`
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`———————
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`———————
`
`APPLE INC.,
`
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`FINTIV, INC.,
`
`Patent Owner
`
`———————
`
`
`
`
`IPR2023-00398
`U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW
`UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 312 AND 37 C.F.R. § 42.104
`
`

`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`I. MANDATORY NOTICES UNDER 37 C.F.R. § 42.8 ....................................... 1
`
`A. Real Party-in-Interest................................................................................. 1
`
`B. Related Matters .......................................................................................... 1
`
`C. Lead and Back-up Counsel and Service Information ............................... 1
`
`II. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 2
`
`III. STANDING ......................................................................................................... 2
`
`IV. NOTE ................................................................................................................... 2
`
`V. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 2
`
`VI. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ................................................. 4
`
`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION............................................................................... 5
`
`A.
`
`“debit the mobile wallet by the specified amount of funds” (claims 1,
`16) .............................................................................................................. 5
`
`VIII. The DILL-VADHRI-AKASHIKA COMBINATION RENDERS
`CLAIMS 1-22 OBVIOUS ................................................................................. 6
`
`A. Overview of Dill ........................................................................................ 7
`
`B. Overview of Vadhri ................................................................................... 9
`
`C. Overview of Akashika .............................................................................11
`
`D. Motivation to Combine Dill, Vadhri, and Akashika ...............................13
`
`E. The Challenged Claims are Obvious .......................................................17
`
`1. Claim 1 ............................................................................................17
`
`[1.0] A computing system for facilitating management of a
`mobile wallet, comprising: ..................................................... 17
`
`[1.1] one or more processors; .......................................................... 19
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`[1.2] system memory; ...................................................................... 20
`
`[1.3A] an integration tier configured to manage mobile wallet
`sessions with a mobile device and .......................................... 21
`
`[1.3B] [an integration tier configured to manage mobile wallet
`sessions with a mobile device and] including web services
`communication mechanisms for interfacing with a mobile
`wallet application and ............................................................. 24
`
`[1.3C] [an integration tier configured to manage mobile wallet
`sessions and] ... a plurality of different device types over a
`plurality of different communication channels, ...................... 25
`
`[1.3D] [an integration tier configured to manage mobile wallet
`sessions with a mobile device]…the integration tier being
`configured to receive binary and text messages from a
`mobile device; ......................................................................... 27
`
`[1.4A] a notification services engine configured to interface
`with the integration tier and .................................................... 28
`
`[1.4B] [a notification services engine configured to interface
`with the integration tier and] to send a plurality of
`corresponding different types of messages over the
`different communication channels to different devices, ......... 30
`
`[1.4C] [a notification services engine configured to interface
`with the integration tier and to send a plurality of
`corresponding different types of messages...to different
`devices] including a customer's mobile device, to interface
`with a mobile wallet application installed on the
`customer's mobile device; ....................................................... 32
`
`[1.5] service connectors that are each configured to connect the
`computing system to a different third party system; .............. 33
`
`[1.6] a payment handler that exposes a common API for
`interacting with different payment processors; ....................... 36
`
`[1.7] a security services engine that performs subscriber
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`authentication utilizing a database-based Access Control
`List (ACL); .............................................................................. 38
`
`[1.8] a rules engine configured to enforce constraints on
`financial transactions performed with the mobile wallet
`application, the mobile wallet application being associated
`with a mobile wallet account; and .......................................... 41
`
`[1.9] one or more computer-readable storage media having
`stored thereon computer-executable instructions which are
`executable by the one or more processors, to facilitate a
`transaction for a customer using the mobile wallet by
`causing the computing system to perform at least the
`following: ................................................................................ 43
`
`[1.10A] receive communication from the customer over one of
`the plurality of channels connected to the computing
`system, ..................................................................................... 44
`
`[1.10B]...the customer communication indicating that the
`customer desires to purchase an item at an agent terminal
`for a specified amount of funds using a specified payment
`method from a mobile wallet; ................................................. 45
`
`[1.11] return a secure, perishable purchase code to the customer
`over at least one of the plurality of channels connected to
`the computing system; ............................................................ 48
`
`[1.12A] receive communication from the agent terminal over at
`least one of the plurality of channels connected to the
`computing system, .................................................................. 51
`
`[1.12B]...the agent terminal communication indicating that the
`purchase code has been presented to an agent; ....................... 52
`
`[1.13] debit the mobile wallet by the specified amount of funds; .. 55
`
`[1.14] credit an agent account by the specified amount of funds;
`and ........................................................................................... 56
`
`[1.15] after selecting a particular channel included in the
`
`iii
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`plurality of channels, send a notification communication
`from the computing system to the agent terminal using the
`particular channel, which is connected to the computing
`system, the notification communication providing a
`notification indicating confirmation of the processing of
`the transaction. ........................................................................ 57
`
`2. Claim 2 ............................................................................................61
`
`[2.0] The computing system of claim 1, wherein the computing
`system notifies the customer of confirmation of the
`processing of the transaction using the mobile wallet over
`at least one of the plurality of communication channels
`connected to the computing system. ....................................... 61
`
`3. Claim 3 ............................................................................................63
`
`[3.0] The computing system of claim 1, wherein the mobile
`wallet is a native mobile wallet. .............................................. 63
`
`4. Claim 4 ............................................................................................64
`
`[4.0] The computing system of claim 1, wherein the mobile
`wallet is a third party mobile wallet........................................ 64
`
`5. Claim 5 ............................................................................................65
`
`[5.0] The computing system of claim 4, wherein the third party
`mobile wallet is provided by a third party mobile wallet
`provider. .................................................................................. 65
`
`6. Claim 6 ............................................................................................65
`
`[6.0] The computing system of claim 5, wherein each third
`party mobile wallet provider has their own point of sale
`(POS) processing system. ....................................................... 65
`
`7. Claim 7 ............................................................................................66
`
`[7.0] The computing system of claim 1, wherein the customer
`communication is initiated by the customer through the
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`mobile wallet application installed on a device of the
`customer. ................................................................................. 66
`
`8. Claim 8 ............................................................................................67
`
`[8.0] A computer-implemented method of facilitating
`management of a mobile wallet, ............................................. 68
`
`[8.1] the computer-implemented method being performed by
`one or more hardware processors executing computer
`executable instructions for the computer-implemented
`method, and the computer-implemented method
`comprising:.............................................................................. 70
`
`[8.10B] [an integration tier configured to manage mobile wallet
`sessions with a mobile device] on which a mobile wallet
`application is installed............................................................. 70
`
`[8.12B]...each of the service connectors being configured as a
`separate module for integrating a corresponding external
`service to the computer system; .............................................. 71
`
`9. Claims 9-13 and 15 .........................................................................73
`
`10. Claim 14 ..........................................................................................73
`
`[14.0] The method of claim 13, wherein the third party mobile
`wallet providers' POS processing systems communicate
`with each other using the computer system to process the
`transaction. .............................................................................. 73
`
`11. Claim 16 ..........................................................................................75
`
`[16.0] A computer program product comprising one or more
`hardware storage devices having stored thereon computer-
`executable instructions that are executable by one or more
`processors of a computer system and that configure the
`computer system to facilitate management of a mobile
`wallet, including computer-executable instructions that
`configure the computer system to perform at least the
`following: ................................................................................ 76
`
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`

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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`12. Claims 17-20 ...................................................................................77
`
`13. Claim 21 ..........................................................................................78
`
`[21.3D]...the integration tier being configured to receive digital
`communications from the mobile device; ............................... 79
`
`[21.10A] the computing system receiving communication from
`an agent terminal over one of a plurality of communication
`channels connected to a cloud-based transaction platform, ... 80
`
`[21.10C]...wherein the mobile wallet transaction comprises at
`least one of a mobile wallet transfer in which funds are
`transferred from the mobile wallet of the customer to a
`third party mobile wallet, a mobile wallet withdrawal in
`which funds are withdrawn from the third party mobile
`wallet and provided to the customer, or a mobile wallet
`deposit in which funds are deposited into the third party
`mobile wallet; .......................................................................... 81
`
`[21.12A] the computing system determining whether the
`mobile wallet transaction comprises the mobile wallet
`withdrawal ............................................................................... 82
`
`[21.13] the computing system receiving communication from
`the third party mobile wallet platform confirming
`processing of the transaction, the transaction comprising at
`least one of the mobile wallet transfer, the mobile wallet
`withdrawal or the mobile wallet deposit; and ......................... 83
`
`14. Claim 22 ..........................................................................................84
`
`[22.10C]...wherein the mobile wallet transaction comprises
`digitally transferring of funds for a purchase; ........................ 85
`
`IX. DISCRETIONARY DENIAL IS INAPPROPRIATE .......................................86
`
`X. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................88
`
`CERTIFICATE OF WORD COUNT ......................................................................89
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................90
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`vii
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`PETITIONER’S EXHIBIT LIST1
`APPL-1001 U.S. Patent 10,438,196
`APPL-1002 File History of U.S. Patent 10,438,196
`APPL-1003 Declaration of Henry Houh, Ph.D.
`APPL-1004 Curriculum Vitae of Henry Houh, Ph.D.
`APPL-1005 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0265272 to Dill et al. (“Dill”)
`APPL-1006 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0133334 to Vadhri (“Vadhri”)
`APPL-1007 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0217047 to Akashika et al.
`(“Akashika”)
`APPL-1008 Designing System for Internet Commerce” by G. Winfield Treese
`et al. (2003) (“Treese”)
`APPL-1009 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0332352 to Imrey et al.
`(“Imrey”)
`APPL-1010 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0032758 to Barton et al.
`(“Barton”)
`APPL-1011 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0167988 to Sun et al. (“Sun”)
`APPL-1012 U.S. Patent No. 7,865,141 to Liao et al. (“Liao”)
`APPL-1013 Reserved
`APPL-1014 Reserved
`APPL-1015 Reserved
`APPL-1016 Director Katherine K. Vidal, “Interim Procedure for Discretionary
`Denials in AIA Post-Grant Proceedings with Parallel District
`Court Litigation,” June 21, 2022
`APPL-1017 United States District Court – National Judicial Caseload Profile
`(June 2022), available at:
`https://www.uscourts.gov/statistics/table/na/federal-court-
`management-statistics/2022/06/30-2
`APPL-1018 Scheduling Order, Fintiv, Inc. v. PayPal Holdings, Inc., No. 6:22-
`cv-00288, ECF No. 33 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 30, 2022)
`
`
`1 Citations to APPL-1002 use page numbers added per 37 C.F.R. § 42.63(d)(2)(ii).
`
`Citations to other exhibits use page numbers in their original publications.
`
`viii
`
`

`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`APPL-1019 Order Regarding Joint Motion to Amend Scheduling Order,
`Fintiv, Inc. v. PayPal Holdings, Inc., No. 6:22-cv-00288, ECF
`No. 49 (W.D. Tex. Nov. 30, 2022)
`APPL-1020 Joint Claim Construction Statement, Fintiv, Inc. v. PayPal
`Holdings, Inc., No. 6:22-cv-00288, ECF No. 53 (W.D. Tex. Dec.
`8, 2022)
`
`ix
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`

`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`I. MANDATORY NOTICES UNDER 37 C.F.R. § 42.8
`A. Real Party-in-Interest
`
`Apple Inc. is the real party-in-interest.
`
`B. Related Matters
`
`The ’196 Patent is involved in: Fintiv, Inc. v. PayPal Holdings, Inc., 6-22-
`
`cv-00288 (W.D. Tex.) (“PayPal litigation”). The Petitioner is not a party to that
`
`case and the defendant in that case had no knowledge of this IPR prior to its filing.
`
`The ’196 Patent is a continuation of U.S. Patent No. 9,208,488, which has been
`
`challenged in a concurrently-filed IPR (IPR2023-00399).
`
`C. Lead and Back-up Counsel and Service Information
`
`Lead Counsel
`Andrew S. Ehmke
`HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP
`2323 Victory Ave. Suite 700
`Dallas, TX 75219
`
`Backup Counsel
`Eugene Goryunov
`HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP
`2323 Victory Ave. Suite 700
`Dallas, TX 75219
`
`Jonathan R. Bowser
`HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP
`800 17th Street NW, Suite 500
`Washington, DC 20006
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Phone: (214) 651-5116
`Fax: (214) 200-0853
`andy.ehmke.ipr@haynesboone.com
`USPTO Reg. No. 50,271
`
`
`Phone: (312) 216-1630
`Fax: (214) 200-0853
`eugene.goryunov.ipr@haynesboone.com
`USPTO Reg. No. 61,579
`
`Phone: (202) 654-4503
`Fax: (214) 200-0853
`jon.bowser.ipr@haynesboone.com
`USPTO Reg. No. 54,574
`
`
`
`
`
`1
`
`

`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`Jordan Maucotel
`HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP
`2323 Victory Ave. Suite 700
`Dallas, TX 75219
`
`Phone: (972) 739-8621
`Fax: (214) 200-0853
`jordan.maucotel.ipr@haynesboone.com
`USPTO Reg. No. 69,438
`
`Please address all correspondence to lead and back-up counsel. Petitioner
`
`consents to email service as noted above and asks Patent Owner to do the same.
`
`II.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Apple Inc. (“Petitioner”) requests inter partes review (IPR) and cancellation
`
`of claims 1-22 (the “Challenged Claims”) of U.S. 10,438,196 (“the ’196 patent,”
`
`APPL-1001).
`
`III. STANDING
`
`Petitioner certifies the ’196 patent is eligible for IPR and Petitioner is not
`
`barred or estopped from requesting an IPR.
`
`IV. NOTE
`All bold, bold italics, and bold underline has been added. Text in italics
`
`signifies claim language.
`
`V. BACKGROUND
`
`This IPR addresses a mobile wallet application installed on a mobile device
`
`that allows a user to interact with a payment system using the mobile device to
`
`“make purchases, transfer money or perform [] other transactions.” APPL-1001,
`
`6:61-7:4. Financial transactions using mobile wallets were well-known before the
`
`2
`
`

`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`ʼ196 Patent. APPL-1003, ¶38;2 APPL-1005, Abstract, [0002], [0010]; APPL-1006,
`
`[0001], [0047]-[0050].
`
`The ’196 patent is directed to performing a transaction using a “third party
`
`mobile wallet,” a “third party point of sale (POS) system,” and making a purchase
`
`facilitated by a “third party mobile wallet provider.” APPL-1001, Abstract. The
`
`’196 patent further provides for “a cloud-based transaction platform” that “receives
`
`communication from the third party mobile wallet platform confirming processing
`
`of the transaction, and sends communication to the agent terminal over a
`
`communication channel...indicat[ing] confirmation of the processing of the
`
`transaction.” APPL-1001, 1:56-60, 1:62-2:3; APPL-1003, ¶¶28-30. An example of
`
`the platform is below:
`
`
`2 The declaration of Dr. Henry Houh (APPL-1003) supports the Petition.
`
`3
`
`

`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`APPL-1001, Fig. 2.
`
`
`
`VI. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`
`A person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) in November 2011, the
`
`assumed priority date of the ’196 patent, would have had a working knowledge of
`
`mobile payment systems and techniques pertinent to the ’196 Patent. A POSITA
`
`would have had a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, computer science, or
`
`equivalent training, and approximately two years of work experience in software
`
`development with a basic knowledge of accounting. Lack of work experience can
`
`be remedied by additional education, and vice versa. APPL-1003, ¶¶21-23.
`
`4
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`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`VII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
`
`Claim terms are given their ordinary and accustomed meaning as would
`
`have been understood by a POSITA at the priority date in view of the entire
`
`disclosure. Petitioner maintains that all other terms, not addressed below, require
`
`no specific construction for this proceeding.3
`
`A. “debit the mobile wallet by the specified amount of funds” (claims 1,
`16)
`
`A POSITA would have understood that there are various types of mobile
`
`wallets: (1) where a mobile device holds value (such as on a secure chip) and (2)
`
`where the value is stored in an external account. See e.g., APPL-1001, 9:26-36;
`
`APPL-1011, [0009], [0022]; APPL-1003, ¶¶41-42. The ’196 patent refers to the first
`
`type of mobile wallet. APPL-1001, 9:26-30. For example, the specification states
`
`that the “term ‘mobile wallet’ or ‘mobile wallet account’ refers to a stored value
`
`account or prepaid access account (PPA) that allows the owner (or “subscriber”) to
`
`pay for goods and services on the mFS platform from his or her mobile wallet
`
`account.” APPL-1001, 9:26-30; APPL-1003, ¶¶41-42.
`
`Although not defined with more detail, the term “stored value” in mobile
`
`wallets is well-known and refers to a value stored on a mobile device (such as in a
`
`
`3 Petitioner does not concede that any term not construed herein meets the statutory
`
`requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112.
`
`5
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`

`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`secure memory). See, e.g., APPL-1011, [0009], [0022] (“Mobile communication
`
`devices used in the architecture described herein are characterized by secure memory
`
`usable for storing value and a controller which manages the secure memory,” “stored
`
`value represented by data on the mobile communication device”). The ’196 patent
`
`does not provide technical details of how its mobile wallet is debited other than to
`
`say that “[t]he cloud-based transaction platform then debits the customer’s third
`
`party mobile wallet by the specified amount of funds to complete the purchase.”
`
`APPL-1001, 2:40-42. Accordingly, a POSITA would have understood “debit the
`
`mobile wallet by the specified amount of funds” to include “transferring the
`
`specified amount of funds from the stored value on a mobile device.” APPL-1003,
`
`¶¶43-44.
`
`VIII. THE DILL-VADHRI-AKASHIKA COMBINATION RENDERS
`CLAIMS 1-22 OBVIOUS
`
`As described below, the combination of Dill, Vadhri, and Akashika renders
`
`claims 1-22 obvious. APPL-1003, ¶45. These claims represent nothing more than a
`
`predictable combination of well-known features. Dill teaches a financial transfer
`
`system for supporting “flexible payment options” for transactions between mobile
`
`wallets. APPL-1005, Abstract, [0005], [0010]. While Dill does not specifically
`
`disclose an API server or a cloud computing environment, they were well known
`
`in financial transaction systems as taught by Vadhri, and a POSITA would have
`
`been motivated to integrate them into Dill’s system to improve security and
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`flexibility. APPL-1003, ¶¶57-59. Similarly, a POSITA would have been motivated
`
`to include an access control list (ACL) as taught by Akashika into Dill’s networks
`
`to further improve security of financial data. APPL-1003, ¶¶60-63.
`
`Dill, Vadhri, and Akashika were not cited or relied on by the Examiner
`
`during prosecution of the ’196 patent.
`
`A. Overview of Dill
`
`Dill—U.S. 2009/0265272 (APPL-1005)—was filed June 3, 2009, published
`
`October 22, 2009, and is prior art under pre-AIA §§ 102(a)-(b), (e). Like the ’196
`
`patent, Dill teaches a financial transfer system for supporting “flexible payment
`
`options” for a financial transaction. APPL-1005, Abstract, [0002], [0010]. Dill’s
`
`system facilitates transactions between mobile devices and includes “a mobile
`
`communications network and a mobile device communicatively coupled with the
`
`mobile communications network” where the “mobile device can execute a mobile
`
`wallet application.” APPL-1005, [0010], [0005].
`
`One embodiment of Dill’s financial transfer system is depicted in Fig. 9:
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
`
`APPL-1005, Fig. 9.
`
`
`
`In Fig. 9, system 100 includes a money transfer facilitator system 140
`
`configured to receive transaction information from a mobile wallet application 121
`
`including mobile wallets 125, 130. APPL-1005, Fig. 9, [0100]. The money transfer
`
`facilitator system 140 includes a transfer options module 145 and a mobile
`
`application 145 that are coupled with interfaces 136-138 and an agent 135 for
`
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`conducting money transfers. APPL-1005, Fig. 9, [0101]. The transfer options
`
`module 145 and mobile application 145 conduct transactions between senders 105
`
`and recipients 110 through communication channels, as well as sending
`
`notifications of request and transactions. APPL-1005, Fig. 9, [0100]-[0104].
`
`Dill is analogous art to the ’196 patent and is “from the same field of
`
`endeavor.” In re Bigio, 381 F.3d 1320, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2004). For example, Dill
`
`“relates to financial transfers” just as the embodiments of the ’196 patent are
`
`“directed to performing a transaction.” APPL-1005, [0002]; APPL-1001, Abstract.
`
`Both systems are configured to manage transactions with third party systems,
`
`including mobile wallets (e.g., APPL-1001, Abstract; APPL-1005, [0003]-[0005]).
`
`Dill is also reasonably pertinent to the particular problem of the ’196 patent, for
`
`example to increase flexibility of payments in financial systems (e.g., APPL-1001,
`
`6:29-42; APPL-1005, [0002]).
`
`B. Overview of Vadhri
`
`Vadhri—U.S. 2010/0133334 (APPL-1006)—was filed December 3, 2008,
`
`published June 3, 2010, and is prior art under §§ 102(a)-(b), (e). Vadhri generally
`
`discusses “systems and methods for accessing a value holding account.” APPL-
`
`1006, [0001]. A networked system 502 (also referred to as a “network-based
`
`marketplace or publication system”) manages payments between applications and
`
`accounts, similar to the financial transaction systems of the ’196 patent and Dill.
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`APPL-1006, [0047]-[0050]. Vadhri also teaches methods for accessing a value-
`
`holding account within the networked system 502 that include “access[ing] the
`
`payment applications via the API server (e.g., using API calls) or through the web
`
`servers 516 to engage in account access operations.” APPL-1006, [0054].
`
`Fig. 5 depicts Vadhri’s networked system 520 with API servers 514:
`
`APPL-1006, Fig. 5.
`
`
`
`Vadhri explains that the use of the API server provides a programmatic
`
`interface for payment applications to access various services of the marketplace.
`
`APPL-1006, [0052]. This interface allows use of seller applications such as eBay,
`
`and “enable[s] sellers to author and manage listings…in an off-line manner, and to
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`perform batch-mode communications between the programmatic client 508 and the
`
`network system.” APPL-1006, [0052]. Vadhri also teaches the use of a secure
`
`temporary code to provide additional security by limiting the amount of time that a
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`code is available and describes a methodology to determine the validity of a code
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`and notify the user accordingly. APPL-1006, [0015], Fig. 4, [0046]. Vadhri also
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`teaches the integration of a “‘cloud computing’ environment” in its transaction
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`systems. APPL-1006, [0089].
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`Vadhri is analogous art to the ’196 patent and is from the same field of
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`endeavor. Vadhri discloses “systems and methods for accessing a value holding
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`account” and supports “a transaction to [] goods and services,” similar to the
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`embodiments of the ’196 patent. APPL-1006, [0001], [0057]; APPL-1001,
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`Abstract. Vadhri is also reasonably pertinent to the particular problem of the ’196
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`patent, as both are concerned with increasing accessibility of payment systems
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`(e.g., APPL-1001, 12:13-36; APPL-1006, [0002]).
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`C. Overview of Akashika
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`Akashika—U.S. 2009/0217047 (APPL-1007)—was filed November 18,
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`2008, published August 27, 2009, and is prior art under §§ 102(a)-(b), (e).
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`Akashika discloses a security system configured to protect a wide variety of data
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`on a secure chip including “the remaining amount or the settlement information of
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`electronic money.” APPL-1007, [0007]. The system includes an area management
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`server with an access control list (ACL) generation section to create an ACL that
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`sets access rights to the secure data for each user of the system. APPL-1007,
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`[0060]. These features are shown in Fig. 3:
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`APPL-1007, Fig. 3.
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`
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`The access rights set by the ACL include access to the secure chip as well as
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`read, write, and frequency of access restrictions and executing script data (such as
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`ECMAScript or JavaScript) on the secure chip. APPL-1007, [0017], [0062],
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`[0070]. By implementing an ACL, “unauthorized access to the secure chip 500 can
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`be prevented.” APPL-1007, [0117].
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`Akashika is analogous art to the ’196 patent and is from the same field of
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`endeavor. Akashika discloses “service providing system” that includes a secure
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`chip to store “settlement data” for financial transactions. APPL-1007, [0003]-
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`[0006]. This is similar to embodiments of the ’196 patent directed to financial
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`Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 10,438,196
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`transactions. APPL-1001, Abstract. Akashika is also reasonably pertinent to the
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`particular problem of the ’196 patent, as both are concerned with securely storing
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`data for transactions (e.g., APPL-1001, 7:55-16; APPL-1007, [0003]-[0006]).
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`D. Motivation to Combine Dill, Vadhri, and Akashika
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`First, a POSITA would have been motivated to incorporate Vadhri’s API
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`server into Dill’s financial network system as Dill recognizes the need for flexible
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`financial systems that may be used by different parties. APPL-1003, ¶55; APPL-
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`1005, [0004] (“there is a need in the art…to facilitate flexible payment options for
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`the transactions”). The use of APIs in payment systems was well known in the art.
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`APPL-1008 (“Treese”), 417.
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`Vadhri is analogous art to Dill because it teaches a financial system similar
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`to Dill’s financial network system that is configured for enhanced flexibility in
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`sharing data between different parties using its API server. APPL-1006, [0056]
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`(“[t]he applications themselves are communicatively coupled (e.g., via appropriate
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`interfaces) to each other and to various data sources, so as to allow information to
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`be passed between the applications or so as to allow the applications to share and
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`access common data”). The API server in particular allows for increased flexibility
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`by providing access to “various services and functions provided by the
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`marketplace” through its interface, including access for third-party marketplaces
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`such as eBay, as well as features such as managing listings offline and batch-mode
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`communications. APPL-1006, [0052]. A POSITA would have understood that
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`Vadhri’s API server uses a common API (which as discussed above allows for
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`additional payment options without requiring additional servers (APPL-1008,
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`p.417)) and allows for interaction with different payment processors (such as
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`eBay). APPL-1003, ¶56.
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`Second, a POSITA would have been motivated to combine Vadhri’s API
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`server with Dill’s system to yield the predictable result of increased access for
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`clients and additional payment options. APPL-1003, ¶57. As discussed above, the
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`use of payment APIs to add new payment systems was well known. APPL-1008,
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`p.417. For example, Treese states that “[i]nternet payment technology is changing
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`rapidly, with debit cards, electronic funds transfer, and electronic checks gaining
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`acceptance.” APPL-1008, p.417. A “payment API” is a solution to add “new
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`payment systems and additional implementations of old ones...without the
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`necessity of updating any content servers.” APPL-1008, p.417. It would have been
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`obvious for a POSITA to include this technology (via Vadhri’s API server) into
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`Dill’s system based on the recognized need for flexibility. APPL-1003, ¶¶55-57;
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`APPL-1005, [0004]; APPL-1006, [0052].
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`Third, a POSITA would have been motivated to incorporate Vadhri’s cloud
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`computing environment in