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`Second Edition
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`US. Patent No. 8,467,366
`
`Editor-in-Chief
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`

`

`SCUSSAORS O11:
`Rayleigh fading channels
`oremet iim ocoreaxtiated
`radiolocation techniques
`enhancements in
`RaraeleCemxoeOemATRSEUS
`wireless video communications
`
`as Reneeelel
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`
`ISBN 0-84454-8549?-0
`
`
`
`ISBN ,IIJtJ
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`
`ATURES
`
`Outstanding coverage ofall aspects
`of mobile communications
`Iseqeriuaeesited erttaresuns from
`international authors
`
`Authoritative account of modern
`technological applications
`Thorough grounding in basic
`principles
`
`What’s New
`i the Second Edition?
`
`wireless ATM
`evolving third generation standards
`
`pdaies on:
`
`wireless data
`
`powercontrol
`channelassignment
`diversity techniques
`error correction coding
`pseudonoise sequences
`
`YRC Press Catalog Number
`ShoheA
`
`FEE Order Number: PC5772
`
`7"780849"385971
`
`EATotETETTTa
`
`€ZL
`
`S¢SLOS8ll
`
`0002
`
`

`

`80
`
`Organized into twosections, The Mobile Communications
`peCee) BiteleletatesWocmeacetaloceaneleatReltate
`communications. Consisting oftutorial articles, this section provides
`background informationandtechnical details, offering a solid
`foundation for the spectrum of mobile communication technologies.
`The second part of the handbookconsists ofarticles coveting such
`topics as cellular mobile radio, personal communication reste
`user location and addressing, wireless data, wireless LANs, and
`technologystandards. Eacharticle has been written as an independent
`
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`The Mobile Communications Handbook covers the entire
`field — from principles of analog and digital communications to
`cordless telephones, wireless local area networks (LANs), and
`international technologystandards. The amazing scope of the
`handbookensures that it will be the PuceMacacaCleatte,
`aspect of mobile communications.
`
`SoDLNTIUscornemUCRALUBTUSnTaLolateRecayLYcaCeceaCecomercongteTats
`
`essentially self-contained articles that can be read in whichever order
`desired bythe reader. Nevertheless, the Tatas followa logical order,
`thus creating continuity for the reader who wishes to proceed
`systematically through the handbook.
`
`
`
`WRUeeCy
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`of mobile communications
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`international authors
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`rechnalagical applications
`*
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`principles
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`*
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`second generation systems
`* wireless video communications
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`pseudonoise sequences
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`ISBN O-84535~8597-0
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`

`_THE_
`
`M~m~[ [~MM~~l[~lm~~
`
`HANDBOOK
`Second Edition
`
`0004
`
`

`

`The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
`
`Series Editor
`Richard C. Dorf
`University of California, Davis
`
`Titles Included in the Series
`The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer
`The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Joseph D. Bronzino
`The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
`The Communications Handbook, Jerry D. Gibson
`The Control Handbook, V/illiam S. Levine
`The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti & Douglas B. Williams
`The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
`The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, L.L. Grigsby
`The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker
`The Engineering Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
`The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas
`The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin
`The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster
`The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah
`The Microwave Engineering Handbook, J. Michael Golio
`The Mobile Communications Handbook, Jerry D. Gibson
`The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
`The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
`The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Alexander D. Poularikas
`The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
`
`0005
`
`

`

`_ _ _ _ THE _ _ _ _
`
`M~~l~f ~~MM~~l~~ll~~~
`
`HANDBOOK
`Second Edition
`
`Editor-in-Chief
`JERRY 0. GIBSON
`
`Southern Methodist University
`Dallas, Texas
`
`Managing Editor
`ELAINE M. GIBSON
`
`@)cRCPRESS
`
`.IEEE PRESS
`
`A CRC Handbook Published in Cooperation with IEEE Press
`
`0006
`
`

`

`Acquiring Editor:
`Project Editor:
`Production Manager:
`Marketing Manager:
`Cover design:
`PrePress:
`Manufacturing:
`
`Nora Konopka
`Carol Whitehead
`Suzanne Lassandro
`Barbara Glunn, Jane Lewis, Arline Massey, Jane Stark
`Jonathan Pennell
`Gary Bennett
`Carol Slatter
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`The mobile communications handbook / editor-in-chief, Jerry D. Gibson.
`-- 2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-8493-8597-0 (a!k. paper)
`I. Mobile communication systems. I. Gibson, Jerry D.
`TK6570.M6M5934 1999
`62 l.3845--dc2 l
`
`98-46558
`CIP
`
`This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
`permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
`reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
`or for the consequences of their use.
`Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
`including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior
`permission in writing from the publisher.
`All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of
`specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright
`Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 0 1923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting
`Service is ISBN 0-8493-8597-0/99/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have
`been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
`The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new
`works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.
`Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
`
`Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
`identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
`
`© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
`
`No claim to original U.S. Government works
`International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8597-0
`Library of Congress Card Number 98-46558
`Printed in the United States of America I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
`Printed on acid-free paper
`
`0007
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`To keep pace with the rapid evolution of the mobile and wireless communications field,
`this second edition of The Mobile Communications Handbook contains 12 revised chapters
`and 10 entirely new chapters to complement another 14 chapters carried forward from the
`first edition. We use the term mobile communications to include technologies ranging from
`cordless telephones, digital cellular mobile radio, and evolving personal communications
`systems to wireless data and wireless networks. To cover this range of topics, we present
`36 concise chapters by experts from industry and academia. The chapters are written to
`provide a succinct overview of each topic, quickly bringing the reader up to date; addition(cid:173)
`ally, the chapters contain sufficient detail and references to encourage further study. The
`chapters are more than a "just the facts" presentation, with many of the authors using their
`experience to provide insights into forthcoming developments in the various fields.
`The Handbook is divided into two parts. The first part covers the basic principles of
`analog and digital communications that pertain to mobile communications, and consists
`of 14 tutorial/review chapters that lay a solid groundwork for the wide-ranging aspects
`of mobile communications technologies. The second part of the Handbook contains 22
`chapters covering such topics as cellular mobile radio, Rayleigh fading channels, space-time
`processing, power control, personal communications systems, user location and addressing,
`wireless data, wireless local area networks (LANs), wireless ATM, and third generation
`wireless standards. The basic principles chapters readily allow the reader to jump right to
`the mobile communications topic of interest, with the option of efficiently filling in any gaps
`in his/her background by referring back to the Basic Principles section as needed, without
`searching through a textbook or shuffling off to the library.
`Although there is an ordering to the articles, the sequence of articles does not have to be
`read from the beginning to end. Each article was written to be an independent contribution
`but with intentional overlap between some articles to prevent the reader from having to flip
`back and forth to extract the desired information. Interestingly, as the reader will discover,
`this overlap often admits alternative views of difficult issues.
`As in the first edition, the lead-off article for the wireless section is written by an ac(cid:173)
`knowledged leader and innovator in wireless communications, Dr. Don Cox of Stanford
`University. This chapter is unique in that Dr. Cox inserts comments and provides updates
`directly in the text of his chapter from the first edition. Besides being informative and
`easy to read, the article implicitly challenges those active in wireless communications to
`continually question the common knowledge in the field.
`It has been a great pleasure to work with the authors to publish this second edition. The
`authors come from all parts of the world and constitute a literal who's who of workers in
`digital and mobile communications. Certainly, each article is an extraordinary contribu(cid:173)
`tion to the communications field, and the collection, I believe, is the most comprehensive
`treatment of the mobile communications field available in one volume today. I sincerely
`acknowledge the exceptional efforts and talents of my wife, Elaine M. Gibson, who served
`as Managing Editor for the project, and was the principal contact point for the authors and
`the publisher. Her energy and organizational skills in coordinating each contribution and
`in organizing the Handbook were essential to its timely delivery and to its quality. Elaine
`
`0008
`
`

`

`and I both appreciate the patience, support, and guidance of the staff at CRC Press during
`all stages of developing and producing this Handbook.
`
`Jerry D. Gibson
`Dallas, Texas
`
`0009
`
`

`

`About the Editor
`
`Jerry D. Gibson currently serves as Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineer(cid:173)
`ing at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. He has held positions at General
`Dynamics-Fort Worth (1969-1972), the University of Notre Dame (1973-1974), and the
`University of Nebraska-Lincoln (1974-1976), and during the Fall of 1991, Dr. Gibson was
`on sabbatical with the Information Systems Laboratory and the Telecommunications Pro(cid:173)
`gram in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. From 1987-1997,
`he held the J. W. Runyon, Jr. Professorship in the Department of Electrical Engineering
`at Texas A&M University.
`Dr. Gibson is coauthor of the book Introduction to Nonparametric Detection with Appli(cid:173)
`cations (Academic Press, 1975 and IEEE Press, 1995), the author of the textbook, Principles
`of Digital and Analog Communications (Prentice-Hall, second edition, 1993), and coauthor
`of the book Digital Compression for Multimedia (Morgan Kaufmann, 1998). He was As(cid:173)
`sociate Editor for Speech Processing for the IEEE Transactions on Communications from
`1981 to 1985 and Associate Editor for Communications for the IEEE Transactions on In(cid:173)
`formation Theory from 1988-1991. He has served as a member of the Speech Technical
`Committee of the IEEE Signal Processing Society (1992-1995), on the Editorial Board for
`the Proceedings of the IEEE (1991-1997), and as a member of the IEEE Information The(cid:173)
`ory Society Board of Governors (1990-1998). He was President of the IEEE Information
`Theory Society in 1996. Dr. Gibson is Editor-in-Chief of The Mobile Communications
`Handbook (CRC Press, 1996) and Editor-in-Chief of The Communications Handbook (CRC
`Press, 1997).
`In 1990, Dr. Gibson received The Fredrick Emmons Terman Award from The American
`Society for Engineering Education, and in 1992, was elected Fellow of the IEEE "for con(cid:173)
`tributions to the theory and practice of adaptive prediction and speech waveform coding."
`He was corecipient of the 1993 IEEE Signal Processing Society Senior Paper Award for
`the Speech Processing area. His research interests include data, speech, image, and video
`compression, multimedia over networks, wireless communications, information theory, and
`digital signal processing.
`
`0010
`
`

`

`Contributors
`
`Melbourne Barton
`Bellcore
`Red Bank, New Jersey
`
`V. K. Bhargava
`University of Victoria
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering
`Victoria, Canada
`
`Madhukar Budagavi
`Texas Instruments
`DSP Solutions R and D Center
`Dallas, Texas
`
`James J. Caffery, Jr.
`Georgia Institute of Technology
`School of Electrical and Computer
`Engineering
`Atlanta, Georgia
`
`Wai-Yip Chan
`Electrical and Computer
`Engineering Department
`Illinois Institute of Technology
`Chicago, Illinois
`
`Li Fung Chang
`Bellcore
`Morristown, New Jersey
`
`Matthew Cheng
`Bellcore
`Morristown, New Jersey
`
`Giovanni Cherubini
`IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
`Ruschlikon, Switzerland
`
`Leon W. Couch, II
`University of Florida
`Electrical and Computer
`Engineering
`Gainesville, Florida
`
`Donald C. Cox
`Stanford University
`Stanford, California
`
`Marc Delprat
`Alcatel Telcom/MCD
`Colombes, France
`
`Spiros Dimolitsas
`Lawrence Livermore National
`Laboratory
`Livermore, California
`
`I. J. Fair
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering
`Technical University of Nova Scotia
`Halifax, Nova Scotia
`Canada
`
`Ira Gerson
`Motorola Semiconductor Products
`Schaumburg, Illinois
`
`Steven D. Gray
`Nokia Research Center
`Irving, Texas
`
`Lajos Hanzo
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Science
`University of Southampton
`Highfield, Southampton
`United Kingdom
`
`Tor Helleseth
`Department of Informatics
`University of Bergen
`Bergen, Norway
`
`Michael L. Honig
`Northwestern University
`Department of EECS
`Evanston, Illinois
`
`Hwei P. Hsu
`Fairleigh Dickinson University
`Teaneck, New Jersey
`
`Bijan Jabbari
`George Mason University
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering
`Fairfax, Virginia
`
`Ravi Jain
`Bell Communications Research
`Red Bank, New Jersey
`
`P. Vijay Kumar
`University of Southern California
`Los Angeles, California
`
`Vinod Kumar
`Alcatel Telecom
`Mobile Communication Division
`Colombes, France
`
`Allen H. Levesque
`GTE Laboratories
`Waltham, Massachusetts
`
`Yi-Bing Lin
`National Chaio Tung University
`Hsinchu, Taiwan
`Republic of China
`
`0011
`
`

`

`Joseph L. LoCicero
`Illinois Institute of Technology
`Armour College of Engineering
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering
`Chicago, Illinois
`
`Paul Mermelstein
`INRS-Telecommunications
`Ile des Soeurs
`Verdun, Quebec
`Canada
`Toshio Miki
`Mobile Communication Network,
`Inc.
`Yokosuka, Kanagawa
`Japan
`Laurence B. Milstein
`University of California-San Diego
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering
`La Jolla, California
`
`Seshadri Mohan
`Bell Communications Research
`Morristown, New Jersey
`Tero Ojanpera
`Nokia Research Center
`Irving, Texas
`
`Michael Onufry
`COMSAT Laboratories
`Clarksburg, Maryland
`
`Geoffrey C. Orsak
`Southern Methodist University
`Electrical Engineering Department
`Dallas, Texas
`
`Kaveh Pahlavan
`Worcester Polytechnic Institute
`Worcester, Massachusetts
`
`Bernd-Peter Paris
`George Mason University
`Department of Electrical and
`Computer Engineering
`Fairfax, Virginia
`
`Bhasker P. Patel
`Illinois Institute of Technology
`Chicago, Illinois
`
`Arogyaswami J. Paulraj
`Stanford University
`Department of Electrical
`Engineering
`Stanford, California
`Roman Pichna
`University of Oulu
`Center for Wireless Communication
`Oulu, Finland
`
`John G. Proakis
`Northeastern University
`Electrical Engineering
`Boston, Massachusetts
`
`Bala Rajagopalan
`NEC C&C Research Laboratories
`Princeton, New Jersey
`
`Daniel Reininger
`NEC USA, Inc.
`Princeton, New Jersey
`
`Marvin K. Simon
`Jet Propulsion Laboratory
`Pasadena, California
`
`Suresh Singh
`Oregon State University
`Electrical and Computer
`Engineering Department
`Corvallis, Oregon
`
`Bernard Sklar
`Communications Engineering
`Services
`Tarzana, California
`
`Raymond Steele
`MAC, Ltd.
`Southampton
`United Kingdom
`
`Gordon L. Stiiber
`Georgia Institute of Technology
`School of Electrical and Computer
`Engineering
`Atlanta, Georgia
`
`Raj Talluri
`Texas Instruments
`DSP Solutions R and D Center
`Dallas, Texas
`
`Qiang Wang
`University of Victoria
`Victoria, British Columbia
`Canada
`
`Michel Daoud Yacoub
`The University of Campinas
`San Paulo, Brazil
`
`0012
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`SECTION I Basic Principles
`
`1 Complex Envelope Representations for Modulated Signals Leon W Couch, II
`
`2 Sampling Hwei P. Hsu
`
`. . . . . . . . . . .
`
`3 Pulse Code Modulation Leon W Couch, II
`
`4 Baseband Signalling and Pulse Shaping Michael L. Honig and Melbourne Barton
`
`5 Channel Equalization John G. Proakis
`
`. . . . . . .
`
`6 Line Coding Joseph L. LoCicero and Bhasker P. Patel
`
`7 Echo Cancellation Giovanni Cherubini . . . . . . .
`
`8 Pseudonoise Sequences Tor Helleseth and P. Vijay Kumar
`
`9 Optimum Receivers Geoffrey C. Orsak
`
`. . . . . . . . . .
`
`10 Forward Error Correction Coding V.K. Bhargava and I.]. Fair
`
`1-1
`
`2-1
`
`3- l
`
`4-1
`
`5-1
`
`6-1
`
`7-1
`
`8-1
`
`9-1
`
`10-1
`
`11 Spread Spectrum Communications
`
`Laurence B. Milstein and Marvin K. Simon 11-1
`
`12 Diversity Arogyaswami J. Paulraj
`
`13 Digital Communication System Performance Bernard Sklar
`
`14 Telecommunications Standardization Spiros Dimolitsas and Michael Onufry
`
`SECTION II Wireless
`
`15 Wireless Personal Communications: A Perspective Donald C. Cox
`
`16 Modulation Methods Gordon L. Stuber .
`
`1 7 Access Methods Bernd-Peter Paris
`
`18 Rayleigh Fading Channels Bernard Sklar
`
`12-1
`
`13-1
`
`14-1
`
`15-1
`
`16-1
`
`17-1
`
`18-1
`
`0013
`
`

`

`19 Space-Time Processing Arogyaswami J. Paulraj
`
`. . . . . .
`
`20 Location Strategies for Personal Communications Services Ravi Jain, Yi-Bing
`Lin, and Seshadri Mohan . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`21 Cell Design Principles Michel Daoud Yacoub
`
`22 Microcellular Radio Communications Raymond Steele
`
`23 Fixed and Dynamic Channel Assignment Bijan Jabbari
`
`24 Radiolocation Techniques Gordon L. Stuber and James J. Caffery, Jr.
`
`25 Power Control Roman Pichna and Qiang Wang
`
`. . . . . . . . . . .
`
`19-1
`
`20-1
`
`21-1
`
`22-1
`
`23-1
`
`24-1
`
`25-1
`
`26 Enhancements in Second Generation Systems Marc Delprat and Vinod Kumar 26-1
`
`27 The Pan-European Cellular System Lajos Hanzo
`
`28 Speech and Channel Coding for North American TDMA Cellular Systems
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Mermelstein
`
`Paul
`
`29 The British Cordless Telephone Standard: CT-2 Lajos Hanzo
`
`30 Half-Rate Standards Wai-Yip Chan, Ira Gerson, and Toshia Miki
`
`31 Wireless Video Communications Madhukar Budagavi and Raj Talluri
`
`3 2 Wireless LAN s Suresh Singh
`
`. .
`
`33 Wireless Data Allen H. Levesque and Kaveh Pahlavan
`
`34 Wireless ATM: Interworking Aspects
`. . . . . . . . . . . .
`Li Fung Chang
`
`Melbourne Barton, Matthew Cheng, and
`
`35 Wireless ATM: QoS and Mobility Management
`Reininger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`Bala Rajagopalan and Daniel
`
`36 An Overview of cdma2000, WCDMA, and EDGE
`Gray
`
`Tero Ojanpera and Steven D.
`
`Index
`
`27-1
`
`28-1
`
`29-1
`
`30-1
`
`31-1
`
`32-1
`
`33-1
`
`34-1
`
`35-1
`
`36-1
`
`1-1
`
`0014
`
`

`

`Basic Principles
`
`1 Complex Envelope Representations for Modulated Signals Leon W. Couch, II .
`Introduction • Complex Envelope Representation • Representation of Modulated
`Signals • Generalized Transmitters and Receivers • Spectrum and Power of Band-
`pass Signals • Amplitude Modulation • Phase and Frequency Modulation • QPSK
`Signalling
`2 Sampling Hwei P. Hsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Introduction • Instantaneous Sampling • Sampling Theorem • Sampling of Sinusoidal
`Signals • Sampling of Bandpass Signals • Practical Sampling • Sampling Theorem
`in the Frequency Domain • Summary and Discussion
`3 Pulse Code Modulation Leon W. Couch, II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Introduction • Generation of PCM • Percent Quantizing Noise • Practical PCM
`Circuits • Bandwidth of PCM • Effects of Noise • Nonuniform Quantizing: µ-Law
`and A-Law Companding • Example: Design of a PCM System
`4 Baseband Signalling and Pulse Shaping Michael L. Honig and Melbourne Barton
`Communications System Model • Intersymbol Interference and the Nyquist Crite-
`rion • Nyquist Criterion with Matched Filtering • Eye Diagrams • Partial-Response
`Signalling • Additional Considerations • Examples
`John G. Proakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`5 Channel Equalization
`Characterization of Channel Distortion • Characterization of Intersymbol Interfer-
`ence • Linear Equalizers • Decision-Feedback Equalizer • Maximum-Likelihood Se(cid:173)
`quence Detection • Conclusions
`Joseph L. LoCicero and Bhasker P. Patel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`6 Line Coding
`Introduction • Common Line Coding Formats • Alternate Line Codes • Multilevel
`Signalling, Partial Response Signalling, and Duobinary Coding • Bandwidth Com(cid:173)
`parison • Concluding Remarks
`Echo Cancellation Giovanni Cherubini
`Introduction • Echo Cancellation for PAM Systems • Echo Cancellation for QAM
`Systems • Echo Cancellation for OFDM Systems • Summary and Conclusions
`Tor Helleseth and P. Vijay Kumar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`8 Pseudonoise Sequences
`Introduction • m Sequences • The q-ary Sequences with Low Autocorrelation •
`Families of Sequences with Low Crosscorrelation • Aperiodic Correlation • Other
`Correlation Measures
`
`7
`
`1-1
`
`2-1
`
`3-1
`
`4-1
`
`5-1
`
`6- l
`
`7-1
`
`8- l
`
`1-1
`
`0015
`
`

`

`1-2
`
`BASIC PRINCIPLES
`
`9-1
`
`11-1
`
`9 Optimum Receivers Geoffrey C. Orsak ..................................... .
`Introduction • Preliminaries • Karhunen-Loeve Expansion • Detection Theory •
`Performance • Signal Space • Standard Binary Signalling Schemes • M-ary Optimal
`Receivers • More Realistic Channels • Dispersive Channels
`10 Forward Error Correction Coding V.K. Bhargava and I.J. Fair................ 10-1
`Introduction • Fundamentals of Block Coding • Structure and Decoding of Block
`Codes • Important Classes of Block Codes • Principles of Convolutional Coding •
`Decoding of Convolutional Codes • Trellis-Coded Modulation • Additional Measures
`• Turbo Codes • Applications
`11 Spread Spectrum Communications Laurence B. Milstein and Marvin K. Simon
`A Brief History • Why Spread Spectrum? • Basic Concepts and Terminology •
`Spread Spectrum Techniques • Applications of Spread Spectrum
`12 Diversity Arogyaswami J. Paulraj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
`Introduction • Diversity Schemes • Diversity Combining Techniques • Effect of Di-
`versity Combining on Bit Error Rate • Concluding Remarks
`13 Digital Communication System Performance Bernard Sklar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
`Introduction • Bandwidth and Power Considerations • Example 1: Bandwidth(cid:173)
`Limited Uncoded System• Example 2: Power-Limited Uncoded System• Example
`3: Bandwidth-Limited Power-Limited Coded System • Example 4: Direct-Sequence
`Spread-Spectrum Coded System • Conclusion
`14 Telecommunications Standardization
`Spiros Dimolitsas and Michael Onufry
`Introduction • Global Standardization • Regional Standardization • National Stan(cid:173)
`dardization • Intellectual Property • Standards Coordination • Scientific • Standards
`Development Cycle
`
`14-1
`
`0016
`
`

`

`1
`
`Complex Envelope Representations
`for Modulated Signals 1
`
`1-1
`Introduction .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .
`1.1
`1-2
`1.2 Complex Envelope Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1-4
`1.3 Representation of Modulated Signals...................
`1-4
`1.4 Generalized Transmitters and Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1-7
`1.5 Spectrum and Power of Bandpass Signals..............
`1-8
`1.6 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`1. 7 Phase and Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
`1.8 QPSK Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
`Defining Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14
`References..................................................... 1-15
`Further Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
`
`Leon W. Couch, II
`University of Florida
`
`1.1
`
`Introduction
`
`What is a general representation for bandpass digital and analog signals? How do we
`represent a modulated signal? How do we evaluate the spectrum and the power of these
`signals? These are some of the questions that are answered in this chapter.
`A ba8eband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in the
`vicinity of the origin (i.e., f = 0) and negligible elsewhere. A bandpa88 waveform has a
`spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in some band concentrated about a fre(cid:173)
`quency f = ±Jc (where fc » 0), and the spectral magnitude is negligible elsewhere. fc is
`called the carrier frequency. The value of fc may be arbitrarily assigned for mathematical
`convenience in some problems. In others, namely, modulation problems, fc is the fre(cid:173)
`quency of an oscillatory signal in the transmitter circuit and is the assigned frequency of
`the transmitter, such as 850 kHz for an AM broadcasting station.
`In communication problems, the information source signal is usually a baseband signal(cid:173)
`for example, a transistor-transistor logic (TTL) waveform from a digital circuit or an audio
`( analog) signal from a microphone. The communication engineer has the job of building a
`system that will transfer the information from this source signal to the desired destination.
`
`1 Source: Couch, Leon W., II. 1997. Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 5th ed., Prentice Hall,
`Upper Saddle River, NJ.
`
`0-8493-8597 -0/99 /$0.00+ $.50
`© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
`
`1-1
`
`0017
`
`

`

`1-2
`
`CHAPTER l. COMPLEX REPRESENTATIONS FOR MODULATED SIGNALS
`
`As shown in Fig. 1.1, this usually requires the use of a bandpass signal, s(t), which has
`a bandpass spectrum that is concentrated at ±Jc where fc is selected so that s(t) will
`propagate across the communication channel (either a wire or a wireless channel).
`
`Information
`input
`111
`
`Signal
`processing
`
`g(t)
`
`Carrier
`circuits
`
`s(t) Transmission
`medium
`(channel)
`
`r(I)
`
`Carrier
`circuits
`
`g(t)
`
`Signal
`processing
`
`-m
`
`Transmitter
`
`Receiver
`
`FIGURE 1.1 Bandpass communication system. Source: Couch, L.W., II. 1997. Digital and Analog Communication
`Systems, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 227. With permission.
`
`Modulation is the process of imparting the source information onto a bandpass signal
`with a carrier frequency fc by the introduction of amplitude and/or phase perturbations.
`This bandpass signal is called the modulated signal s(t), and the baseband source signal is
`called the modulating signal m(t). Examples of exactly how modulation is accomplished are
`given later in thiR chapter. ThiR clfifinition indicates that modulation may be visualized as
`a mapping operation that maps the source information onto the bandpass signal s(t) that
`will be transmitted over the channel.
`As the modulated signal passes through the channel, noise corrupts it. The result is a
`bandpass signal-plus-noise waveform that is available at the receiver input, r(t), as illus(cid:173)
`trated in Fig. 1.1. The receiver has the job of trying to recover the information that was
`sent from the source; m denotes the corrupted version of m.
`
`1.2 Complex Envelope Representation
`
`All bandpass waveforms, whether they arise from a modulated signal, interfering signals,
`or noise, may be represented in a convenient form given by the following theorem. v(t) will
`be used to denote the bandpass waveform canonically. That is, v(t) can represent the
`signal when s(t) = v(t) , the noise when n(t)
`v(t), the filtered signal plus noise at the
`v(t), or any other type of bandpass waveform2 .
`channel output when r(t)
`
`THEOREM 1.1
`
`Any physical bandpass waveform can be represented by
`
`(l.la)
`
`Re{·} denotes the real part of{·}. g(t) is called the complex envelope of v(t), and fc is the
`associated carrier frequency (hertz) where We = 21r fc· Furthermore, two other equivalent
`representations are
`
`2 The symbol = denotes an equivalence and the symbol ~ denotes a definition.
`
`0018
`
`

`

`1.2. COMPLEX ENVELOPE REPRESENTATION
`
`and
`
`where
`
`v(t) = R(t) cos [wet+ 0(t)]
`
`v(t) = x(t) cos wet - y(t) sin wet
`
`g(t) = x(t) + jy(t)
`
`lg(t)leJLg(t) = R(t)e10 (t)
`
`x(t)
`y(x)
`
`R(t)
`
`0(t)
`
`Re{g(t)} = R(t) cos0(t)
`Im{g(t)} = R(t) sin0(t)
`lg(t)I = Jx 2 (t) + y 2 (t)
`6. Lg(t) = tan- 1 ( y(t))
`x(t)
`
`6.
`
`1-3
`
`(l.lb)
`
`(l.lc)
`
`( 1.2)
`
`(1.3a)
`
`( 1.3b)
`
`( 1.4a)
`
`(1.4b)
`
`The waveforms g(t), x(t), y(t), R(t), and 0(t) are all baseband waveforms, and, except
`for g(t), they are all real waveforms. R(t) is a nonnegative real waveform. Equation (1.1)
`is a low-pass-to-bandpass transformation. The eJwct factor in (l.la) shifts (i.e., translates)
`the spectrum of the baseband signal g(t) from baseband up to the carrier frequency Jc.
`In communications terminology the frequencies in the baseband signal g(t) are said to be
`heterodyned up to fc- The complex envelope, g(t), is usually a complex function of time
`and it is the generalization of the phasor concept. That is, if g(t) happens to be a complex
`constant, then v(t) is a pure sine wave of frequency fc and this complex constant is the
`phasor representing the sine wave. If g(t) is not a constant, then v(t) is not a pure sine
`wave because the amplitude and phase of v(t) varies with time, caused by the variations of
`g(t).
`Representing the complex envelope in terms of two real functions in Cartesian coordinates,
`we have
`
`g(x) = x(t) + jy(t)
`where x(t) = Re{g(t)} and y(t) = Im{g(t)}. x(t) is said to be the in-phase modulation
`associated with v(t), and y(t) is said to be the quadrature modulation associated with v(t).
`Alternatively, the polar form of g(t), represented by R(t) and 0(t), is given by (1.2), where
`the identities between Cartesian and polar coordinates are given by (1.3) and (1.4). R(t)
`and 0(t) are real waveforms and, in addition, R(t) is always nonnegative. R(t) is said to be
`the amplitude modulation (AM) on v(t), and 0(t) is said to be the phase modulation (PM)
`on v(t).
`The usefulness of the complex envelope representation for bandpass waveforms cannot
`be overemphasized. In modern communication systems, the bandpass signal is often parti(cid:173)
`tioned into two channels, one for x(t) called the I (in-phase) channel and one for y(t) called
`the Q (quadrature-phase) channel. In digital computer simulations of bandpass signals, the
`sampling rate used in the simulation can be minimized by working with the complex enve(cid:173)
`lope, g(t), instead of with the bandpass signal, v(t), because g(t) is the baseband equivalent
`of the bandpass signal [1].
`
`(1.5)
`
`0019
`
`

`

`1-4
`
`CHAPTER 1. COMPLEX REPRESENTATIONS FOR MODULATED SIGNALS
`1.3 Representation of Modulated Signals
`
`Modulation is the process of encoding the source information m(t) (modulating signal) into
`a bandpass signal s(t) (modulated signal). Consequently, the modulated signal is just a
`specia