`
`MCGRAW-HILL
`DICTIONARY OF
`SCIENTIFIC AND
`TECHNICAL
`TERMS
`Fifth Edition
`
`—
`
`Sybil P. Parker
`Editor in Chief
`
`Auckland
`Montreal
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`New York
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`

`EEa
`
`Onthe cover: Photomicrograph ofcrystals of vitamin B,.
`(Dennis Kunkel, UniversityofHawall)
`;
`
`Included in this Dictionary are definitions which have been published previously in the following works: P. B.
`Jordain, Condensed Computer Encyclopedia, Copyright © 1969 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. J.
`Markus, Electronics and Nucleanics Dictionary, 4th ed., Copyright © 1960, 1966, 1978 by McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`All rights reserved. J. Quick,Artists’ andIllustrators’ Encyclopedia, Copyright © 1969 by McGraw-Hill, Inc, All
`rights reserved. Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 36 ed., Copyright © 1956, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc, All
`rights reserved. T. Baumeister and L. S. Marks, eds., Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 7th ed.,
`Copyright © 1958, 1967 by McGraw-Hill,Inc. All rights reserved.
`
`In addition, material has been drawn from the following references: R. E. Huschke, Glossary of Meteorology,
`American Meteorological Society, 1959; U.S. Air Force Glossary ofStandardized Terms, AF Manual 11-1, vol.
`1, 1972; Communications-Electronics Terminology, AF Manual 11-1, vol. 3, 1970; W. H. Allen, ed., Dictionary
`of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use, \st ed., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1965; J. M.
`Gilliland, Solar-Terrestrial Physics: A Glossary ofTerms andAbbreviations, Royal Aircraft Establishment Tech-
`nical Report 67158, 1967; Glossary ofAir Traffic Control Terms, Federal Aviation Agency; A Glossary ofRange
`Terminology, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, National Bureau of Standards, AD 467-424; A DOD
`Glossary ofMapping, Charting and Geodetic Terms, ist ed., Departmentof Defense, 1967; P. W. Thrush, comp.
`and ed., A Dictionary ofMining, Mineral, andRelated Terms, Bureau of Mines, 1968; Nuclear Terms: A Glossary,
`2d ed., Atomic Energy Commission; F. Casey, ed., Compilation of Terms in Information Sciences Technology,
`Federal Council for Science and Technology, 1970; GlossaryofStinfo Terminology, Office of Aerospace Research,
`USS.Air Force, 1963; Naval Dictionary ofElectronic, Technical, and Imperative Terms, Bureau of Naval Person-
`nel, 1962; ADP Glossary, Department of the Navy, NAVSO P-3097.
`
`McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS,
`Fifth Edition
`Copyright © 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.Printed in the United
`States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part ofthis publication
`may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
`the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`34567890
`
`DOW/DOW
`
`998765
`
`ISBN 0-07-042333-4
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms /
`Sybil P. Parker, editor in chief..—5th ed,
`Pp.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-07-042333.4
`1. Science—Dictionaries.
`I, Parker, Sybil P.
`Q123.M34
`1993
`503—dc20
`
`2. Technology—Dictionaries.
`
`93-34772
`cIP
`
`INTERNATIONALEDITION
`
`Copyright © 1994. Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill, Inc, for manufacture and export. This book cannotbe re-
`exported from the country to whichit is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in
`North America.
`
`Whenordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-113584-7.
`
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`

`62|algebraic language
`
`{ a)'jin, A
`
`[ abge'fe
`
`alginic acid sodium salt See sodium alginate.
`[( Jal-ja!bra-ik 'ka ,thé-o-
`ee the Grothendieck group of A.
`ré
`ad 'sdd-t-am ‘solt }
`ap
`algebralc language
`[MATH] The conventional method of
`i
`alginite See algite. {‘aljanit}
`algite [perk] The petrological unit that constitutes alga) ma.
`writing the symbols, parentheses, and other signs of formulas
`terial present in considerable amounts in algal or boghead cog
`and mathematical expressions.
`[ {al-ja|bra-ik 'lan-gwij }
`Also knownas alginite.
`{ ‘al,jit }
`algebraic manipulation language
`[comput sci] A‘ pro-
`algodonite [miNERAL] Cu,As
`Asteel graytosilver White
`gramming language used in the solution of analytic problems
`mineral consisting of copper arsenide and occurring as Minute
`by symbolic computation.
`| alja|bri-ik ma-ni-pya'li-shan
`slan-gwij }
`hexagonal crystals or in massive and granular form.
`| al'esg
`2,nit }
`;
`[maTH] Any root of a polynomial with
`algebraic number
`{ jal:jo!braik '‘nam-bor }
`rational coefficients.
`Algol
`[astron]
`Aneclipsing variable star of spectral class.
`fication B8 in the constellation Perseus;the star B Persei
`algebraic numberfleld [mMatTH]Afinite extension field of
`the field of rational numbers,
`{ {al:jo/braik 'namvbar ,feéld }
`known as Demon Star.
`[comput sci] An algorithmic ang
`procedure-oriented computer language used principally in g.
`algebraicnumbertheory [MATH] The study of properties of
`real numbers, especially integers, using the methods of abstract
`programming ofscientific problems.
`{ ‘al,gol|
`algebra.
`{ {al:ja{bra-ik 'nomrbor ,thé-a-ré |
`algology [sor] The studyofalgae. Also knownas phycology
`algebralc object
`[MatTH] Either an algebraic structure, such
`{ al'gil-o¥jé }
`al
`ty
`Algol symbiotic [AstRon] A symbiotic star consisting of ,
`as a group,ring, or field, or an element of such an algebraic
`structure.
`{ jal:jo/braik ‘ab,jekt }
`red giant, a main-sequence star, and an accretion disk of px
`algebraic operation [MATH] Any of the operations of addi-
`from the red giantthat forms around the main-sequence star ang
`tion, subtraction, multiplication,division, raising to a power, or
`is heated byit.
`{ ‘al,gol ,sim~bé'dd-ik }
`extraction of roots.
`[ jaljo-/brivik ,ip-a'ri-shon }
`Algoman orogeny [ceoL] Orogenic episode affecting Ay.
`chean rocks of Canada about2.4 billion years ago. Alsoknowy
`algebraicscatteringtheory [PpHys] Anapproachto the anal-
`ysis of reactions between composite particles in which the fun-
`as Kenoran orogeny.
`{ al'g6mran 6'rij-a-né }
`damental role is played by the scattering matrix, which is ob-
`algometer {meD] An instrument for measuringpressure stim.
`tained algebraically, without the use of a wave equation, by
`uli which produce pain.
`{ al'g&-mod-ar }
`using the concept of dynamic symmetry.
`| {al-ja{brivik 'skad-
`Algonkian [GEoL) Geologic time between the Archean ani
`Paleozoic. Also known as Proterozoic.
`{ al'gin-ké-on}
`arin ,the-aré }
`[MATH] A set made up of all zeros of some
`algebraic set
`algophage See cyanophage.
`{ ‘al'ga,faj }
`specified set of polynomials in n variables with coefficients ina
`algophobla
`[psycx] Abnormal fear of pain.
`&)
`specified field F, in a specified extensionfield of F,
`{ jal-ja}bra-
`ik ‘set }
`algorithm [maTH)Aset of well-defined mules for the solution
`algebraic sum [MATH]
`1. The result of the addition of two
`of a problem in a finite numberof steps.
`{ ‘al-go,rith-om }
`algorithmic error
`[compuT sct] An error in computer prx-
`or more quantities, with the addition of a negative quantity
`equivalent to subtraction of the corresponding positive quantity.
`essing resulting from imprecision in the method used to cay
`2. For two fuzzy sets A and B, with membership functions m,
`out mathematical computations, usually associated with either
`and mg, that fuzzy set whose membership function m, 4, Sat-
`roundingor truncation of numbers.|{ {al-go}rithmik ‘erar}
`algorithmiclanguage [comput sci] A language in whicha
`isfies the equation mi, ,9(x) = ma(x) + mg(x) — [m,(x) > ma(x))
`for every element x.
`{ \al:jaibrivik 'som }
`procedure or scheme of calculations can be expressed accu
`rately.©{ jalgojrith-mik 'lan-gwij }
`algebraic surface [MATH] A subset S of a complex n-space
`algorithm translation [comput sct] A step-by-step comput-
`which consists of the set of complex solutions of a system of
`polynomial equations in n variables such that S is a complex
`erized method oftranslating one programming language ine
`two-manifold in the neighborhood of most ofits points.
`[ jal:
`at programming language.
`[
`‘al-go,rith-om tranz'lé
`an
`joibravik 'sorfos }
`
`algebraic symbol (maTH]Aletter that represents a number
`algormortis [PATH] Postmortem coolingofthe body. |
`gor jmortas }
`or a symbolindicating an algebraic operation.
`{
`jal:jojbrivik
`‘simebal|
`allas [comput sci] 1. An alternative entry pointin a computer
`In an expression, a term that contains
`algebralcterm [MATH]
`subroutine at which its execution may begin,if so instructed by
`another routine. 2. An alternative name for a file or device.
`only numbers and algebraic symbols.
`{ ‘al-jo/braik 'torm }
`algebraic topology [maTH] The study of topological prop-
`(stat) Either of two effects in a factorial experiment whi
`cannot be differentiated from each other on the basis of he
`erties of figures using the methods ofabstract algebra; includes
`experiment.
`{ ‘&lé-as }
`homotopy theory, homology theory, and cohomology theory.
`{ jal:ja}bra-ik ta'pal-a-jé }
`In computer graphics, the jagged >
`allasing [comput sci]
`pearance of diagonal lines on printouts and on video monitos.
`algebra of subsets [maTH] An algebra of subsets of a set S
`[MATH]
`Introduction oferror into the computed amplitudes
`is a family of subsets of S that contains the nullset, the comple-
`ment(relative to S) of each ofits members, and the unionof any
`the lowerfrequencies in a Fourier analysis of a function carried
`twoof its members.
`{ al-ja-bra av ‘sab,sets }
`out using discrete time samplings whose interval does not allo¥
`algebra with identity [MATH] An algebra which has an ele-
`the proper analysis of the higher frequencies present in
`analyzed function,
`{ ‘al-yas‘in }
`.
`ment, not equal to 0 and denoted by 1, suchthat, for any element
`ies
`alicyclic
`[orG cHEM)
`1. Having the
`of both ali-
`xin the algebra, xl = lx = x,
`{ {aljo-bra with i'den-até }
`phatic and cyclic substances. 2. Referringto aclassofsatursed
`alged malaria See falciparum malaria.
`_{ ‘al\jad ma‘leréo }
`hydrocarbon compounds whose structures contain one fing
`Algenib
`[astron] A star in the constellation Pegasus.
`{ ,al'jen-ab }
`Also known as cycloaliphatic; cycloalkane. 3. Any one of &
`aeofthe alicyclicclass. Also known ascyclane.
`[(#
`{ al'jeré-on ‘tnviks }
`Algerian onyx See onyx marble.
`aisPkli
`algesia [pHysio] Sensitivityto pain.
`{ al'jézéo }
`alidade
`(ENG)
`1. An instrumentfor topographic survey
`algesimeter
`[PHysio) A device used to determine pain thresh-
`olds.
`{ ,al:jo'sim-od:or }
`and mappingby the plane-table method. 2. Anysightingdeve?
`employed for angular measurement.
`{ ‘al-o,did }
`algesiroreceptor
`(pHysio) A pain-sensitive cutaneous sense
`allen substitution (Gen) The replacementof one of 00%
`organ.
`{ ,al:josi-ré-rijseptor }
`[ ‘al-jo,sid)
`algicide [MATER] Achemicalusedtokillalgae.
`chromosomes by those from a different species.
`| \al'¢29,
`sta'tishon }
`-
`algin {maTER] A hydrophilic polysaccharide extracted from
`allesterase [BlocHEM) Any one ofthe lipases or nonspecif
`brown algae, such as giant kelp.
`[ORG CHEM) See sodium
`esterases.
`{ al-€'es'ta,ras
`}
`;
`alginate.
`[ ‘al-jan }
`;
`aligning drift
`[MECH ENG) A rod or bar thatis used for a6”
`alginate (sot) An algal polysaccharide that is a major con-
`ing parts during assembly.
`{ 9'linsin ,drift |
`of
`stituent of the cell walls of brown algae.
`[ ‘aljanat)
`alignment [ARcHEO] An arrangementof a single mow%by
`alginicacid [orGcHEM]
`(C,H,O,), An insoluble colloidal
`acid obtained from brown marine algae;it is hard when dry and
`multiple rowsof standing stones at a sites formerly
`of
`oc¢
`humans.
`[cIv ENG]
`In a survey for a highway, railrom
`absorbent when moist. Also known as algin.
`{ al'jinrik ‘as:
`ad }
`similar installation, a ground plan that shows the
`
`ALIDADE
`
`A surveying alidade, having a
`telescope with attached graduated
`vertical circle, mounted on a flat
`base that can be moved about the
`table. (Kern Instruments, Inc.)
`
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