Related Committees
`
`*
`
`3GPP
`
`LONG TERM
`EVOLUTION
`(LTE)
`
`LeILTE Logo
`
`Long Term Evolution (LTE)
`
`LTE-Advanced
`
`_LTE-Advanced Pro
`
`Rel-8/Rel-9
`
`UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) as a 3rd generation system, with the enhancements
`provided by High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), for both downlink and uplink, will remain highly
`competitive for several years. Nevertheless, the industry that has developed the
`3GPPtechnologies, launched a project in Dec. 2004 called Long Term Evolution (LTE) to study
`requirements for a new air interface called Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA).
`
`Note: The terms LTE and E-UTRA are synonymous, howeverthe radio specifications talk rather
`about E-UTRA.
`
`The results of this study i-e. the E-UTRA/LTE requirements were documentedin Rel-7 3GPP TR
`25.913:
`
`Significantly increased peak data rates e.g. 100 Mbps in downlink/50 Mbpsin uplink
`Increasedbitrates at the edgeof cells assuming currentsite locations
`Improved spectrum efficiency e.g. 2-4 x Rel-6
`Reduced latency
`Scaleable bandwidthfor a greaterflexibility in frequencyallocations
`e Reduced capital and operational expenditure including backhaul
`Acceptable system and terminal complexity, cost and power consumption
`e Support for inter-working with existing 3G systems and non-3GPPspecified systems
`e Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the PS domain(e.g.
`Voice overIP, Presence)
`Optimized for low mobile speed but supporting high mobile speed (up to 500 km/h).
`
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`
`Following the definition of the E-UTRA/LTE requirements, the same Rel-7 study produced a
`
`
`3GPPTR25.912"Feasibility study for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and
`Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)’to describe how theradio part of the
`system could be designed. Corresponding normative E-UTRA/LTE workfollowed then from
`Sep. 2006 until March 2009in Rel-8 specifications.
`
`In parallel to the radio architecture evolution a Study on 3GPP System Architecture Evolution
`(SAE) wascarried out with the objective to develop a frameworkfor an evolution or migration
`of the 3GPPsystem to a higher-data-rate, lower-latency, packet-optimized system that
`supports multiple Radio Access Technologies. The focus of this work was on the PS domain
`with the assumption that voice services are supportedin this domain.
`This study resulted in Rel-8 3GPP TR 23.882 and wasfollowed by corresponding normative
`Rel-8 work.
`
`leLTE Standardisation history
`
`Although the term "Evolved UTRA’implies a gradual enhancementof the existing 3rd
`generation UMTS system,it becamefinally a different radio access technology:
`
`* while UMTS started with a focus on circuit-switched data that was then more and more
`enhancedvia shared channels and HSPAinto the direction of a packet switched system,
`LTE is a pure packet-switched system
`while UMTS wasusing CDMA,LTE is using OFDMA(Orthogonal FrequencyDivision
`Multiple Access) in downlink (evolved NodeB (eNodeB) => User Equipment (UE)) and SC-
`FDMA(Single Carrier- Frequency Division Multiple Access) in uplink (UE => eNodeB)
`Note 1: SC-FDMAhas lower peak-to-average powerratios (PAPR) than OFDMA which
`waspreferred for an easier UE power amplifier design/a higherefficiency (increased
`coverage/lower power consumption)
`Note 2: SC-FDMAis also called DFT-S-OFDM whichindicates that it can be understood
`
`as a precoding(by Discrete Fourier transform) plus the same OFDMAthatis used in
`downlink
`
`while UMTS(at least FDD and 3,84Mcps TDD) used a channel bandwidth of 5MHz, LTE
`allows 6 different channel bandwidths: 1,4/3/5/10/15/20MHz
`while UMTS has an RNC(radio network controler) between NodeB and core network, the
`functionalities of this network entity are split between eNodeB and core networkin LTE
`=> no RNCin LTE => flat/simpler radio architecture
`
`Unified Patents, LLC v. Togail Technologies, Ltd
`Ex-1016
`
`16
`
` 
`
`

`

`Nevertheless, UMTS/UTRAaswell as LTE/E-UTRA useboth a 10msradio frame, both have FDD
`and TDD modesand LTE/E-UTRA supportsfull interoperability with UMTS/UTRA and
`GSM/GERAN/EDGE.
`
`LTE-ADVANCED
`
`|eILTE Advanced
`
`Rel-10/Rel-11/Rel-12
`
`Additional spectrum proposed for IMT systems by WRC-07in 2007(in 450 MHz band, in UHF
`band (698-960 MHz), in 2.3-2.4 GHz band, in C-band(3400-4200 MHz)) as well as the ITU-R
`request for the development of an IMT-Advancedradio interface (Circular Letter of March
`2008) triggered developments of the 4th generation of mobile communication systems.
`
`According to ITU-R M1645(overall objectives for beyond IMT-2000) and M.2134 (IMT-
`Advanced requirements) the key features for IMT-Advanced were summarizedasfollows:
`
`e ahigh degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining theflexibility to
`support a wide rangeof services and applications in a costefficient manner
`* compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks
`¢ capability of interworking with other radio access systems
`« high-quality mobile services
`* user equipmentsuitable for worldwide use
`e user-friendly applications, services and equipment
`« worldwide roaming capability
`* enhanced peak data rates to support advancedservices and applications (100 Mbit/s for
`high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as targets for research)
`
`3GPPwasat that time in the phase to completeits Rel-8 LTE WI and it started an early Rel-9
`study item (FS_RAN_LTEA, RP-091360) in March 2008to define in 3GPP TR 36.913 the
`requirements for a mobile communication system called LTE-Advanced underthefollowing
`conditions:
`
`e LTE-Advancedshall be an evolution of Release 8 LTE system
`« All requirements of LTE of 3GPP TR 25.913 are also valid for LTE-Advanced
`e LTE-Advanced shall meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements within the ITU-R time
`plan
`
`Note: The terms LTE-Advanced and Advanced E-UTRAare synonymous.
`
`3GPP TR 36.913 on "Requirertients for turther advaricerients tor Evolved Universal Terrestrial
`Radio Access (E-UTRA) (LTE-Advanced)" was approved at RAN #40in June 2008(still under
`Rel-8).
`
`Thefollowing figure from ITU-R M.1645illustrates the differences between IMT-2000 (3rd
`generation) and IMT-Advanced (4th generation):
`
`|pillustration IMT 2000 capabilities
`
`In addition, the same study started in March 2008 a 3GPP TR 36.912 on Feasibility study for
`"Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advancegd)"in order to analyse certain areas in which
`LTE could be enhanced, e.g.
`
`* Support of wider bandwidth: aggregation of multiple componentcarriers with up to
`20MHz bandwidth,
`Spatial multiplexing: DL up to 8 layers, UL up to 4 layers,
`Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception: to improve the coverage of high
`data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase system throughput
`Relaying functionality: to improve e.g. the coverage of high data rates, group mobility,
`temporary network deployment, the cell-edge throughput and/orto provide coveragein
`new areas
`
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`to fulfill and exceed the IMT-Advanced requirements.
`
`This TR 36.912 was approved in Sep.2009 (RAN #45) as Rel-9 TR and further updated at RAN
`#46 and RAN #47 (March 2010) wherethe SI was completed.
`
`In Release 10 individual work items were started introducing enhancementsof LTE that were
`discussedin the Rel-9 study item for LTE-Advanced:
`
`* Carrier Aggregation for LTE (LTE_CA): Dec.09 - June 11; RP-100661
`e UL multiple antenna transmission for LTE (LTE_UL_MIMO): Dec.09 - June 11; RP-100959
`« Enhanced Downlink Multiple Antenna Transmission for LTE (LTE_eDL_MIMO): Dec.09 -
`March11; RP-100196
`
`Unified Patents, LLC v. Togail Technologies, Ltd
`Ex-1016
`
`2/5
`
` 
`
`

`

`Coordinated Multi-Point Operation for LTE: only a study wasstarted in Rel-10 which
`completedin Rel-11 and resulted in normative workin Rel-11 with further enhancements
`in Rel-13 and Rel-15
`Relays for LTE (LTE_Relay): Dec.09 - June 11; RP-110911
`Latency reduction: WI was stoppedas it was not possible to completethis in Rel-10(it
`came back a L2 latency reduction in Rel-14 and was completed there)
`Further enhancements to MBMS for LTE (MBMS_LTE_enh): June 10 - March 11; RP-
`101244.
`
`e LTE Self Optimizing Networks (SON) enhancements (SONenh_LTE): March 10 - June 11;
`RP-101004
`« Minimization of drive tests for E-UTRAN and UTRAN (MDT_UMTSLTE): Dec.09 - June 11;
`RP-100360
`
`Note: There is no separate Radio Access Technology "LTE-Advanced". All enhancements of LTE
`in Rel-10 and beyondare integrated into the LTE specifications as they were developedin Rel-
`8 and Rel-9.
`
`3GPPcontributed to IMT-Advanced project of ITU-R via an early preliminary input from RAN
`#41 in Sep.2008 (RP-080763) anda final submission including self-evaluation results from
`RAN #45 in Sep.2009 (RP-090939).
`
`Note: RP-090939 includes RP-090745 whichprovides the characteristics of LTE-Advancedin
`a condensed template format.
`
`In Jan. 2012, the Radiocommunication Assembly approved ITU-R Recommendation M.2012
`"Detailed specifications of the terrestrial radio interfaces of International Mobile
`Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced)" (RP-120005) and confirmed LTE-Advanced
`as IMT-Advancedradio interface technology.
`
`Note1: There is only one other IMT-Advancedradio interface technologycalled "WirelessMAN-
`Advanced"developedbyIEEE).
`
`Note 2: About every 2 years, ITU-R M.2012 is updated by 3GPPwith latest enhancements.
`
`LTE-ADVANCED PRO
`
`leiLTE Advanced Pro
`
`Rel-13 and above
`
`All enhancements of LTE of Rel-13 and beyond(if not related to 5G) are running underthe
`trademark "LTE Advanced Pro", for example:
`
`Rel-13 (Sep.14-Dec.15, ASN.1 freeze: March 16):
`e NarrowbandInternet of Things (IOT)
`« Further LTE Physical Layer Enhancements for MTC
`e Dual Connectivity enhancementsfor LTE
`Extension of Dual Connectivity in E-UTRAN
`Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA) using LTE
`Elevation Beamforming/Full-Dimension (FD) MIMOfor LTE
`Indoor Positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE
`e Further Enhancementsof Minimization of Drive Tests for E-UTRAN
`Enhanced LTEDevice to Device Proximity Services
`e Multicarrier Load Distribution of UEs in LTE
`« Support of single-cell point-to-multipoint transmission in LTE
`« EnhancedSignalling for Inter-eNB Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) for LTE
`e RAN enhancementsfor extended DRX in LTE
`e LTE-WLANRadio LevelIntegration and Interworking Enhancement,
`LTE-WLANRANLevelIntegration supporting legacy WLAN
`e RAN aspectsof Application specific Congestion control for Data Communication
`BaseStation (BS) RF requirements for Active Antenna System (AAS),
`SON for AAS-based deployments
`Dedicated Core Networks
`
`e
`
`RANAspects of RAN Sharing Enhancementsfor LTE
`Radiated requirementsfor the verification of multi-antenna reception perf. of UEs
`e UE core requirements for uplink 64 QAM
`e LTE DL4 Rx antennaports
`
` 
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`Rel-14 (Dec.15-March 17, ASN.1 freeze: June 17):
`« Enhancements of NB-loT
`e Further enhanced MTC for LTE
`¢ Flexible eNB-ID and Cell-ID in E-UTRAN
`
`Unified Patents, LLC v. Togail Technologies, Ltd
`Ex-1016
`
`3/5
`
` 
`
`

`

`e Enhanced LAA for LTE
`¢ Support for V2V services based on LTEsidelink, LTE-based V2X Services
`e Enhancements on Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE
`e Downlink Multiuser Superposition Transmission for LTE
`e SRS (sounding referencesignal) switching between LTE componentcarriers
`¢ FurtherIndoorPositioning Enhancements for UTRA and LTE
`e Uplink Capacity Enhancementsfor LTE
`*
`eMBMSenhancementsfor LTE
`e L2 latency reduction techniquesfor LTE
`Further mobility enhancementsin LTE
`Voice and Video Enhancementfor LTE
`
`Enhanced LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA), Enhanced LTE WLAN Radio Level Integration
`with IPsec Tunnel (eLWIP)
`« Enhancements of Dedicated Core (DECOR) Networks for UMTS and LTE
`e LTE Measurement Gap Enhancement
`¢ Requirements for a new UE category with single receiver based on Cat.1 for LTE
`e Performance enhancementsfor high speed scenario in LTE
`4 receiver (RX) antennaports with Carrier Aggregation for LTE downlink (DL)
`» Multi-Band BaseStation testing with three or more bands
`Radiated perf. requirementsfor the verification of multi-antenna reception of UEs
`
`Note: For Rel-15 and onwards,LTE related specifications even carry the 5G logo as they were
`part of the SRIT IMT-2020input(see 5Gpagefor further explanation).
`
`Rel-15 (March 17-June 18, ASN.1 freeze: Sep.18):
`» Further NB-loT enhancements
`¢ Even further enhanced MTCfor LTE
`« Enhancements to LTE operation in unlicensed spectrum
`» V2X phase 2 based on LTE
`e Further enhancements to Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) Operation for LTE
`e UE Positioning Accuracy Enhancements for LTE
`* Enhancementsfor high capacity stationary wirelesslink and intro of DL 1024 QAM
`e Bluetooth/WLAN measurementcollection in LTE Minimization of Drive Tests
`¢ Quality of Experience Measurement Collection for streaming services in E-UTRAN
`e UL data compressionin LTE
`e
`Increased numberof E-UTRANdata bearers
`¢ Further video enhancements for LTE
`e Shortened TTI and processing timefor LTE, Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication
`for LTE
`* LTE connectivity to 5G-CN
`¢ Enhanced LTE Support for Aerial Vehicles
`e Enhancing LTE CA Utilization
`» UE requirements for network-based CRSinterference mitigation for LTE
`¢ UE requirements for LTE DL 8Rx antenna ports
`e Enhancements of BS RF and EMC requirementsfor Active Antenna System
`
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`
`Rel-16 (June 18 - June 20, ASN.1 freeze: June 20):
`e Additional enhancements for NB-loT
`« Additional MTC enhancementsfor LTE
`¢ DLMIMOefficiency enhancementsfor LTE
`¢ Evenfurther mobility enhancementin E-UTRAN
`e Support for NaviC Navigation Satellite System for LTE
`» Further performance enhancementfor LTE in high speed scenario
`« LTE-based 5Gterrestrial broadcast
`
`And a numberof work itemsdriven by LTE & NR:
`
`¢ 5G V2xX with NR sidelink
`e Multi-RAT Dual-Connectivity and Carrier Aggregation enhancements(LTE, NR)
`* Optimisations on UE radio capability signalling - NR/E-UTRA Aspects
`* eNB(s) Architecture Evolution for E-UTRAN and NG-RAN
`e
`Introduction of capability set(s) to multi-standard radio specifications
`
`Rel-17 (June 20 - March 22, ASN.1 freeze planned for June 22):
`« Additional enhancements for NB-loT and LTE-MTC
`e NB-IoT/eMTC support for Non-Terrestrial Networks
`° Additional LTE bands for UE categories M1/M2/NB1/NB2
`e Further LTE Carrier Aggregation combinations
`e New bands and bandwidthallocation for 5G terrestrial broadcast
`
`Unified Patents, LLC v. Togail Technologies, Ltd
`Ex-1016
`
`415
`
` 
`
`

`

`And a numberof work items driven by LTE & NR:
`
`Further Multi-RAT Dual-Connectivity enhancements
`Support for Multi-SIM devices for LTE/NR
`Enhanced eNB(s) architecture evolution for E-UTRAN and NG-RAN
`Enhancementofdata collection for SON (Self-Organising Networks)/MDT(Minimization
`of Drive Tests) in NR standalone and MR-DC (Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity)
`Further RRM enhancementfor NR and Multi-RAT-Dual Connectivity
`NR and Multi-RAT-Dual Connectivity measurement gap enhancements
`UserPlaneIntegrity Protection support for EPC connected architectures
`High powerUE (powerclass 2) for EN-DC
`Band combinationsfor concurrent operation of NR/LTE Uu bands/band combinations
`and one NR/LTE V2X PC5 band
`LTE/NR spectrum sharing in LTE band 40/NR band n40
`Simultaneous Rx/Tx band combinations for NR Carrier Aggregation/Dual Connectivity,
`NR Supplemental Uplink and LTE/NR Dual Connectivity
`Further band combinations for Dual Connectivity LTE/NR
`
`Rel-18 (March 22 - December 23, ASN.1 freeze planned for March 24):
`loT (Internet of Things) NTN (non-terrestrial network} enhancements
`Introduction of LTE TDD bandin 1 670 to 1675 MHz
`
`And a numberof work items driven by LTE & NR:
`
`In-Device Co-existence (IDC) enhancements for NR and MR-DC
`Artificial Intelligence (Al)/Machine Learning (ML) for NG-RAN
`Further enhancementof data collection for SON (Self-Organizing Networks)/MDT
`(Minimization of Drive Tests) in NR standalone and MR-DC (Multi-Radio Dual
`Connectivity)
`BS/UE EMC enhancementsfor NR and LTE
`Further RF requirements enhancementfor NR and EN-DCin frequency range 1 (FR1)
`Support of intra-band non-collocated EN-DC/NR-CA deployment
`Further enhancements on NR and MR-DC measurement gaps and measurements
`without gaps
`
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`LTE specifications can be found under: 3GPP TS 36.-series specifications (if only LTE is
`affected) or 3GPP TS 37.-series specifications (if also other radio access technologieslike
`UMTSor GERANor NR are coveredin this specification), e.g. stage 2 in3GPPTS36.300.
`
`3GPP TS 21.201 providesa list of all specifications related to the 4th generation (including core
`network EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and system aspects). The 4G network architecture is
`described in
`3GPP TS 23.
`
`Unified Patents, LLC v. Togail Technologies, Ltd
`Ex-1016
`
`5/5
`
`
`
`