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`33, no.
`De Moraesarticle from volume
`e
`an
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`1.
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`Citation:
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`De Moraes, L. F., & Weinstein, S. B. (1995). The Internet multicast from ITS: how it was done and
`implications for the future. IEEE Communications Magazine, 33(1), 6-8. ISSN: 0163-6804.
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`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
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`

`

`MAGAZINE
`
`January 1995 Vol. 33 No. 1
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`AEEE Communications Society.
`IEEE Communications Magazine.
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`

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` Director of Publications
`
`Editor-in-Chief Emeritus
`ThomasJ, Plevyak, Bell Atlantic
`Editor-in-Chief
`Curtis A,Siller, Jr., AT&T Bell Labs
`Acting Executive Director
`Allan Ledbetter, BellSouth
`Senior Technical Editors
`Haruo Akimaru, Toyahashi U. (Japan)
`Adam Lender, Lockheed Research Laboratory
`Bahman Mobasser, Alcatel
`Harry Rudin, IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
`RaymondSteele, U, Southampton (UK)
`Technical Editors
`Ranavir Bose, AT&T Bell Labs,
`Michel Diaz, LAAS-CNRS,France
`Christos Douligeris, U. of Miami
`M. Robert Dresp, MITRE Corp.
`Boris Elenkrig, Russian Academy of Sciences
`Sol Greenspan, GTE Labs
`Roch Guerin, IBM Corp.
`Bruce Kieburtz, KEC
`Anton Kuchar, Czechoslovak Academy ofSciences
`Howard Lemberg, Bellcore
`John Lemp,Jr., U. Colorado
`Torleiv Maseng, Trondheim Tech. U. (Norway)
`Tetsuya Miki, NTT (Japan)
`Hussein Mouftah, Queens U. (Canada)
`John O'Reilly, U, of N. Wales
`RaymondPyle, Bell Atlantic
`Ram Rathore, Bellcore
`Tarek N. Saadawi, City College N.Y.
`Hady Salloum, Bellcore
`Rajeev Sinha, Bellcore
`Tetsuji Tanaka, OKI Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
`A.W.D. Watson, Motorola (UK)
`Patrick E. White, Bellcore
`Feature Editors
`Chung-Sheng Li, IBM Corp., Book Reviews
`Tetsuya Miki, NTT, Chapters Corner
`David B. Newman, Jr., Law Offices of D.B. Newman
`Communications and the Law
`Paul Green, IBM Corp., CommuniCrostics Puzzle
`Vikram Punj, AT&TBell Labs, Conference Calendar
`§, Pasupathy, U, Toronto,Light Traffic
`Ahmad Aman, AT&T, News and Events
`Sue McDonald, Bellcore, News: From JSAC
`Amane Nakajima, IBM Corp.. Japan
`Kuriacose Joseph, David Sarnoff Res. Ctr.
`G. Soder, Technische U. Munchen
`§. Chia, British Telecom Labs
`Scanning the Literature
`Koichi Asatani, NTT
`Mostafa Hashem Sherif, AT&T Bell Labs
`Standards
`
`nn
`
`
`
`
`
`IEEE
`
`ommunications
`
`.
`
`January 1995 Vol. 33 No.
`
`1
`
`MAGAZINE
`
`communications around the globe. Cover Illustration: Image Bank
`
`@ THIS ISSUE
`
`is a current portrait of wireless personal
`
`Wireless Personal Communications
`
`Overview of Wireless Personal Communications
`Cellular radio and cordless telephony have demonstrated the
`demandfor wireless communications and provided a founda-
`tion for the development of future wireless telecommunica-
`tions systems andservices,
`Jay E. Padgett, Christoph G. Gunther, and Takeshi Hattori
`
`Propagation Measurements and Models for
`Wireless Communications Channels
`To achieve ubiquitous PCS, new and novel waysofclassifying
`wireless environments will be needed that are both widely
`encompassing and reasonably compact.
`Jorgen Bach Andersen, Theodore S. Rappaport, and Susumu Yoshida
`
`28
`
`42
`
`50
`
`Regional Correspondents
`Abraham Alcaim, CETUC-PUC/Rio(Brazil)
`Victor Perez, Motorola (Mexico)
`Latin American Correspondents
`Janusz Filipiak, U. Mining & Metallurgy (Poland)
`Central & Eastern European Correspondent
`Angelo Luvison, CSELT(Italy)
`European Correspondent
`N. Sokolov, LONIS (Russia)
`Russian Correspondent
`Time Division Multiple Access Methods for
`Botaro Hirosaki NEC Corp. (Japan)
`Asian Correspondent
`Wireless Personal Communications
`IEEE Production Staff
`TDMA isaclassic approach to multiple access in digital cel-
`Joseph Milizzo, Publications Manager
`Elizabeth Wilber, Production Editor
`lular wireless communications systems and is the multiple
`Eric Levine, Advertising Sales Manager
`Joanne O'Rourke, Staff Assistant
`access techniqueof choice for several digital cellular and PCS
`Susan Lange, Publications Assistant
`systems.
`Operations Editor
`David D. Falconer, Fumiyuki Adachi, and Bj6rn Gudmundson
`Kazem Sohraby, AT&T Bell Labs
`
`The magazine welcomestutorial or surveyarticles that
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`submissions should be sentto iece.commag@iece.org.
`All submissions are subject to review.
`
`58
`
`Spread Spectrum Access Methods for Wireless
`Communications
`The authors present an overview of the characteristics of
`CDMAasit is currently being envisioned for use in wireless
`communications. There are many considerations in the
`design of such systems, and there are multiple designs being
`proposed.
`Ryuji Kohno, Reuven Meidan, and Laurence B. Milstein
`
`
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`IEEE Communicakhilbitad,022am00:595
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`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
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`AdvancedDigital Receiver Principles and
`Technologies for PCS
`The synergy between digital radio communications and
`VLSI signal processing is revolutionizing the design of wire-
`less terminals. Driving this synergy are certain fundamental
`paradigms in modern communication theory, digital signal
`processing, and VLSIdesign.
`Heinrich Meyr and Ravi Subramanian
`
`System Aspects of Cellular Radio
`The greatest single factor in enhancing spectral efficiency of
`a network is not complex multiple access techniques,effi-
`cient speech and channel coding, modulation, powerful pro-
`tocols, etc., but the mass deploymentof microcells. By this
`simple technique we can repeatedly and efficiently reuse the
`precious spectrum.
`RaymondSteele, James Whitehead, and W. C. Wong
`
`Network Issues for Wireless Communications
`The successful implementation of the intelligent network
`concept in mobile communications and UPT will bring true
`wireless PCS. Significant research opportunitiesexist in this
`discipline ranging from access and assignment methods to
`handling real-time mobility and call-control services.
`Bijan Jabbari, Giovanni Colombo, Akihisa Nakajima, and Jayant
`Kulkarni
`
`80
`
`8S
`
`Also in this Issue
`
`100
`
`Impact of Enhanced Feature Interactions
`Althoughthe telcos have introduced a host of new services,
`moreservice offerings are needed, some of which may
`require additional functionality with the same signals. The
`author discusses potential problems associated with the
`implementation offive new services.
`S. Srinivasan
`
`D
`
`E£..P A KR. ME N
`
`7T
`
`Ss
`
`Message from the President
`Brief Topics in Communications
`Standards
`
`Book Reviews
`
`Solution to Communicrostic No. 145
`Scanning theLiterature
`Membership Activities
`GuestEditorial
`
`News from JSAC
`
`Conference Calendar
`Product Spotlights
`New Products
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`Advertisers Index
`
`4
`6
`10
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`14
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`18
`20
`22
`26
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`103
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`106
`Td
`112
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`115
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`716
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`J. Thomas Cain, President
`Wallace S. Read, President-Elect
`Charles W. Turner, Secretary
`V. Thomas Rhyne, Treasurer
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`Zoho Corp-andZohoCorp.Pvt.Ltd.—
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`IEEE Communications Magazine * January 1995
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`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1022 – 006
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`

`

`This material may be protected by Copyrightlaw(Title 17 U.S. Code)
`
`
`
`BRIEF TOPICS IN COMMUNICATIONS
`
`The Internet Multicast from ITS: How it was Done and
`Implications for the Future
`Luis F. M. de Moraes and Stephen B. Weinstein
`
`Manysessions at the International Tele-
`communications Symposium (ITS) in
`Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in August 1994, were
`multicast through the Internetaslive audio
`and picturesto viewers in the U.S. andelse-
`where. The Multicast Backbone (MBONE)
`frequently carries meetings of the Internet
`community and special events such as space
`shuttle launchings. [tis beginning to be used
`forworkshops and other professional gath-
`erings. Making one ofits major conferences
`available through MBONE wasa firstfor the
`Communications Society anda cooperative
`effort by many people that relied on the
`generous loan of equipment andstaff mem-
`bers by a number of companies. A special
`satellite data connection extended MBONE
`from the United States to Brazil. We report
`here on how it was done and what it means
`for the Communications Society.
`
`MBONE
`MBONE,avirtual networklayered on por-
`tions of the existing physical Internet
`[1,2] is composed of islands (such as
`multicast LANslike Ethernet), joined by
`virtual point-to-point links called “tunnels”
`(Fig. 1). The tunnel endpointsare typically
`workstation-class machines with operating
`system supportfor IP multicast and running
`the “mrouted” multicast routing daemon
`(always-running background process). IP
`multicast packets are encapsulated for
`transmission through tunnels,so that they
`
`look like normal unicast packets to inter-
`vening routers and subnets. IP multicast
`addressing is an Internet standard (RFC 1112)
`[3] developed by Steve Deering of Xerox
`PARCand now supported by numerous
`workstation vendors. The real-time pro-
`tocol (RTP)used for transmissionofaudio,
`video, and whiteboard media is due large-
`ly to Steve Casner, chair of the Internet
`Working Group inthis area.
`A participating workstation should have
`audio coding hardware plus software forcom-
`pressionto32-Kb/sADPCM,13-Kb/s GSM, or
`4.8 Kb/s LPC. Thesoftware for packet audio
`(vat) andvideo (nv), andtheuserinterfacesoft-
`ware, is available by anonymousftp [4]. No
`special hardware isrequired to receive the slow-
`frame-rate video prevalenton MBONEsince
`decoding and display is done insoftware. The
`datarateis typically 25-150 Kb/s. Originat-
`ingvideo requires acamera andaframegrab-
`ber card. A whiteboard function (wb),
`supporting display of Postscript documents
`as well as ASCIItext, is also available.
`Manyof the audio and video trans-
`missions over MBONEareadvertised in
`sd, the session directory tool (accessed
`through the userinterface). Session creators
`register the session with sd which assigns
`an address. This address and the session
`information appear onthe screens ofwork-
`stations running sd. The audio and video
`programscan be invoked withthe right
`paramtersby clicking a button in sd.
`
`
`
`
`Why DoIt?
`
`This multicast, designed by us and our col-
`leaguesat the Federal University of Rio and
`NEC’s Princeton C&C Laboratory, had
`several motivations. One wasto further the
`globalization of the Communications Society
`byillustrating how a national society such
`as the Brazilian Telecommunications Soci-
`ety and the Communications Society can
`jointly sponsor a conference that has a
`truly internationalaccessibility. In the future,
`it could become common for a Commu-
`nications Society member to purchase a
`remote registration fora distant conference
`or workshop,listen to and view sessions
`of his or herchoice, and ask questions while
`being seen and heard bypeople at the meet-
`ing location and those attending remotely.
`This will be an enhancementof services
`offered by the CommunicationsSociety that
`manyof us believe will increase the value of
`membership and the impactofour activities.
`It will give us additional freedom in locating
`conferences and could provide moresta-
`bility in conference finances. Althoughthis
`initial experiment wasfree, and the qual-
`ity of the service may not be good enough
`to charge for in the immediate future, the
`Society expects that ina few yearsit will begin
`collecting registration fees for remote elec-
`tronic participation. Thisis itself part of a
`larger,still developing plantoconvertasmany
`as possible of the Society’s activities from
`
` “Orp_— Pw
`
`‘A
`
`ibit,1022,—.007
`
`
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1022 – 007
`
`

`

` IN COMMUNICATIONS
`
`
`
`Multicast Screensfrom ITS ‘94
`
`t
`
`
`TSS. Mie
`
`paper-based to computer and
`communications-based.
`Asecondary motivation
`was to experiment with a
`particular service system,
`the Internet MBONE net-
`work, that represents a
`different world view from
`the telephone industry
`that many of us come from.
`The Internet pioneered the
`conceptofa best-effort ser-
`vice offering little if any
`quality ofservice guarantee,
`but provided cheaply and
`ubiquitously. Although
`intended for store and for-
`warddatatraffic, not media
`streams, this service concept
`mayalsohavesome relevance
`forreal-time traffic. Wecom-
`plain aboutthe two-frames-
`per-second video and the
`sometimesclipped and bro-
`ken audio, but there is a
`learning value in deploying
`and experimenting with a
`besteffort real-time service.
`With the experience gained
`in Rio the Communications
`Society can begin to define
`amemberserviceof accept-
`able quality, that may still
`be relatively inexpensive
`in College Park, Maryland. Professional
`and open to experimentation and inno-
`audio/visual assistance was arrangedin
`vation. It may be decades before it is
`Rio, including a camera operator, which
`possible to offer all-day “toll quality” remote
`After getting the right software and media
`conference participation at an accept-
`helped obtain the best audio/visual qual-
`ity possible in the MBONEcontext. The
`hardware components, ourmainconcernwas
`able price, but in twoor three years
`the data connection from the conference
`workstation in College Park also served
`MBONE mayevolve into aservice offer-
`as an MBONE multicast router.
`site at the Rio Palace Hotel toan MBONE
`ing acceptable quality at an affordable price.
`router in the Internet backbone. Theexist-
`A microwavelink carried the digital
`The time difference between originating
`ing 64Kb/s Internet connection from Brazil
`compressed audio/video signals from the
`and viewing locations will always be an
`workstation at the Rio Palace Hotel to an
`obstacle and it remains to be seen how much
`to the Internet backbonein the U.S. was
`antennaat the top of Corcovado, where the
`inadequate forthis experiment. So the Com-
`the sociology of meetingswill change to
`famousstatue of Christis located, and from
`munications Society and the Brazilian
`partially accomodate it. Almost all of
`the viewers of the ITS 94 multicast were
`there by terrestrial cable to Embratel’s Tan-
`Telecommunications Society, co-sponsors
`gua C-bandearthstation. The signal, burst-
`of ITS 94,solicited the participation of a
`in the United States, within a very few time
`zones from Rio de Janeiro. Can conference
`ingto several hundred Kb/s, was imbedded
`number of companies and institutions in
`formats be redefined to reduce the
`in an El (2.048Mbps) transmission frame
`setting up a special satellite data con-
`(aEuropean CEPTstandard) andsentvia an
`nection. Wegratefully acknowledge the
`impact of the time difference? Perhaps
`Intelsat digital satellite service to the U.S.
`contributions of equipment and facilities
`question periodswill not follow immedi-
`It was received by a 4.5-meter antenna at
`made by Anadigicom Corporation, COM-
`ately on live presentations but be delayed by
`COMSAT’s headquartersin Bethesda, MD.
`SAT World Systems, Embratel, the Federal
`half a day so thatmembersof the audience
`Thencamethe difficult part, conversion
`University of Rio de Janeiro, INTELSAT,
`in other parts of the world will have had a
`ofthe El frame toa T1 (1.544Mbps) frame
`Metropolitan Fiber Systems, NEC USA
`chance to view delayed multicasts and sub-
`used in transmission systems in the U.S.
`mit questions. There are other technical and
`Inc., Sun Microsystems, and SURAnet. The
`USC/Information Sciences Institute and
`Despite a decades-long coexistence of these
`behavioral questionsthat also require “just
`Rede Rio/FAPERJ contributed addi-
`two standards, the configuration of the
`trying it,” such as the importance of better
`conversion equipment can be confusing,
`tional expertise and support.
`quality visual aids, which could be realized by
`especially ifthe traffic does not conform to
`Figure 2 showsthe essential systems
`use of Postscriptfiles on the MBONE white-
`standard 64Kb/s telephone channels. Notall
`components. Workstations functioned
`board. It was so hard getting the basic audio/
`64Kb/s tributaries in an E1 frame can be
`as Internet hosts and as media processers
`video elementsin place that the Rio exper-
`accomodated in a T1 frame, and there are
`(using the software described earlier) at
`iment did not have a chancetoget into these
`the two ends, which were aconference room
`different assignmentsof tributary channels
`questions. But the experiment stimulated
`in the Rio Palace hotel and the facilities
`to time slots. Several days were consumed
`thinking about the real human problems of
`in determining that misconfiguration ofthis
`globalization throughelectronic processes.
`of SURANéet, an Internet access provider
`
`~ZohoCorp.andZohoCorp.Pvt.,Ltd-
`Exhibit 1022 — 008
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`Putting Together the
`Connection
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`IEEE Communications Magazine * January 1995
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1022 – 008
`
`

`

`
`
`iFigure 2. The data communication system extending MBONEto Rio de Janeiro.
`
`Rio de Janeiro reflected a new, more aggres-
`sive and proactive role of our Society in
`pressing the development and use of
`advanced information networking tech-
`nology and realizingan International Infor-
`mation Infrastructure.
`
`conversion equipmentwasthesource ofdata
`transmission problemsand in makingthefix.
`Itwas necessary to have fully compatible data
`testsetsatthetwoendsofthecircuit, a require-
`ment we werelucky to be able to meet.
`Finally, nearing the end ofthe first reg-
`ulardayofthe conference, theT1 signal sent
`byfibernetworkfrom the U.S. earthstation
`wasreceived error-free at the Internet
`accesspoint. Wewere on the MBONE net-
`work andwereveryhappytosee, in the next
`couple ofdays thatabout60 listenerssigned
`onto our conference. Comments received
`backwerehelpfulinimprovingcamerawork,
`mainlybyminimizing anychangeor motion.
`Asinmostmediaproductions, careful atten-
`tion to production details is critical to
`the success of MBONE multicasts.
`
`improved subjective received quality, and
`that the fact that parties unknown to a
`speaker could be watching might have
`an influence on a speaker’s style and
`willingness to make provocative remarks.
`Setting up the experimental multicast
`was more difficult than it should have
`been andusually will be. Many countries,
`including Brazil, either already have or are
`planning early deploymentof high-speed
`Internet connections. José Roberto
`Boisson de Marca, General Chair of ITS
`‘94 and VP-International Affairs of the
`Communications Society, said, “We are
`happy that ITS was the conference and
`Brazil the host country for an experi-
`ment thatwill help give the idea of Inter-
`national Information Infrastructure real
`meaning.” Maurizio Decina noted, “Our
`The Communications Society as
`Society has been internationalizing and
`a Testbed
`this experiment, which took a lot of coop-
`erative effort by people in Brazil and the
`All in all, the experiment wasa consid-
`U.S. shows how communicationsinfra-
`erable success. Transmission wasreli-
`structure can make a big difference.”
`able once the conversion problem was
`solved and we werefortunate that there
`There is no organization more appro-
`were fewcompetingconferences to contend
`priate than the Communications Society
`to use itself as an international testbed
`for Internet resources on the days we
`wereactive. We learned that there could
`for electronic communications and pro-
`cessesfor the benefit ofa professional com-
`be a significant audience for a conference
`munity. The MBONE multicast from
`like this one, that careful use of media
`
`» tptCommunicaERRIIADZ2,909.
`
`Acknowledgments
`Thanks to Vivek Bansal ofNEC’s Princeton
`C&CLaboratory, who played a central role
`in the experiment, and Steve Casner of
`the USC Information SciencesInstitute.
`
`
`References
`[1] S. Casner, “Are you on the MBone?,” /EEE Multimedia,
`Summer 1994, pp. 76-79.
`[2] M.R. Macedonia & D.P. Brutzman, "MBoneProvidesAudio
`and Video Across the Internet,” /EEE Computer,
`April, 1994, pp. 30-36.
`[3] S. Deering, “Host extensions for IP multicasting”, RFC
`1113, Aug. 1989, available by anonymousftp from
`/nic.ddn.mil/rfc/rfct 112.txt.
`[4] MBONEsoftwareis available by anonymousftp from
`ftp://pare.ftp.xerox.com/ pub/net-research/.
`
`
`Biographies
`STEPHEN B. WEINSTEIN[F.'84], a Fellow in NEC's Princeton
`C&C Research Laboratory, explores multiservices delivery net-
`works and multimedia systems and applications. He is VP-
`TechnicalAffairsand President Elect. ofthe IEEE Communications
`Society.
`
`LUIS F. M. DE MORAESis professorof electrical enfineering
`at the Federal University of Rio do Janeiro, Brazil. He was a
`member ofthe technical programm committee ofITS '94.
`
`Zoho Corp. and Zoho Corp. Pvt., Ltd.
`Exhibit 1022 – 009
`
`