`
`ComputerDesktop
`Encyclopedia
`
`
`
`definitions on CD!
`
`More than 10,000 terms clearly
`\ > a_—_—_—_————.
`and accurately defined
`Hundredsofillustrations help
`explain devices and clarify concepts
`
`FREE CD-ROM
`INCLUDES THOUSANDS
`OF EXPANDED
`DEFINITIONS AND
`ILLUSTRATIONS!
`
`ZZ
`7aw
`
`a
`
`Covers emerging trends and topics
`to keep you on top ofthe latest
`developments in computing
`
`More than 5,000 additional
`
`a
`
`Alan Freedman
`
`President of The Computer Language Company
`
`OTH EDITION
`Ft 2
`
`P
`
`=
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 — 001
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 001
`
`

`

`Computer
`Desktop
`Encyclopedia
`
`Ninth Edition
`
`Alan Freedman
`
`Osborne/McGraw-Hill
`
`New York Chicago San Francisco
`Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`New Delhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
`
`Exhibit 1027 — 002
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 002
`
`

`

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`Osborne /McGraw-Hill
`2600 Tenth Street
`Berkeley, California 94710
`U.S.A.
`
`|
`f?
`
`|
`
`~ TOarrange bulk purchase discounts for sales promotions, premiums,or fund-raisers,
`please contact Osborne/McGraw-Hill at the above address. For information on
`= translations or book distributors outside the U.S.A., please see the International
`Sontadt Information page at the end of this book.
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, Ninth Edition
`“Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part
`ofthis publication may be reproduced ordistributed in any form or by any means,or
`stéred in a database orretrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
`publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
`executed in a computersystem, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
`
`1234567890 DOC DOC 901987654321
`
`Book p/n 0-07-219307-7 and CD p/n 0-07-219308-5
`arts of
`ISBN 0-07-219306-9
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Computer Designers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`
`Vice President & Associate Publisher
`Scott Rogers
`Editorial Director
`Roger Stewart
`Senior Project Editor
`Pamela Woolf
`
`Illustrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`Series Design
`Peter F. Hancik
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
`
`Proofreaders
`Linda Medoff, Paul Medoff
`
`Cover IHlustration
`John Bleck
`
`LC Control Number
`
`This book was composed with Corel VENTURA™ Publisher.
`
`nM
`
`
`
`9901
`
`279111
`
`Information has been obtained by Osborne/McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the
`possibility of human or mechanicalerror by our sources, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, or others, Osborne/McGraw-Hill does not
`guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or
`the results obtained from use of such information.
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 — 003
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 003
`
`

`

`About the Author
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Alan Freedmanis president of The Computer
`Language Company, an organization devoted
`to computer education training for business
`and non-technical people. With more than 40
`years of experiencein the field and 20 years of
`writing the Computer Glossary and Computer
`Desktop Encyclopedia, Freedmanis the most
`noted computer lexicographer in the country. Deemed both
`“comprehensive and authoritative” by PC Magazine, Freedman’s
`workis widely recognized for making abstract computing
`concepts easily understandable to non-technical people.
`
`
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 — 004
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 004
`
`

`

`
`
`Computer
`Desktop
`nh¢ C gp
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`Sow’
`la
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`staff ato
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`computers from
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`compendium
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`ital terms are
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`rou and review
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`uputer Desktop
`
`Alphabetical Entries
`
`
`
`Exhibit 1027 — 005
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 005
`
`

`

`438
`hub and spoke
`
`—|
`(twisted pair, coax and optical fiber) and can bridge between Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI and ATM topologies.
`:
`|
`Switching hubs provide Ethernet and ATM switching.
`Hubshave becomeintelligent and modular, allowingfor the insertion of bridging, routing and switching modules
`within the sameunit. A hub can even host a CPU board and network operating system, turning the hub into a file
`
`server or network control processor. See LAN
`=
`(2) See Web Inuib.
`
`hub and spoke=Anyarchitecturethatusesacentral - E
`Order
`Accounts
`Credit
`Processing
`Recetvable
`Chack
`|
`_ | =
`| ee
`|
`connecting point. It is the same as a star topology in a network.
`
`A network hubis hardware that functionsas a central hubtoall_|[nventorny —) Human |
`
`
`nodes. See hub.
`s
`rl
`Cerestei]
`_
`UIT
`=|
`——
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`"
`5
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`
`hub ringAflat ring pressed around the hole ina 5.25 faiiad enon — )
`
`
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`floppy disk for rigidity. The drive’s clamping ring presses
`PaOa opal |
`|
`thehub ringontothespindle.
`:
`:
`:
`3. reformatting
`|
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`|
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`
`
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`f
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`7
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`
`
`hue=The dominant wavelength of a color. A color system, res ann ant
`
`or model, measures color by hue, saturation and luminance.
`Payable
`Assets
`The hueis the predominant color, the saturation is the color
`<<
`intensity, and the luminanceis the brightness. See HSB.
`
`
`
`Huffman codingAstatistical compression method that Matoscre Oracle
`
`
`(e.g. EDA}
`converts characters into variable-length bit strings. Most-
`frequently ocurring characters are convertedto shortestbit
`strings; least frequent, the longest. Compression takes two
`passes. Thefirst pass analyzesa block of data and createsa tree
`model based on its contents. The second pass compresses the
`data via the model. Decompression decodesthevariable-length
`strings via the tree. See LZW.
`
`MS SQL
`Server
`
`Sybase
`
`Hub and SpokeArchitectures
`Messaging middleware is always configured in a hub and
`spoke configuration, and most database middlewareis
`_alSo available in this topology. See EDA and DQbroker.
`
`|
`
`|
`
`A bioinformatics project that
`Human GenomeProject
`has identified the 30,000 genes in human DNA.Coordinated by
`the U.S. Departmentof Energy and the NationalInstitutes of
`Health, the U.S. Human GenomeProject started in 1990 and
`released its findings in February 2001, along withfindings from
`a separate project by Celera Genomics Group. There are similar
`projects in other countries as well. The purposeis to store the
`three billion chemical basepairs (the DNA sequence) derived
`from these analysesin databasesfor use in biomedical research.
`This information is not a blueprint of the humanbeing,
`ratherit is a dictionary of components. Once believed that each
`gene made only oneprotein,it is now believed that each gene creates numerousproteins, althoughthis information is
`expectedto take years to determine. Partof the U.S. governmentprojectis to study the ethical and legal impact that this
`information will have on society.
`
`
`
`Exhibit 1027 — 006
`
`Hungarian notation=In programming, the use of standard prefixes in naming variables. For example, means
`
`Myatt
`
`P
`prog
`&
`P
`&
`ple,
`|
`pointer, hence, pTEXTBUFis a pointer to a buffer called TEXTBUF.
`I
`|
`C
`|
`I
`h
`C
`
`A telephony term for switching to a secondlineif the first one is busy. The system can “hunt”ina preset
`hunt
`order from line 1 to 2, and then from 2 to 3, and so on.
`
`h/w See hardware.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 006
`
`

`

`NET SOK
`1124
`nnnEEE
`
`(2) (.NET) A wide-reachinginitiative from Microsoft that provides an operating environment for Web-based
`applications.Introducedin 2000, elements of .NET areexpected overa period of several years. In Microsoft's ultimate
`vision, .NETwill transform theInternetinto a single computing experience. Applications will be hosted on the Internet
`and madeavailable to the user via desktop and handheld devices that employ voice and handwriting recognition as
`optional interfaces
`NETrelies on HTTP, XML, SOAP and UDDI. Although HTTP and XMLare fundamental elements ofthe Internet,
`SOAPprovidesa distributed object systemthat enables an applicationto call the services of other applications. UDDI
`provides the discovery mechanismthat will enableapplications to search for functionsall over the world turning the
`Internet into a global processing system(see HT TP, XML, SOAP and UDDN.
`.NET applications can run on intranets as well as public Internetsites, thus .NETis anall-inclusive Web-based
`softwarearchitecturefor internal andexternal use. Microsoft browsers, applications and new versions of Windowswill
`be .NET enabled.
`.NETsupports programming languages that are compiled into a CommonIntermediate Language (CIL) whichis
`executed on the fly or compiled into machinelanguage by the CommonLanguage Runtime (CLR) softwarein the
`target computer. Thisis similar to Java’s intermediate bytecode, except that Javais one language, whereas NETlets all
`programming languages be compiled into intermediate code. CLRs can alsobe developedto run underany operating
`system,notjust Windows.
`Microsoft has enhancedits programming languages to support the .NET platform(Visual Studio.NET, Visual Basic.NET,
`etc.), It also introduced the NET-enabled C Sharp (C#) programminglanguage. For backward compatibility, .NET supports
`existing Windowsstructures such as DLLs and COM objects. See C# and CLI,
`ASPs and ASPs
`Oneofthe features of the .NET platform is ASP.NET, whichis the .NET version of Microsoft's
`Active Server Page (ASP) technology. ASPpages are processed by the Webserver andenable the development of
`dynamic,interactive sessions with the user. Since .NETis based onthe Web,it is very appropriate for programsto be
`hostedby application service providers, another A-S-Pacronym. Better know which ASPis which. See ASP.
`.NET SDK (.NET Software DevelopmentKit) The developer's toolkit for Microsoft’s NETplatform.It includesall
`the routines necessary to create and test .NET applications. See .NET.
`.Ofg
`(ORGanization) A top-level Internet domain used by associations and non-profit organizations mostly in the
`U.S. and Canada.See Internet domain name.
`
`|
`
`}
`
`stv.
`
`See doiTV.
`
`zip file
`
`See ZIPfile.
`
`\
`
`See backslash.
`
`1
`
`SS
`I
`
`|
`
`i
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Exhibit 1027 — 007
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 007
`
`

`

`collection of definitions, this unique
`
`é
`
`clear, detailed
`descriptions
`and illustrations
`
`cutting-edge, and is a must-
`
`v
`
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`
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`ill iil0 008 910 “ 2
`LIBRARY OF init
`
`
`
`
`=
`ComputerDesktop
`Encyclopedia OTH EDITION
`
`THE MOST COMPLETE ONE-VOLUME
`COMPUTER REFERENCE AVAILABLE
`
`
`
`Comprebensive and up-to-date,this remarkably useful
`book and CD-ROMpackage contains more than 15,000 combined
`
`
`terms and explanations—spanning a— Se
`ofcomputer-relatedtopics.Morethana
`by
`. 2
`referenceBD
`oftopicsrangingoF
`
`
`frombasicto
`4yy
`
`
`haveforallcomputernaestudents,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ITUROMMe2hCle ritSennDuties
`—=| |
`ISBN 0O-07?-21930b-45
`
`
`teachers, and techniciansalike. Including
`explanationsof the latest and most important
`devices, operating systems, Internet-related
`technologies, and acronyms, no other book can
`provide the depth and breadth of coverage of
`
`the Computer Desktop Encyclopedia.
`
`
`
`COMPUTERS/ GENERAL REFERENCE
`
`Book p/n of O-07-219307-?
`
`90000
`
`UeLT as uP ee
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 — 008
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 008
`
`

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`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 — 009
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`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1027 – 009
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`