UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`VOLKSWAGEN GROUP OF AMERICA, INC.,
`Petitioner
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`v.
`
`YECHEZKAL EVAN SPERO,
`Patent Owner
`
`Case IPR2023-00335
`U.S. Patent No. 10,894,503 B2
`
`DECLARATION OF JIANZHONG JIAO, PH.D., IN SUPPORT OF
`PETITION FOR INTER PARTES REVIEW OF U.S. PATENT NO.
`10,894,503
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`Mail Stop “PATENT BOARD”
`Patent Trial and Appeal Board
`U.S. Patent & Trademark Office
`P.O. Box 1450
`Alexandria, VA 22313-1450
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`VWGoA EX1003
`U.S. Patent No. 10,894,503
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`Case IPR2023-00335
`U.S. Patent No. 10,894,503
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
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`
`I.
`INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
`SUMMARY OF GROUNDS ......................................................................... 3
`II.
`SUMMARY OF OPINIONS ......................................................................... 3
`III.
`IV. QUALIFICATIONS ...................................................................................... 4
`V. MATERIALS CONSIDERED ....................................................................... 8
`VI. LEGAL STANDARDS ................................................................................10
`A. My Understanding of Claim Construction.......................................... 11
`B.
`A Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art ................................................. 12
`C. My Understanding of Obviousness .................................................... 13
`VII. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ...........................................18
`VIII. OVERVIEW OF THE ’503 PATENT CLAIMS ...........................................19
`A.
`Technology Overview of the Patent Claims ....................................... 19
`B.
`Independent Claims 1 and 37 ............................................................. 29
`C.
`Prosecution History Summary ........................................................... 32
`D.
`Claim Construction ............................................................................ 33
`“light sources” (claims 2/42, 3/43, 5/45, 18/57) ..................................33
`IX. SUMMARY OF THE APPLIED REFERENCES .........................................36
`A. Ground 1 – Beam and Thominet ........................................................ 36
`U.S. Patent No. 6,144,158 to Beam ...........................................36
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`U.S. Patent Publication No. 2001/0019486 to Thominet ...........41
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`Ground 2 – WIPO Patent Publication No. 2001/070538 to Stam
`with Beam-Thominet ......................................................................... 43
`Grounds 3, 4 – U.S. Patent No. 6,049,749 to Kobayashi with
`Beam-Thominet/Beam-Thominet-Stam ............................................. 45
`D. Grounds 5, 6 – WIPO Patent Publication No. 2002/004247 to
`Braun with Beam-Thominet/Beam-Thominet-Stam ........................... 51
`Ground 7 – Karlsson and Harbers ...................................................... 53
` WIPO Patent Publication No. 1998/054030 to Karlsson ...........53
` WIPO Patent Publication No. 2001/001038 to Harbers .............57
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`U.S. Patent No. 10,894,503
`Ground 8 – U.S. Patent No. 5,588,733 to Gotou with Karlsson-
`Harbers .............................................................................................. 59
`G. Ground 9 – Braun with Karlsson-Harbers .......................................... 60
`X. GROUND 1: THE COMBINATION OF BEAM AND THOMINET
`RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIMS 1-5, 7-8, 10-14, AND 18-19. ....................61
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam and
`Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success............................ 65
`Independent Claim 1 .......................................................................... 75
`[1.P]: “A vehicle headlight system comprising:” .......................75
`
`[1.1]: “one or more headlamps and a vehicle structure, arranged
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`for affixing components of the system to the vehicle;”..............76
`[1.2]: “a plurality of light clusters, arranged in each of the one or
`more of the one or more headlamps,”........................................76
`(a) Beam discloses this element. ........................................... 77
`(b)
`Thominet also discloses this element. ............................. 81
`(c) A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam
`and Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. . 82
`[1.3]: “the headlamps capable of projecting light so as to
`illuminate a plurality of sub-sections of a field-of-view with
`different illumination characteristics,” ......................................91
`[1.4]: “the subsections determined in response to sensor data,
`wherein the light clusters operate to create a headlight beam;” .95
`[1.5]: “electronic control circuitry configured to independently
`operate the light clusters;” .........................................................97
`[1.6]: “one or more sensors configured to obtain and provide the
`sensor data predefined as pertinent to illumination requirements
`for the field-of-view; and” ...................................................... 100
`[1.7]: “a logical controller including a processor, the processor in
`communication with a memory storing one or more algorithms,
`with the sensors, and with the control circuitry,”..................... 102
`[1.8]: “wherein the processor is configured to process the one or
`more algorithms and the sensor data to determine an illumination
`for at least two of the sub-sections,” ....................................... 104
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`[1.9]: “that reduces illumination to reduce glare in at least a first
`of the at least two subsections and” ......................................... 107
`[1.10]: “adapt the light emitted from one or more of the light-
`clusters so as to create the headlight beam that provides the
`determined illumination.” ....................................................... 109
`Claim 2 .............................................................................................112
`[2.1]: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein at least one of
`
`the light clusters comprises: a structure to position the light
`cluster, such that the projected light from the at least one cluster
`has an aiming direction in relation to a forward travel direction of
`the vehicle;” ............................................................................ 112
`[2.2]: “one or more light emitting sources, each having a variable
`light-source characteristic dependent on power, and wherein the
`control circuitry is arranged to alter said light-source characteristic
`via power control; and” ........................................................... 113
`[2.3]: “one or more light modifying elements provided in the path
`of light emitted from at least one of the sources, further controlling
`the light-source characteristics;” ............................................. 115
`[2.4]: “wherein the structure combined with control of the light
`sources and light modifying elements results in an emitted light-
`cluster light characteristic including at least one of direction,
`intensity, beam spread, spatial light distribution or spectral light
`distribution.” ........................................................................... 118
`Claim 3: “The headlight system of claim 2, wherein the one or
`more light modifying elements is at least one of a static light
`modifier or a variable light modifier, said light modifying
`element comprising at least one of reflectors or refractors, and
`wherein variable light modifier control circuitry is configured to
`control the light-cluster light characteristic by altering the light
`modifying elements in the path of the light emitted from the at
`least one of the light sources.” ..........................................................120
`Claim 4: “The headlight system of claim 2, wherein the light
`modifying element further comprises at least one of lenses,
`diffractors, optical devices, a light guide, filters, phosphors,
`optical coatings, prisms, controllable piezoelectric light guides,
`MEMS devices, light valves or optical switches. ..............................123
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`Claim 5: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein at least one
`of the light-clusters includes: a plurality of light sources, wherein
`one or more of the plurality of light sources comprises at least
`one of multiple light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) or organic light
`emitting- diodes, each light source having a spectral power
`distribution characteristic and wherein the control circuitry is
`configured to alter the overall light-cluster spectral power
`distribution to illuminate at least one of the at least two
`subsections of the field-of-view with a different color of light
`from another of the at least two subsections.” ...................................125
`Beam’s disclosure ................................................................... 125
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`Thominet’s disclosure ............................................................. 127
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`A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam and
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`Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success................. 128
`Claim 7: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein at least one
`of the sensors is a camera-sensor configured to image at least
`lights indicative of oncoming vehicles having a driver whose
`vision could be disturbed by the headlight beam, and wherein the
`logical controller upon receiving data, indicating a position of the
`lights, from the camera-sensor, is configured to use one or more
`of the algorithms to determine a position of the oncoming
`vehicle, based on the position of the lights as indicated by the
`data, relative to the vehicle headlight system and responsively
`adapt the headlight beam to decrease at least one vision-
`disturbing characteristic to the oncoming vehicle driver.” .................132
`Claim 8: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein at least one
`of the sensors is a camera-sensor configured to image at least
`lights indicative of preceding vehicles having a driver whose
`vision could be disturbed by the headlight beam reflected in a
`mirror, and where the logical controller upon receiving data,
`indicating a position of the lights, from the camera-sensor, is
`configured to use one or more of the algorithms to determine a
`position of the preceding vehicle, based on the position of the
`lights as indicated by the data, relative to the vehicle headlight
`system and responsively adapt the headlight beam to decrease at
`least one vision-disturbing characteristic to the driver of the
`preceding vehicle.” ...........................................................................133
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`Claim 10: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein at least one
`of the sensors is configured to detect at least one of oncoming
`headlights or preceding taillights.” ....................................................136
`Claim 11: “The headlight system of claim 1, further including a
`computer vison processing unit configured to use the sensor data
`and one or more of the algorithms to identify entities including at
`least one of beings, vehicles, roadway, or street signs and
`wherein the logical controller is further configured to modify the
`headlight beam to change illumination of the identified entity.” .......137
`Claim 12: “The headlight system of claim 1, where the
`determined illumination results in creation of a headlight beam
`providing a driver of the vehicle including said headlight system
`with higher visibility in at least a second of the at least two
`subsections relative to the first of the at least two subsections,
`while mitigating glaring illumination projected to reach the eyes
`of at least one of other drivers or pedestrians in the first of the at
`least two subsections, based on detected other vehicles or
`pedestrians in the first of the at least two subsections as indicated
`by the sensor data.” ...........................................................................141
`Claim 13: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein the
`required illumination continues to provide high-beam
`illumination in at least a second of the subsections different from
`the first of the subsections, without diminishing a range of the
`high-beam illumination.” ..................................................................144
`Claim 14: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein the one or
`more sensors further includes at least one of a camera, a
`microphone, an ultrasonic transducer and receiver, or an
`electromagnetic radiation source and detector including any of
`IR, UV, laser, or light.” .....................................................................145
`M. Claim 18: “The system of claim 1, wherein at least one light
`source provided to at least one headlamp includes a laser diode.” .....147
`Beam discloses this claim. ...................................................... 147
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`Thominet also discloses this claim. ......................................... 147
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`A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam and
`Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success................. 148
`Claim 19: “The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the
`one or more headlamps further includes at least one of reflectors,
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`refractors, or lenses usable to alter emitted light from at least one
`of the light clusters.” .........................................................................148
`XI. GROUND 2: THE COMBINATION OF BEAM, THOMINET, AND
`STAM RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIMS 37-45, 47-48, 50-53, AND 57-
`58. ............................................................................................................... 149
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam,
`Thominet, and Stam with a reasonable expectation of success. .........152
`Independent Claim 37 .......................................................................155
`[37.P]: “A vehicle headlight system comprising:” ................... 155
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`[37.1]: “one or more headlamps affixable to a first vehicle;” .. 156
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`[37.2]: “a plurality of light clusters arranged in each of the one or
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`more of the headlamps and” .................................................... 156
`(a) Beam discloses this element. ......................................... 156
`(b)
`Thominet also discloses this element. ........................... 160
`(c) A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam
`and Thominet with a reasonable expectation of
`success. ......................................................................... 161
`[37.3]: “capable of illuminating sub-sections of a field-of-view
`with different illumination characteristics,” ............................ 170
`[37.4]: “wherein at least two of the light clusters operate to create
`a headlight beam;” .................................................................. 171
`[37.5]: “one or more sensors configured to obtain and provide
`sensor data,” ........................................................................... 171
`[37.6]: “at least a portion of the sensor data indicating a second
`vehicle within the field-of-view; and” ..................................... 171
`[37.7]: “at least one processor configured to: receive the sensor
`data; process the sensor data to determine a light distribution
`pattern for an adaptive headlight beam,” ................................. 172
`[37.8]: “such that a headlight beam adapted to the pattern
`substantially illuminates a first subsection of the field-of-view
`including at least a portion of the second vehicle with an
`illuminance below a predefined threshold value,” ................... 172
`(a) Beam discloses this element. ......................................... 172
`(b)
`Stam also discloses this element. .................................. 177
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`(c) A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam,
`Thominet, and Stam with a reasonable expectation of
`success. ......................................................................... 179
`[37.9]: “while the beam substantially illuminates at least the one
`or more second subsections of the field-of-view to either side of
`the first subsection with an illuminance above the predefined
`threshold value; and” .............................................................. 184
`(a) Beam discloses this element. ......................................... 184
`(b)
`Stam also discloses this element. .................................. 188
`(c) A POSA would have been motivated to combine Beam,
`Thominet, and Stam with a reasonable expectation of
`success. ......................................................................... 190
`[37.10]: “instruct operation of at least two of the light clusters to
`create the adapted headlight beam.” ........................................ 195
`Claim 38: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the at least one processors is further configured to process
`the sensor data to determine illumination for at least one first
`subsection of the field-of-view, determined to include at least a
`portion of the second vehicle, based on the sensor data, and for at
`least one second subsection determined not to include the second
`vehicle, based on the sensor data.” ....................................................195
`Claim 39: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the
`plurality of light clusters are further capable of illuminating at
`least two of the sub-sections with different illumination
`characteristics based on the at least one processor determining
`specific, different illumination characteristics for each of the at
`least two sub-sections.” .....................................................................198
`Claim 40: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the light
`distribution pattern defines illumination for at least the first and
`the one or more second sub-sections of the field of view.” ................201
`Claim 41: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the light
`distribution patterns defines illumination for the first subsection
`designed to result in an illuminance below the predefined
`threshold value, and defines illumination for the one or more
`second subsections designed to result in an illuminance above
`the predefined threshold value.” ........................................................203
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`Claim 42: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the light clusters comprises: one or more light sources,
`each having a variable light-source light characteristic dependent
`on power and alterable, at least responsive to instructions from at
`least one of the at least one processors, via power control; and
`one or more light modifying elements provided in a path of light
`emitted from at least one of the light sources, further controlling
`at least one light characteristic of the at least one of the light
`source; wherein control of the light sources and light modifying
`elements results in a specified emitted light-source light
`characteristic, where said emitted light-source light characteristic
`includes at least one of direction, intensity, beam spread, spatial
`light distribution or spectral light distribution.”.................................205
`Claim 43: “The headlight system of claim 42, wherein the one or
`more light modifying elements comprises at least one of
`reflectors or refractors, and wherein at least one of the at least
`one processors is configured to instruct control of at least one
`light modifying element resulting in a change to the light-source
`light characteristic.” ..........................................................................206
`Claim 44: “The headlight system of claim 42, wherein the light
`modifying element further comprises at least one of lenses,
`diffractors, optical devices, a light guide, filters, phosphors,
`optical coatings, prisms, controllable piezoelectric light guides,
`MEMS devices, light valves or optical switches.” .............................206
`Claim 45: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the light-clusters includes: a plurality of light sources,
`wherein one or more light sources of the plurality of light
`sources comprise at least one of light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) or
`organic light-emitting-diodes, each light source having a spectral
`power distribution characteristic alterable, at least responsive to
`instructions from at least one of the at least one processors, by
`modifying power to the one or more light sources of the plurality
`of light sources, resulting in a color change to projected light
`from the at least one light-cluster illuminating at least one sub-
`section of the field-of-view.” ............................................................206
`Claim 47: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the sensors is a camera-sensor configured to image at least
`lights indicative of an oncoming vehicle.” ........................................207
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`Claim 48: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the sensors is a camera-sensor configured to image at least
`lights indicative of a preceding vehicle.” ..........................................207
`M. Claim 50: “The headlight system of claim 37, further including a
`computer vision processing unit configured to use the sensor data
`to identify entities including at least one of beings, vehicles,
`roadway, or street signs, and wherein the processor is further
`configured to determine modification of the headlight beam to
`change illumination of the identified entity.” ....................................207
`Claim 51: “The headlight system of claim 37, where the
`illumination created by the headlight beam results in illumination
`both providing a driver of the first vehicle with preserved
`illumination in the one or more second subsections and
`mitigating glare projected to reach the eyes of a driver of the
`second vehicle.” ................................................................................208
`Claim 52: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the
`adapted headlight beam continues to provide high-beam
`illumination in the one or more second of the subsections without
`diminishing a range of the high-beam illumination.” ........................210
`Claim 53: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the one or
`more sensors further includes at least one of a camera, a
`microphone, an ultrasonic transducer and receiver, or an
`electromagnetic radiation source and detector including any of
`IR, UV, laser, or light.” .....................................................................211
`Claim 57: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one light source provided to at least one headlamp includes a
`laser diode.” ......................................................................................211
`Claim 58: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the one or more headlamps further includes at least one of
`reflectors, refractors, or lenses usable to alter emitted light from
`at least one of the light clusters as part of the instructed
`operation.” ........................................................................................212
`XII. GROUND 3: THE COMBINATION OF BEAM, THOMINET, AND
`KOBAYASHI RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIMS 9 AND 15-17. ................. 212
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Kobayashi with
`Beam-Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. ...............212
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`Claim 9: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein the one or
`more sensors includes a GPS sensor.” ...............................................219
`Beam-Thominet’s disclosure................................................... 219
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`Kobayashi’s disclosure ........................................................... 221
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`A POSA would have been motivated to combine Kobayashi with
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`Beam-Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. ..... 222
`Claim 15: “The system of claim 1, wherein the logical controller
`is further configured to determine at least a road curvature,
`indicated by the sensor data, ahead of the vehicle and wherein
`the required illumination includes increasing illumination in a
`direction of the road curvature.”........................................................229
`Beam-Thominet’s disclosure................................................... 229
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`Kobayashi’s disclosure ........................................................... 233
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`A POSA would have been motivated to combine Kobayashi with
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`Beam-Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. ..... 234
`Claim 16: “The system of claim 15, wherein the logical
`controller is further configured to determine at least a planned
`upcoming turn, indicated by the sensor data, and wherein the
`required illumination includes increasing illumination
`illuminating the turn.” .......................................................................241
`Claim 17: “The system of claim 1, wherein the logical controller
`is further configured to determine at least a planned upcoming
`turn, indicated by the sensor data, and wherein the required
`illumination includes increasing illumination illuminating the
`turn.” .................................................................................................241
`Beam-Thominet’s disclosure................................................... 241
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`Kobayashi’s disclosure ........................................................... 245
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`A POSA would have been motivated to combine Kobayashi with
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`Beam-Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. ..... 247
`XIII. GROUND 4: THE COMBINATION OF BEAM, THOMINET, STAM,
`AND KOBAYASHI RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIMS 49 AND 54-56. ..... 254
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Kobayashi with
`Beam-Thominet-Stam with a reasonable expectation of success. ......254
`Claim 49: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the one or
`more sensors further includes a GPS sensor.” ...................................254
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`Claim 54: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the at least one processors is further configured to
`determine at least a road curvature, indicated by the sensor data,
`ahead of the first vehicle and to determine a second illumination
`pattern defining increased illumination in a direction of the road
`curvature.” ........................................................................................254
`Claim 55: “The headlight system of claim 54, wherein at least
`one of the at least one processors is further configured to
`determine at least a planned upcoming turn, indicated by the
`sensor data, and to determine a third illumination pattern
`defining increased illumination illuminating the turn.” .....................255
`Claim 56: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein at least
`one of the at least one processors is further configured to
`determine at least a planned upcoming turn, indicated by the
`sensor data, and to determine a third illumination pattern
`defining increased illumination illuminating the turn.” .....................255
`XIV. GROUND 5: THE COMBINATION OF BEAM, THOMINET, AND
`BRAUN RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIM 6. ................................................ 256
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Braun with
`Beam-Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. ...............256
`Claim 6: “The headlight system of claim 1, wherein the headlight
`beam further comprises light in at least one of infra-red (IR) or
`ultra-violet (UV) wavelengths.” ........................................................262
`Beam-Thominet’s disclosure................................................... 262
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`Braun’s disclosure .................................................................. 264
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`A POSA would have been motivated to combine Braun with
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`Beam-Thominet with a reasonable expectation of success. ..... 265
`XV. GROUND 6: THE COMBINATION OF BEAM, THOMINET, STAM,
`AND BRAUN RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIM 46. .................................... 271
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Braun with
`Beam-Thominet-Stam with a reasonable expectation of success. ......271
`Claim 46: “The headlight system of claim 37, wherein the light
`output from at least one headlamp further comprises at least one
`of infrared or ultraviolet wavelengths.” .............................................272
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`XVI. GROUND 7: THE COMBINATION OF KARLSSON AND HARBERS
`RENDERS OBVIOUS CLAIMS 1-5, 7-8, 10-14, 18-19, 37-45, 47-48,
`50-53, AND 57-58. ..................................................................................... 272
`“light clusters” claim elements [1.2]/[37.2] ....................................... 272
`“predefined threshold” claim elements [37.8]/[37.9] ......................... 275
`A. A POSA would have been motivated to combine Karlsson and
`Harbers with a reasonable expectation of success. ............................278
`Claims 1 and 37 ................................................................................287
`[1.P]: “A vehicle headlight system comprising:” ..................... 287
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`[37.P]: “A vehicle headlight system comprising:” ................... 287
`[1.1]: “one or more headlamps and a vehicle structure, arranged
`for affixing components of the system to the vehicle;”............ 288
`[37.1]: “one or more headlamps affixable to a first vehicle;” .. 288
`[1.2]: “a plurality of light clusters, arranged in each of the one or
`more of the one or more headlamps,”...................................... 290
`[37.2]: “a plurality of light clusters arranged in each of the one or
`more of the headlamps and” .................................................... 290
`(a) Karlsson discloses this element. .................................... 290
`(b) Harbers also discloses this element. .............................. 295
`(c) A POSA would have been motivated to combine Karlsson
`and Harbers with a reasonable expectation of success. .. 297
`[1.3]: “the headlamps capable of projecting light so as to
`illuminate a plurality of sub-sections of a field-of-view with
`different illumination characteristics,” .................................... 306
`[37.3]: “capable of illuminating subsections of a field-of-view
`with different illumination characteristics,” ............................ 306
`[1.4]: “the subsections determined in response to sensor data,
`wherein the light clusters operate to create a headlight beam;”
`................................................................................................ 308
`[37.4]: “wherein at least two of the light clusters operate to create
`a
`headlight .............................................................................................. beam;”
`................................................................................................ 308
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`B.
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`- xii -
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`Case IPR2023-00335
`U.S. Patent No. 10,894,503
`[1.5]: “electronic control circuitry configured to independently
`operate the light clusters;” ....................................................... 311
`[1.6]: “one or more sensors configured to obtain and provide the
`sensor data predefined as pertinent to illumination requirements
`for the field-of-view; and” ...................................................... 314
`[37.5]: “one or more sensors configured to obtain and provide
`sensor data,” ........................................................................... 314
`[37.6]: “at least a portion of the sensor data indicating a second
`vehicle within the field-of-view; and” ..................................... 314
`[1.7]: “a logical controller including a processor, the processor in
`communication with a memory storing one or more algorithms,
`with the sensors, an