DARMSTADT
`UNIVERSITY OF
`TECHNOLOGY
`
`~PAL:
`
`PROGRESS IN AUTOMOBILE LIGHTING
`
`Laboratory of Lighting Technology
`September 25-26, 2001
`
`ANIMAL FOUNTAIN BY ANTON LUSSMANN, DARMSTADT
`
`VWGoA EX1029
`U.S. Patent No. 9,955,551
`
`
`UNIVERSITY OF
`TECHNOLOGY
`
`~PAL:
`
`PROGRESS IN AUTOMOBILE LIGHTING
`
`Laboratory of Lighting Technology
`September 25-26, 2001
`
`ANIMAL FOUNTAIN BY ANTON LUSSMANN, DARMSTADT
`
`VWGoA EX1029
`U.S. Patent No. 9,955,551
`
`
`
`L.:
`
`Progress in Automobile Lighting
`
`Proceedings of the Symposium
`
`Darmstadt University of Technology
`Laboratory of Lighting Technology
`
`Published by
`
`Prof. Dr.--lng. H.-J. Schmidt-Clausen
`
`in the Series
`
`Darmstadter Lichttechnik
`
`Herbert Utz Verlag Wissenschaft
`
`MOnchen
`
`
`
`.,
`
`ISBN 3-89675-971-X
`
`PAL '01: 2 Volumes, Vol. 8 & Vol. 9; not to be sold separately
`
`Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
`Ein Titeldatensatz fur diese Publikation ist
`bei Der Deutschen Bibliothek erhaltlich
`
`ISBN 3-89675-971-X
`
`Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschOtzt. Die dadurch begrOndeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Ober(cid:173)
`setzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme van Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf photo(cid:173)
`mechanischem oder ahnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben, auch
`bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten.
`
`Die Wiedergabe van Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk
`berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, daP.. solche Namen in Sinne der
`Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten waren und daher von jedermann
`benutzt werden dOrften.
`
`Copyright © 2001 Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH
`
`Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, Munchen
`Tel.: 089-277791-00
`Fax: 089-277791-01
`utz@utzverlag.de
`www.utzverlag.de
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Werner Adrian: University of Waterloo, Canada
`Visual Acuity and its Dependency on Observation Time and Contrast
`
`Yukio Akashi: Lighting Research Center, USA
`The effect of oncoming headlight glare on peripheral detection
`under a mesopic light level
`
`Daniel Armbruster: F. Porsche AG, Germany
`Motor vehicle signal lamps in a fog environment
`
`Gerd Bahnmuller: Automotive Lighting Reutlingen GmbH, Germany
`Headlamp Development - Reduced Time to Market
`
`Gerhard Bierleutgeb: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Interior Lighting Control (ILC) System Aspects for a New Approach
`
`Werner D. Bockelmann: Ophthalmologist, Germany
`Coloured head-down displays (HOD) from the point of view of information
`transfer
`
`Doris Boebel, Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Signal Image in PES Systems
`
`Christian Boehlau: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Optical Sensors for AFS - Supplement and Alternative to GPS
`
`Gary Brown: Mira, UK
`Integrating Pedestrian Impact Protection into Future Headlight Design
`
`Berthold Bi.idel: Audi AG, Germany
`Clear lenses for lighting components - The actual trend and its problems
`
`John D. Bullough: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA
`Forward Vehicular Lighting and Inclement Weather Conditions
`
`Michael Burg: Hella KG Hueck & Co, Germany
`Infrared Headlamps for Active Night-Vision Systems
`
`Tso-Wei Chang: Lunghwa Institute of Technology, Taiwan
`Driving Performance Analysis on Interactions among Factors of
`Center High Mounted Stop Lamp and Road Environment
`
`Christophe Chenevier: Valeo Lighting Systems, France
`Thermal Simulation in Lighting Systems - 5 Days/ 5 Degrees
`
`Andreas Chudaska: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`. Headlamp Cleaning Systems - Trends of Development and Future Demands
`
`Sharon Cook: Loughborough University, UK
`Warning beacon intensity
`
`V
`
`page
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`1
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`9
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`23
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`· 28
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`35
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`43
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`49
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`56
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`61
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`74
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`79
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`90
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`99
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`109
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`119
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`127
`
`
`
`Content
`
`page
`
`Francesco Cortese: St Filippo Neri's Hospital, Italy
`Biological and Statistical Profile of Road Accidents Victims in an Urban Area
`A One-Year Experience in a Major Hospital
`
`Thomas Dahlem: Volkswagen AG, Germany
`Physiological Investigation of the Proportioning of Headlamp Illumination
`
`Maria Teresa Dalmasso: Automotive Lighting, Italy
`Signal LAMPs with hidden light sources
`
`Joachim Damasky: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Trends in Auxiliary Car Lighting and the Influence on OE Development
`
`Ad de Visser: Philips Lighting B.V., The Netherlands
`Activities of CIE relevant to automotive lighting
`
`Detlef Decker: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Aspects of dynamic light control in automotive applications
`
`Christophe Dubose: Valeo lighting Systems, France
`Lighting Systems and Show Cars
`
`Alexis Dubrovin: Valeo Lighting Systems, France
`Optimised Lighting Systems Architecture
`
`Martin Enders: BMW Group, Germany
`Pixel Light
`
`Jurgen Ewald: Nippon Carbide Industries B. V., The Netherlands
`Visual Performance of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting
`
`Frank Ewerhart: Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany
`Video Based Curve Light System - Sensor, System and Results
`
`Matthias Fiegler: OSRAM GmbH, Germany
`PLANON, a mercury-free flat panel light source, with high potential
`for automotive applications
`
`Michael J. Flannagan: The University of Michigan, USA
`Feasibility of Developing a Headlighting Rating System
`
`Helmut Frank: Mechatronic, Germany
`New Aspects for the Photometric Characterisation
`of Microprismatic Retroreflective Sheeting
`
`Gianpiero Fusco: Automotive Lighting, Italy
`Headlamps Beam Patterns Evaluation by CCD Camera
`
`Takashi Futami: Stanley Electric Go.,Ltd., Japan
`Development of the "Gatling Beam" Headlamps
`
`VI
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`138
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`155
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`164
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`173
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`283
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`309
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`316
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Reiner Godecker: Hella KG Hueck & Co, Germany
`Hella introduces MOLIS® -
`the world's first ,free design' modular lighting system
`
`Martin Grimm: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Improved Nighttime Visibility for Drivers through Dynamic Bend Lighting
`
`Martin Grimm: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`ECE Headlamp Performance Status and Potential for Improvement
`
`Helmut Haf: IHH lngenieurdienstleistungen, Germany
`SensorLEDIHH - Dual Operational Systemblock to Measure Perceived
`Brightness and to Simultaneous Adaptive Signal Image Display
`
`Michael Hamm: Automotive Lighting, Germany
`System Strategies for Adaptive Lighting Systems
`
`Michael Hamm: Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Headlamp Performance Specification:
`A Summary of New and Comprehensive Evaluation Methods
`
`Takahiro Hara: University Voto, Japan
`Evaluation of AFS from driver's point of view
`
`Wolfgang Hendrischk: Hella KG Hueck & Co, Germany
`From Xenon, BiXenon to Vario Xenon
`
`Henning Hogrefe: Automotive Lighting Reutlingen GmbH, Germany
`Headlamp Design with New Double Filament Bulbs
`
`Shao Hong: Fudan University, China
`The Investigation on Chinese Visual Perception
`
`Rainer Huber: OSRAM Opto Seminconductors, Germany
`Flexible SMT LED Submodules
`
`George Iatan: DBM Reflex Entreprises Inc., Canada
`Simulation software for complex reflectors
`
`S.E. Jenkins, Optical and Photometric Technology Pty Ltd, Australia
`Use and Measurement of LED Clusters for Signals
`
`Norbert L. Johnson: 3M Company, U.S.A.
`A comparison of Retroreflective Sign Performance in Europe and
`the United States based on Market Weighted Headlight Data
`
`Josef Kalze: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Situation Adapted Light Distributions for AFS-Headlamps
`
`Hiroyuki Kanai: Shinshu University, Japan
`Proposition of Road Visual Environment Simulator for Evaluation
`Visibility of Driver
`
`VII
`
`page
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`330
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`339
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`348
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`'355
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`368
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`403
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`441
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`447
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`454
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`461
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`474
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`485
`
`
`
`Content
`
`page
`
`Takeshi Kimura: Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Japan
`Japan's Plan for Introducing ECE Regulations Into Japanese Safety
`Regulations
`
`Nils Knollmann: Audi AG, Germany
`Interior lighting concept on the basis of psychological and physiological
`influences on night-time driving
`
`Thomas Knoop: LichtVision GmbH, Germany
`Digital Light Measurement for Automobile Applications
`
`Shoji Kobayashi: Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan
`Next Generation Lane Indication/Recognition System, Study of Phase II
`
`Toshiyuki Kondo: Stanley Electric Co. Ltd., Japan
`Developing Highly Efficient LED Combination Rear Lamps
`
`Prasad Koppolu: Visteon Corporation, U.S.A.
`Knowledge-Based Engineering Application for Lighting Design and
`Development - KBE-SmartLite
`
`Harald Kuster: Alanod Aluminium-Veredlung GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
`Large Area Coating of Aluminium Coils for Automotive Applications
`
`Peter Lehnert: BMW Technik GmbH, Germany
`Disability and Discomfort Glare under dynamic Conditions -
`The Effect of Glare Stimuli on the Human Vision
`
`Yandan Lin: Fudan University, China
`Visual Performance at Mesopic Light Levels
`
`Thomas Luce: Philips Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Optimized Light Source for High lncoupling Efficiencies
`in Distributive Lighting Systems (DLS)
`
`Peter Ludwig, Delphi Automotive Systems, Germany
`Wiring Integrated Illumination
`
`Karl Manz: Lichttechnisches lnstitut der Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany
`The Influence by Size of Headlamp on Discomfort Glare
`
`Karl Manz: Lichttechnisches lnstitut der Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany
`Tolerances of Cut-Off-Measurements
`
`Janusz Mazur: Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
`Computer Visualisation into Effect of Lighting Road
`by Car Projector with Using Programs from Group CAD
`
`Stefan Milch: smart microwave sensors GmbH, Germany
`Pedestrian Detection with Radar and Computer Vision
`
`VIII
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`503
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`508
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`520
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`612
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`618
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`635
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`646
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`657
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`
`
`Content
`
`page
`
`Wolfgang Mohl: SCHOTT Glas, Germany
`Coating Technology and Materials for Lighting Applications
`
`Ulrich Moller: Dita Diemer & Fastenrath GmbH, Germany
`Non Dazzling Reading Lamp
`
`Kazumoto Morita: National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, Japan
`Theoretical Analysis of Effect of Daytime Running Lamps on the Visibility
`of Automobiles
`
`Martin MUhlenberg: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Vision Sensors and Image Processing -
`a Contribution to Intelligent Light Function Control
`
`Julius Muschaweck: Optics & Energy Concepts, Germany
`Constructive design of free-form optical components for illumination
`
`Kohei Narisada: Chukyo University, Japan
`Role of Adaptation in Perception under Traffic Lighting Conditions
`
`Rainer Neumann: Visteon Corp. Europe, Germany
`Future Rear Lighting Trends - Safety and Styling Aspects
`
`Bernhard Newe: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Improved Signal Lighting
`
`Hiroo Oyama: Stanley Electric Co. Ltd., Japan
`The Development of the "Vertical Shape Line-Beam Headlamp"
`
`Salvatore Pierro: Automotive Lighting S.p.A., Italy
`Plastic Transparent Reflectors for Clear Lens Signal Functions
`
`Wilfried Pohl, Bartenbach LichtLabor, Austria
`Enhancing Visibility by reducing Glare of Street Luminaires and Headllamps
`
`Thomas Reiners: OSRAM GmbH, Germany
`Introduction of Optical Features into Light Sources
`
`Justin Rennilson: RCS rennilson consulting service, U.S.A.
`International Cooperation in Establishing Requirements
`for Traffic Control Devices
`
`Lawrence M. Rice: Guide Corporation, U.S.A.
`Predictive Tools for Automotive Lighting
`
`Birgit Richter: Reitter & Schefenacker GmbH & Co.KG, Germany
`Innovative Tail Lamp Concept Enhances Perceptibility
`Under Bad Weather Conditions
`
`Hartwig Riehl: OSRAM GmbH, Germany
`Interference Coatings in Signal Lighting
`
`665
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`679
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`682
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`695
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`IX
`
`
`
`Content
`
`Joachim Ripperger: BMW AG, Germany
`Luminance: the Future Photometric for Rear- and Brake-lights
`
`Ernst-Olaf Rosenhahn: Automotive Lighting, Germany
`Adaptive Headlamp Systems concerning Adverse Weather: Fog
`
`Kare Rumar: The University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Intensity of High-Beam Headlights
`
`Kare Rumar: VTI Dev, Sweden
`Night traffic and the zero vision
`
`Arnulf Rupp: Osram GmbH, Germany
`Discharge Lamps in Automotive Lighting
`
`Torsten Ruths: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Vehicle signature
`
`Luca Sardi: Automotive Lighting, Italy
`Light Guides for new Lighting Systems
`
`Takashi Sato: Stanley Electric Co. LTD., Japan
`The Smart Headlamp System with Variable Low-Beam Pattern
`
`Thomas Schnell: The University of Iowa, U.S.A.
`The Development of a Nighttime Driver Visibility Model
`for ultra-violet activated Pavement Markings
`
`Gabriel Schwab: Volkswagen AG, Germany
`GEOSim - a Tool for the Development of Adaptive Frontlighting System Control
`
`Touichirou Shiozawa: Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan
`Thermal Air Flow Analysis of an Automotive Headlamp
`
`Michael Sivak: The University of Michigan, U.S.A.
`Quantitative Comparisons of the Benefits of Applying Adaptive Head lighting
`to the Current U.S. and European - Low-Beam Patterns
`
`Tomasz Targosinski: Motor Transport Institute, Poland
`Analysis of the Properties of the ECE Requirements Concerning Headlights
`
`Qifei Tu: The Institute of light sources, Fudan University, China
`Perspectives of LED Automotive Signal Lights in China
`
`Wout van Bommel: Philips Lighting, The Netherlands
`Road Lighting Research: yesterday, today and tomorrow
`
`Mark van den Berg: Lumileds Lighting, The Netherlands
`Development of High Brightness LED's for Automotive Applications
`
`John van Derlofske: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, U.S.A.
`Evaluation of High Intensity Discharge Automotive Forward Lighting
`
`X
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`
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`Content
`
`Stephan Volker: Hella KG, Germany
`Investigation of the visible range of different types of headlamps
`
`Alexander von Hoffmann: Volkswagen AG, Germany
`Analysis of Adaptive Light Distributions with AFSim
`
`Pieter L. Walraven: Em TNO Human Factors, The Netherlands
`Required changes in VM("-)
`Herbert WambsganB: Hella lnnenleuchten Systeme GmbH, Germany
`Innovations in Lighting Technology in Vehicle Interiors
`
`Takao Watanabe: Koito Manufacturing Co. LTD., Japan
`The Research on the Effectiveness of AFS Bending Lamp
`in Japanese Road Environment
`
`Christine Weber: Reitter & Schefenacker, Germany
`Micro controlled LED rear combination lamp with innovative signal configurations
`
`Thomas Weber: Hella KG Hueck & Co., Germany
`Virtual Night Drive
`
`Peter Weissleder: Audi AG, Germany
`The Demand for Attraction - Styling meets Design
`Gosta Werner: Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Sweden
`Conspicuouity of road workers at night and day,
`experiences of two Swedish studies
`
`Wei Xu: Institute of Electric Light Sources, Fudan University, China
`The Measurement of Photometric Parameters of Lamps
`
`Wojciech Zagan: Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
`Chosen luminance measurement results of the cars' signal lamps
`
`Jiyong Zhang: Fudan University of Shanghai, China
`Computer Simulation of Headlamp Beam Pattern and Its Potential Utilization
`
`Li Zhou: Institute of Light Sources, Fudan University, China
`The Monte Carlo Method in Design of Automobile Lighting
`
`Wei Zhou: Fudan University, China
`Measurement of the Temperature Distribution on the Filaments
`of the Automotive Lamps Using the Spectroscopic Method
`
`page
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`XI
`
`
`
`Development of High Brightness LED's
`for Automotive Applications:
`
`Mark van den Berg , Lumileds Lighting Netherlands
`
`1. Introduction
`In recent years the efficiency of Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology has
`increased dramatically making it the preferred light source in many different
`applications. Typical examples of applications utilizing the improvements of the
`LED developments are full color video signs, information signs, traffic signals
`and flashers.
`In the automotive market LED's are the preferred solution for High Mounted
`Stop Lamps. Several Rear combination Lamps are using high brightness LED's,
`and in the United States the first Emergency Vehicles are using Light-bars on
`top of the car using LED's.
`The reason for this large scale conversion is the fact that high brightness LED's
`are offering a unique set of benefits such as lower power consumption, Long
`operating life, compact size, increased reliability and very low maintenance
`requirements depending on the application.
`
`2. History of LED Technology
`typical efficiencies
`The first LED's appeared during the late 1960s with
`(Luminous watt output per electrical watt input) of 0.05 Lumens/Watt (lm/W).
`It wasn't until the late 1980s with the introduction of Aluminium Gallium
`Arsenide (AIGaAs) technology did LED's really begin to come close to
`incandescent bulbs in terms of efficiency at 7Lm/W in Red.
`AIGaAs technology remained the standard "High Brightness" material until the
`introduction of Aluminium Indium Gallium Phosphide (AllnGaP) and Indium
`increased
`the mid 1990s with dramatically
`in
`(lnGaN)
`Gallium Nitride
`than
`in Lumens/Watt making LED's more efficient
`performance
`incandescent and later even Tungsten Halogen
`The AllnGaP material produces colours ranging from Amber 588 nM through to
`Red 630nM.
`
`filtered
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`987
`
`
`
`lnGaN material produces colours from Blue 470nM through to Green 530nM.
`The lnGaN material is also used for producing White LED's by taking a Blue
`chip and including a phosphor layer in the LED.
`
`3. Different types of LED's
`There are several types of LED's available in the market. The conventional
`3mm or 5mm through hole LED's, the Surface Mount LED's (SMD) which are
`being produced by the billions every year.
`SMD LED's are very popular for dashboard backlighting. In the late 1990s the
`Super Flux LED's have been introduced (Picture 1 ). This LED became a
`standard in the Automotive industry for High Mount Stop Lamps. Whereas most
`conventional LED's are limited in light-output , this Super Flux LED's had the
`improved heat
`capability to maintain reliable at higher currents due to
`management.
`The Super Flux LED can be driven at 70mA. Utilizing the best available TS
`(Transparent Substrate) AllnGaP material this LED has set new records in light
`output per LED opening up a range of new application. This LED was initially
`in
`in 2001 also become available
`in Red and Amber but will
`available
`Blue,Green,Cyan and White
`
`Picture 1: Super Flux LED's
`
`The next step towards higher performance LED's was the SnapLED™ LED
`introduced by LumiLeds Lighting in the late 1990s. This LED could be used at
`current of 150mA while maintaining reliability and efficiency. This LED also
`enabled the reduction of the number of LED's used in specific applications
`which helped to reduce the overall system costs, as well as had the possibility
`to do stylish 3-dimensional array designs.
`The trend was clearly set. In order to enable more applications inside and
`outside automotive a few things need to happen.
`
`988
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`2.
`
`1. continue to improve the efficiency of the AllnGaP and lnGaN material to
`enable higher Lumens/Watt values
`Improve packaging of the chip to get the light in the correct direction as
`efficient as possible
`3. Find a way to drive the chips harder while keeping the same reliability ,
`same forward Voltage and same efficiency to enable higher Light-output.
`4. Further reduce the number of LED's used, and reduce the overall system
`cost per application.
`
`LumiLeds Lighting introduced in 1998 a high flux emitter (Luxeon TM) (Picture 1)
`with even higher current capabilities. The main characteristics of the LED are
`the large LED Chip (Picture 3), excellent thermal characteristics and an
`optimized light extraction making it possible to drive the AllnGaP LED's at
`250mA and the lnGaN LED's at 350mA.
`The LED's show a dramatic increase in light output per device and per unit area
`when compared to other LED's. There is no sacrifice in reliability caused by the
`increase in total device current since the current per unit area in unchanged.
`(Larger Chip). The LED chip itself is mounted on a slug that serves as a
`heatsink to dissipate the heat from the chip and to transfer this heat to a
`secondary heat sink . The slug is fixed in a body that support the cathode- and
`anode lead. On the topside a plastic lens covers the LED chip. The body and
`the plastic lens can accommodate a high expansion and shrinkage due to the
`temperature differences, and the chip is surrounded by a low stress opto(cid:173)
`coupling gel. Both lens and gel are highly resistant to UV radiation (from
`outside) to ensure high lumen maintenance.
`
`Picture 2: Luxeon ™ High Flux Emitter
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`989
`
`
`
`Picture 3: Large AllnGaP Chip vs. small chip
`
`The Luxeon LED is available in 2 different radiation pattern. A Batwing radiation
`pattern with a peak intensity near 40 degrees with a steep drop-off of intensity
`to provide uniform
`outside this angles. This pattern has been designed
`incidence to a planar secondary optic.
`The second radiation pattern is a Lambertian "point source" pattern.
`
`Good thermal system design is critical to achieve the best efficiency and
`reliability of the Luxeon™ LED's. AllnGaP LED's (Red and Amber) experience a
`temporary loss in light output as the temperature increases. The lower the die or
`the junction temperature is kept, the better the luminoue efficiency of the
`product.
`
`In 2001 LumiLeds released the Lambertian LED in Red, Red-Orange and
`Amber with capabilities to use at current of 385mA, achieving records in light
`output performance of typical 44 lumens per LED in Red. The Lambertian LED
`is using a new type of special shaped chip which maximized the light output
`efficiencies.
`Also the Batwing Luxeon TM has been qualified at 350mA for all colors.
`
`Table of Power development:
`5mm Super
`SMD
`Type of LED
`Flux
`
`SnapLED Luxeon
`Batwing
`
`Luxeon
`Lambertian
`
`DC Forward current
`
`20mA
`
`20m
`
`70mA
`
`150mA
`
`350mA
`
`385mA
`
`Typical
`
`light output 0.5 Im
`
`1 Im
`
`3 Im
`
`6Im
`
`25 Im
`
`44Im
`
`A
`
`(red)
`
`990
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`4. Potential Applications for LED's in Automotive
`As stated earlier, several applications are today using LED technology as the
`today are dashboard
`the road
`preferred solution. Main applications on
`backlighting, indicators, Air-conditioning - and Radio backlighting as well as
`High Mount Stop Lamps and Rear Combination Lamps in Automotive exterior.
`As the LED's are getting brighter and brighter more applications in Automotive
`can start to make use of the benefits of LED's.
`In the next year we will see the first cars on the road using Amber LED's ,for
`, as well as
`Turn Signals. White LED's for puddle lamps or position lamps
`Red,Green,Blue LED's for Navigation systems.
`
`Rear
`Combination
`Lamp ..
`Back-up
`Lamp
`
`Front
`Turn Signals
`~
`·I
`
`Headlamps
`
`Inside the car High Flux LED's are being considered for mood-lighting, ambient
`lighting and reading lamps.
`In addition to all these potentials, the probably biggest potential for LED's in
`Automotive is in Headlamps. As LED's are achieving a brightness of 150 - 200
`Lumen in White it will be possible to achieve the needed brightness levels.
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`991
`
`
`
`LED used today
`
`LED for the future
`
`Application
`
`Interior:
`
`Dashboard-
`backlighting
`
`Buttons
`
`AC/ Radio
`Navigationsystem
`Mood Lighting
`Ambient Lighting
`Reading Lamps
`
`Exterior:
`Rear Combination
`
`Lamp
`High Mount Stop
`
`Lamp
`Front Trun Signal
`
`SMD
`
`SMD
`
`SMD
`
`No
`
`No
`
`No
`
`No
`
`Super Flux or
`SnapLED
`
`Super Flux or
`SnapLED
`Super Flux or
`SnapLED
`
`SMD or Luxeon (Edge-
`lighting)
`
`SMD
`SMD or Luxeon
`
`Luxeon
`
`Luxeon
`
`Luxeon
`
`Luxeon
`
`Super Flux, SnapLED or
`Luxeon
`Super Flux or SnapLED
`
`Super Flux, SnapLED or
`Luxeon
`
`Luxeon
`Super Flux or Luxeon
`Super Flux or Luxeon
`Super Flux, SnapLED or
`Luxeon
`Super Flux, SnapLED or
`Luxeon
`
`No
`
`Back-up Lamp
`License Plate Lamp No
`No
`Puddle Light
`Signal Mirror
`
`Side Repeater
`
`Super Flux or
`SnapLED
`Super Flux or
`SnapLED
`
`Position Lamps
`
`No
`
`Luxeon
`
`Headlamps
`
`No
`Table of LED I Application
`
`Luxeon
`
`992
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`
`
`5. Summary and Outlook
`High Flux LED's will play a big role in the future of Lighting. More and more
`applications in general illumination will start to use LED's. In the Automotive
`market there is a big potential to use the High flux LED's in a lot of different
`applications , giving both the end-user as well as the car-maker benefits.
`The Luxeon ™ LED's will allow further reduction in LED's and in specific
`applications reduce the overall system costs.
`Important is to use the LED's in the right way in order to achieve the maximum
`result and benefits.
`The future of the LED is bright. Enclosed a flux per LED roadmap for the next
`years for the main colors in Automotive Red,Amber and White
`
`Colour
`
`Red
`
`Amber
`
`2001
`
`12
`
`12
`
`2002
`
`44*
`
`36*
`
`mid 2003
`
`mid 2004
`
`48
`
`40
`
`50
`
`44
`
`120
`75
`40
`18
`White
`Typical performance of LED in Lumens/LED. Chip size or current density might
`change
`* new special shaped chip @385mA
`All values are subject to change, and are best on expectations.
`
`© PAL 2001 Symposium; Darmstadt University of Technology
`
`993
`
`
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