens refers to its widest opening; smaller open-
`ings (higherf-ratios) are provided as an automatic or manual adjustment.
`The actual front glass element is much larger than the opening that the
`light must pass through, The f-ratio of a ZooM lens generally varies as
`the focal] length 1s changed.
`See also A; DEPTH OF FIELD; EV; FOCAL LENGTH; P; S; TV.
`
`f-stop the adjustment for selecting the F-RATIO of a lens. Choose a smaller
`aperture (higher-numbered f-stop) for greater DEPTH OF FIELD.
`
`fabric network interconnections.
`
`Facebook a social networking site (www.facebook.com). Because
`Facebook was originally restricted to school campuses,
`it is the most
`popular service with students.
`
`facsimile see FAX.
`
`factorial the product of all the integers from 1 up to a specified number.
`The factorial of a number n is symbolized by an exclamation point: n!.
`For example:
`
`= 2
`2!=2~x 1
`=6
`3!=3x2x1
`= 24
`4t'=4xK3xK2x 1
`5!=5x4x3x2xI1 =120
`
`fade see TRANSITION EFFECT.
`
`fair use in copyright iaw, a limited kind of use of copyrighted material that
`does not require the copyright holder’s permission. For example, quoting
`a few sentences from a book and acknowledging the sourceis fair use.
`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`

`

`NetBIOS
`
`328
`
`systems but does not support routing. See PROTOCOL; ROUTER. Contrast
`ATM; IPX/SPX, TCP/IP.
`
`NetBIOS (Network Basic Input-Output System) an operating system
`extension designed by IBM to allow software to access a network.
`NetBIOS includes a network protocol that was later extended to form
`NetBEUI. See NETBEUI; PROTOCOL.
`
`netcafe an INTERNET CAFE.
`
`netcam a camera attached to a computer, used to send images overa net-
`work. Compare WEBCAM. Physically, webcams and netcams are alike;
`the difference is in how they are used.
`
`netiquette (network etiquette) the conventional practices that make the
`INTERNETusable. More than just politeness, netiquette involves funda-
`mental respect for the rights of other users who are helping pay the cost
`of running the network.
`For example, it is unacceptable to post off-topic material in NEWS-
`GROUPS,be rude during chats, ask people to do your homework for you,
`or bother them with commercial solicitations. See also ACCEPTABLE-USE
`
`POLICY; COMPUTER ETHICS; NEWSGROUPS.
`
`netizen (Internet citizen) a person whois part of the Internet community in
`CYBERSPACE.
`
`Netscape Navigator a pioneering WEB BROWSER, produced by Netscape
`Communications Corporation (see their web site at netscape.aol.com).
`In 1998 Netscape was acquired by AOL.
`
`network a set of computers connected together. See INTERNET; INTRANET;
`LOCAL-AREA NETWORK; WIDE-AREA NETWORK.
`
`the automatic changing of IP
`network address translation (NAT)
`addresses by a router or gateway so that several computers can share a
`single IP address visible to the outside world. This is commonly donein
`home networks, where the DSL or cable modem hasa single IP address.
`This is a solution to the problem that only about 3 billion IPv4 addresses
`exist, which is not enoughforall the computers in the world.
`The router changes the IP addresses on the data packets as they come
`in and go out so that each computer can communicate with the Internet.
`By varying port numbers,
`it ensures that
`incoming packets can be
`matched up with the computers for which they are intended. See also PIx.
`
`networkattachedstoragefile storage that resides on a separate computer,
`which owns and manages the files. See FILE SHARING. Contrast DISK
`SHARING; STORAGE AREA NETWORK.
`
`NetworkSolutions, Inc. the organization that, until 1998, had sole respon-
`sibility for maintaining the registry of top-level domain names (TLDs)
`ending in .com, .net, and .org, under a contract with the United States
`Government, Its web address is www.networksolutions.com.
`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`Netskope Exhibit 1020
`
`