I 1111111111111111 11111 1111111111 111111111111111 IIIII IIIII IIIIII IIII IIII IIII
`US009955551B2
`
`c12) United States Patent
`Spero
`
`(IO) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`(54) DETECTOR CONTROLLED ILLUMINATING
`SYSTEM
`
`(75)
`
`Inventor: Yechezkal Evan Spero, Moshav
`Tifrach (IL)
`
`(73) Assignee: Yechezkal Evan Spero, Tifrach (IL)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 911 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 13/357,549
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Jan. 24, 2012
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2012/0206050 Al
`
`Aug. 16, 2012
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 10/604,360,
`filed on Jul. 14, 2003, now Pat. No. 8,100,552.
`(Continued)
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`H05B 37102
`B60Q 1104
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(Continued)
`
`(52)
`
`U.S. Cl.
`CPC ........... H05B 3710227 (2013.01); B60Q 1104
`(2013.01); B60Q 11085 (2013.01); B60Q
`111423 (2013.01); F21K 9/23 (2016.08); F21K
`9/232 (2016.08); F21S 4128 (2016.01); F21S
`4811154 (2013.01); F21S 4811159 (2013.01);
`F21S 4811736 (2013.01); F21V 19102
`(2013.01); F21V 2310464 (2013.01); F21V
`2310471 (2013.01); F21V 2310478 (2013.01);
`H05B 3/008 (2013.01); H05B 33/0812
`(2013.01); H05B 33/0857 (2013.01); H05B
`33/0863 (2013.01); H05B 37102 (2013.01);
`H05B 3710218 (2013.01); B60Q 2300/054
`
`(2013.01); B60Q 23001112 (2013.01); B60Q
`23001116 (2013.01); B60Q 2300/122
`(2013.01); B60Q 2300/134 (2013.01); B60Q
`2300/142 (2013.01); B60Q 2300/21 (2013.01);
`B60Q 2300/23 (2013.01); B60Q 2300/312
`(2013.01); B60Q 2300/314 (2013.01); B60Q
`2300/322 (2013.01); B60Q 2300/41 (2013.01);
`B60Q 2300/42 (2013.01); F21S 48/10
`(2013.01); F21V 21/02 (2013.01); F21V 21/30
`(2013.01); F21V 29/74 (2015.01);
`(Continued)
`(58) Field of Classification Search
`CPC ........... H05B 33/08; H05B 37/02; B60Q 1/04
`USPC ........... 315/152, 77, 307, 312; 362/276, 234
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5,546,475 A * 8/1996 Bolle et al. ................... 382/190
`5,785,243 A * 7/1998 Cross .............................. 236/47
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner - Tung X Le
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`An illuminating device coupled with sensors or an image
`acquisition device and a logical controller allows illumina(cid:173)
`tion intensity and spectrum to be varied according to chang(cid:173)
`ing user needs. The system provides illumination to areas
`according to the principles of correct lighting practice for the
`optimal performance of visual tasks in the most efficient,
`cost effective manner. Aspects of the invention include:
`lighting fixtures which adapt to ambient lighting, movement,
`visual tasks being performed, and environmental and per(cid:173)
`sonal conditions affecting illumination requirements at any
`given instant. Lighting fixtures having spatial distribution of
`spectrum and intensity, providing both "background" room
`lighting, and "task" lighting.
`
`23 Claims, 24 Drawing Sheets
`
`VWGoA EX1001
`U.S. Patent No. 9,955,551
`
`

`

`US 9,955,551 B2
`Page 2
`
`(60)
`
`(51)
`
`(52)
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`Provisional application No. 61/535,981, filed on Sep.
`17, 2011, provisional application No. 60/395,308,
`filed on Jul. 12, 2002.
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2016.01)
`(2016.01)
`(2016.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2016.01)
`(2015.01)
`(2016.01)
`
`Int. Cl.
`B60Q 1108
`B60Q 1114
`F21V 19102
`F21V 23104
`H0SB 33/08
`H0SB 3/00
`F21S 4128
`F21K 9/23
`F21K 9/232
`F21S 8/10
`F21V 21/02
`F21V 21/30
`F21W 101/10
`F21W 111/023
`F21W 111/027
`F21W 111/08
`F21W 131/103
`F21W 131/40
`F21Y 113/00
`F21V 29/74
`F21Y 115/10
`U.S. Cl.
`CPC .... F21W 2101/10 (2013.01); F21W 2111/023
`(2013.01); F21W 2111/027 (2013.01); F21W
`2111/08 (2013.01); F21W 2131/103 (2013.01);
`
`F21W 2131/40 (2013.01); F21Y 2113/00
`(2013.01); F21Y 2115/10 (2016.08); Y02B
`20/343 (2013.01); Y02B 20/383 (2013.01);
`Y02B 20/46 (2013.01)
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5,969,754 A *
`5,983,161 A *
`5,994,844 A *
`6,166,496 A *
`6,379,022 Bl *
`6,385,352 Bl *
`6,394,614 Bl*
`2002/0022774 Al *
`2002/0022927 Al *
`2002/0039238 Al *
`2002/0046100 Al *
`2002/0047628 Al*
`2002/0047646 Al*
`2002/0057340 Al*
`2004/0052076 Al*
`
`10/1999
`11/1999
`11/1999
`12/2000
`4/2002
`5/2002
`5/2002
`2/2002
`2/2002
`4/2002
`4/2002
`4/2002
`4/2002
`5/2002
`3/2004
`
`Zeman .......................... 348/136
`Lemelson et al. ............ 701/301
`Crawford et al ............. 315/151
`Lys et al. ...................... 315/316
`Amerson et al. ............. 362/231
`Roustaei ....................... 382/324
`Chang ........................... 359/604
`Karnieli ........................ 600/300
`Lemelson et al. ............ 701/301
`Chang ........................... 359/604
`Kinjo .............................. 705/14
`Morgan et al. ............... 315/291
`Lys et al. ...................... 315/312
`Fernandez et al ............ 348/143
`Mueller .............. F21V 23/0442
`362/293
`Spero ............................ 362/276
`Savage et al. .................. 607 /88
`Kiyo hara et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 82/ ll 5
`Zampini et al. .............. 315/308
`Doublet ................. H04N7/188
`348/370
`2012/0262575 Al* 10/2012 Champagne . G08B 13/19613
`348/143
`2012/0287493 Al* 11/2012 Kuhlman ............... B60Q 1/085
`359/228
`
`2004/0105264 Al*
`2004/0138726 Al *
`2006/0222213 Al *
`2008/0136356 Al*
`2011/0211110 Al*
`
`6/2004
`7/2004
`10/2006
`6/2008
`9/2011
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 1 of 24
`Sheet 1 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`US 9,955,551 B2
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`FIG. 1
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 2 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`PR.IOR ART
`
`l5
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`FIG. 2A
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`FIG. 2C
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`FIG. 2B
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 3 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`FIG. 3A
`
`34
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`FIG. 3B
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 4 of 24
`Sheet 4 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`US 9,955,551 B2
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`55
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`58
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`59
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 5 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`FIG. 5
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 6 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 24, 2018
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`Sheet 7 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
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`FIG. 9
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`

`

`Sheet 8 of 24
`Sheet 8 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`FIG. 11
`FIG. 11
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 9 of 24
`Sheet 9 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
`US 9,955,551 B2
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 10 of 24
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`FIG. 13A
`
`FIG. 138
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`FIG. 13C
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 24, 2018
`
`Sheet 11 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
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`Sheet 12 of 24
`Sheet 12 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
`US 9,955,551 B2
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`Sheet 13 of 24
`Sheet 13 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
`US 9,955,551 B2
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`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 24, 2018
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`Sheet 19 of 24
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`Apr. 24, 2018
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`Sheet 20 of 24
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`Apr.24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
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`Sheet 22 of 24
`Sheet 22 of 24
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`US 9,955,551 B2
`US 9,955,551 B2
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`U.S. Patent
`U.S. Patent
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`Apr. 24, 2018
`Apr. 24, 2018
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`Sheet 23 of 24
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`Apr. 24, 2018
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`US 9,955,551 B2
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`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`1
`DETECTOR CONTROLLED ILLUMINATING
`SYSTEM
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`The present application claims the benefit under 35
`U.S.C .. sctn. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.
`60/395,308 filed Jul. 12, 2002, entitled: Multiple light source
`illumination system; and U.S. Provisional Application No.
`61/535,981, filed Oct. 17, 2011 entitled Adjustable Lighting
`Fixture, the disclosures of which are all expressly incorpo(cid:173)
`rated herein by reference; and this application is a continu(cid:173)
`ation-in-part application of, and claims the benefit under 35
`U.S.C .. sctn. 120 from, U.S. patent application Ser. No.
`10/604,360, entitled "Multiple Light-Source Illuminating
`System" filed on Jul. 14, 2003. The entire content of this
`non-provisional patent application is incorporated herein by
`this reference.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Field of the Invention
`
`The present invention is in the field of radiation producing
`devices. More particularly, the present invention is in the
`technical field of lighting fixtures. However, radiation used
`for headlamps, heating, night vision, UV or visible light
`curing, medical X-rays and other radiation uses are covered
`as well. General lighting fixtures otherwise known as lumi(cid:173)
`naires will be used as the primary example while other
`irradiating devices such as infrared heaters are covered as
`well. The invention relates to multiple light source illumi(cid:173)
`nating devices intended to replace incandescent, fluorescent
`and HID luminaries in general and specialty lighting appli(cid:173)
`cations.
`
`Definitions, Terms, Elements
`
`In order to clarify the intent of the present invention and 40
`its dissimilar aspects from prior art, a nomenclature system
`is established.
`Used herein illumination refers to the deliberate applica(cid:173)
`tion of light to achieve some practical or aesthetic effect.
`Correct illumination or recommend lighting practice refers
`to lighting industry standards and recommendations for the
`illumination of living, recreation, architectural and work
`areas as described in standards and handbooks published by
`industry professional organizations such as the Illuminating
`Engineering Society, the International Association of Light(cid:173)
`ing Designers, IALD or International Commission on Illu(cid:173)
`mination CIE.
`Lamp: A lamp, other than a reflector lamp, is generally a
`device that generates light radially from the source. Due to
`the physics involved in the light generation process, it is
`difficult at the source to gain control of the spatial light
`propagation. A reflector lamp will partially control the
`emitted light which hits the reflector, but will not control the
`remaining light emanating from the filament or discharge
`tube. A lamp other than a solid-state lamp will generally
`produce light over a wide range of spectrum. The overall
`color is a function of the physics involved in the generation
`of the different photon energies. While some lamps spectra
`are closer to sunlight and have a good color rendering in
`relation thereto, other lamps such as low-pressure sodium
`are highly monochromatic with a yellow-orange appearance.
`A color temperature in degrees Kelvin based on the color of
`
`2
`an incandescent filament is used to describe a lamp. An
`incandescent lamp color will be termed "warm" at 2000
`Kelvin and a Metal Halide "cool" at 4000K. In general, there
`is no ability to affect the color over the intensity level even
`5 where dimming is afforded. A lamp is also intended to be a
`replaceable element. Lamps are constructed according to
`universal standards which allow for the substitution oflamps
`by other manufacturers. Prior-art lamps are thus provided
`with bulky bases which fit into bulky sockets and do not lend
`10 themselves to being permanently wired into printed circuit
`boards or bonded onto electronic chips.
`Luminaire: A Lighting Fixture or luminaire (the terms are
`used interchangeably) is a device which is constructed
`around the lamp to provide lighting specific to the applica-
`15 tion including non-lighting considerations such as aesthet(cid:173)
`ics, safety etc. Some LF designs are primarily based on
`aesthetics while others are based on tailoring the lumen
`output such that the lighting fixture output meets the visual
`task at hand. Between these two extremes there are many
`20 possible designs, with maintenance, fixture cost, hazardous
`and rough service location considerations also playing a
`role. This is essentially why the industry produces so many
`different types of luminaires. One type for high industrial
`building ceilings known as high-bay lighting, another for
`25 office lighting and a third for roadway lighting and a fourth
`for illuminating corridors. Each fixture has its photometric
`distribution characteristics, that is, how many candela at
`what angle are exiting from the luminaire. Other luminaire
`considerations include keeping the lighting from causing
`30 discomfort glare or from being a source of veiling reflec(cid:173)
`tions. The purely technical goal is to get the required amount
`of light at the work surfaces where visual tasks are carried
`out by man, animals, plants and machines. ALF has a longer
`life than the lamp, and the lamp is meant to be replaceable
`35 within the fixture. A luminaire is wired directly to the
`electrical mains while a lamp due to its need to be replaced
`has a base which fits into a socket by way of which the lamp
`receives its power. Prior art solid-state lamp assemblies are
`considered lamps, as they have no provision for being
`connected to the mains. A luminaire has apparatus whereby
`it is attached to the building structure while a lamp is
`mechanically affixed to the lamp holder or socket. Another
`aspect of distinction is, that in general, correct lighting
`practice principles are used to guide in the design of a LF
`45 while a lamp is "bare" and is expected to have reflectors,
`refractors, shades and louvers to prevent glare and redirect
`its rays to increase light utilization.
`Digital: The term digital used herein in refers to the
`luminaire concept as espoused by teachings of this invention
`50 and is loosely defined in parallel to the fine control associ(cid:173)
`ated with digital equipment. The multiple light sources of
`specific characteristics provide quanta of power and spec(cid:173)
`trum which are smoothly added or detracted to generate a
`changed lighting effect. The digital aspect arises from the
`55 sufficient progression of values, varying by minute degrees
`to produce a continuum so as be non-discernable or irrel(cid:173)
`evant to the user. The added controllability is realized by
`breaking up the light-production, into discrete, specifically
`aimable, and dimmable elements which can be addressed by
`60 control electronics for the purpose of affecting the intensity,
`spectrum and spatial distribution of spectrum and of inten(cid:173)
`sity of the illumination provided by the luminaire of the
`present invention.
`The overall combination of control capability and discrete
`65 light sources yields a digital lighting fixture. The terminol(cid:173)
`ogy "digital" as used herein also refers to the discrete nature
`of the multiple LED lamps provided in the luminaire,
`
`

`

`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`4
`surgeon performing an operation may be very sensitive to
`glare while a chlorophyll producing plant is not. The equa(cid:173)
`tion to determine the rating is Equation 2:
`
`W=5.0-2.0 LOG [E/(0.003)(1+SQRT(La/0.04))(qi;)
`'0.46]
`
`10
`
`3
`whereby, "digital" control results from the individual control
`of the discrete, i.e., "digital" lighting elements, the LEDs, in
`the luminaire.
`Correct lighting practice: A bare incandescent lamp illu(cid:173)
`minating a room is arbitrarily termed poor lighting practice. 5
`The bare light bulb hooked up to the electric power via a
`light switch, causes glare, wastes light, delivering the light
`to useless areas, has no provision for dimming and is energy
`inefficient. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North
`America (IESNA) as well as other professional groups such
`as the International Association of Lighting Designers
`(IALD) have developed recommended lighting practices for
`specific applications in indoor and outdoor lighting. These
`recommendations and equations for implementing the rec- 15
`ommendations can be found in the IESNA Lighting Hand(cid:173)
`book, 8th and/or 9th Editions (available from the Illuminat(cid:173)
`ing Engineering Society of North America 120 Wall St.
`Floor 17 New York, N.Y. 10005 included herein by refer(cid:173)
`ence. Factors in good lighting include lighting intensity 20
`levels which may be based on the age of the users of the
`light, the color rendering capacity of the light source, its
`color temperature, the non-production of glare, veiling
`reflections and energy efficiency amongst others. Recom(cid:173)
`mendations for all aspects of lighting in terms of intensity, 25
`distribution, color temperature, color temperature as a func(cid:173)
`tion oflight intensity and correct color rendering exist in the
`literature in terms of lighting applications that is the envi(cid:173)
`ronment to be illuminated, in parameters such as lux for
`intensity, CRI for color rendering index and Visual Comfort 30
`Parameter (VCP) for glare. In recent years, the Unified Glare
`Rating (UGR) as recommended by the CIE has become
`widely accepted as a general formula for assessing glare.
`While the US may still use VCP ratings, all the lighting(cid:173)
`practice engineering organizations worldwide have stan- 35
`<lards and recommended ratings for different activities. For
`example lighting levels of 500 lux and a UGR of 19 is
`recommended in offices while industrial areas intended for
`coarse work a UGR of 28 can tolerated. In good lighting
`practice, attention is given by lighting designers to the 40
`correct amount of uplight, that is, light exiting from the
`luminaire towards the ceiling, which prevents a gloomy
`"dark cave" effect. Attention is also given to the cut-off angle
`of the luminaire, usually provided by shielding elements,
`such that high intensity rays are not emitted at an angle 45
`where they enter the occupant's eye during normal activity.
`A correctly designed luminaire for indoor lighting may
`provide 30% uplight and 70% downlight in the angles from
`the nadir Oto 60 degrees and then again 135 to 170 degrees.
`A governing equation in lighting and used in "reverse 50
`luminaire design" of the present invention is the cosine law
`or Lambert's law, Equation 1:
`
`to 9,
`where: W=glare sensation on a scale of 1
`La=adaptation luminance ( cd/m 2), E,=illumination directed
`at observer's eyes from the i-th source (lux), cp,=glare angle
`of the i-th source (minutes of arc) from the observer's line
`of sight.
`Using these equations and correct lighting practice cov-
`ering preferred angles of lighting for visual tasks, it is
`possible to design from the specific application's illumina(cid:173)
`tion requirements the spatial light intensity distribution and
`yet avoid manufacturing a glare producing luminaire.
`The present invention generally relates to an improved
`illuminator for use both in general and specialty lighting.
`The term general lighting includes use in living spaces such
`as lighting in industrial, commercial, residential and trans(cid:173)
`portation vehicle applications. By specialty lighting we
`mean emergency lighting activated during power failures,
`fires or smoke accumulations in buildings, microscope, stage
`illuminators, billboard front-lighting, hazardous and difficult
`access location lighting, backlighting for signs, agricultural
`lighting etc.
`Energy Efficiency and Costs. In an example to illustrate
`the advantages of an energy efficient lighting solution, the
`total cost of lighting a typical 300 foot by 300 foot retail
`facility at 1000 lux over a 10 year period using state of the
`art (2002) HID luminaires is assessed. Including equipment,
`installation and maintenance cost the total bill is over one
`million dollars. Approximately 80% of this is in energy
`costs. The commodity being purchased is lighting, the major
`lifecycle cost is electricity. To cut down on costs and also
`conserve energy it desirable to maximize the use of light
`generated. A Japanese survey of office luminaires (Japan
`Lighting Information Services-Seminar-Save Energy of
`Office Lighting-Loss of light in luminaire-.htm) shows LF
`efficiencies (light that exits the fixture vs. the light produced
`by the lamp) in an open office fluorescent luminaire without
`anti-glare louvers to be 84% while one equipped with
`louvers is only 52% efficient. The "utilization factor" (which
`equals the light flux which arrives at a work site (e.g. upper
`surface of a desk) divided by the sum of all light flux of the
`lamp) is 74% for an open fixture and only 50% for louvered
`version. This however, is still not what the customer is
`paying for. The customer is after the best lighting solution at
`minimal energy cost. Chances are, as experienced lighting
`designers know, that the light intensity, even in a good
`lighting design, is still not evenly distributed over the work
`surfaces. While care is taken in the lighting design computer
`runs not to fall below the minimum illumination intensity at
`any point in the room, there are non-trivial excesses at some
`55 points in the lighting layout design. This excess light, wasted
`energy as far as the customer is concerned, probably
`accounts for another 10% loss. While a fluorescent may be
`appear to be a superior and very efficient light source at 80
`lumen per watt vs. 30 lumen per watt for LEDs this is not
`60 actually the case, in actuality 60% of the fluorescent LF's
`light is wasted. Thus, in terms of energy use, a properly
`designed LED luminaire can be, with the proper luminaire
`design of the present invention, as effective lumen per lumen
`as any discharge light source in illuminating living areas.
`Expressed in terms of the above background and nomen(cid:173)
`clature, it is the goal of this disclosure to teach how to
`construct a luminaire which will radiate photons where
`
`lease
`E = ---yjl
`
`Where: E=Illuminance in lux or footcandles, !=Luminous
`intensity in candles, D=Distance between the source and the
`point of calculation in meters or feet, 8= Angle of light
`incidence with illuminated surface
`Another useful equation used in fixture analysis to avoid
`glare producing designs yields the level of discomfort on the
`DeBoer scale. The DeBoer rating scale (1-9) describes the
`level of discomfort where: 1 =Unbearable, 3=Disturbing, 65
`5=Just acceptable, ?=Satisfactory, and 9=Just noticeable.
`The allowable level is dependent on the application. A
`
`

`

`5
`needed, exactly in the correct amounts to accomplish visual
`tasks and/or create an atmosphere. The controlled radiation
`of light into a living space with a specific spatial intensity
`distribution also having optimal spectral characteristics for
`the seeing tasks at hand is provided by the present invention.
`Each visual task application has its own correct lighting
`solution with optimal light intensities, light color emanating
`at angles which will not cause glare that interferes with
`vision or causes discomfort. Tasks in living spaces vary with
`time so it is another objective of the present invention is to
`provide the optimal lighting solution in "real time" (at that
`specific moment in time).
`As a light source of ever increasing choice, LEDs have
`been packaged in numerous forms and used in lighting
`applications. Special control circuits have been developed to 15
`take advantage of the variability offered by the new light
`source and are today being offered as a solution to specific
`applications. In general however the design process has not
`zeroed in on providing the correct lighting solution. A
`number of LED illumination devices create "white" light by 20
`combining two or more LEDs of various wavelengths.
`White LEDs are also made using phosphors. The goal has
`not been to vary this color spectrum in real time to coordi(cid:173)
`nate with the usage of the living space. The term "white"
`light is loosely interpreted to cover a range of illuminating 25
`light having spectral light distributions acceptable to the user
`for that application. HPS' s yellow light has even been called
`white by some and the term is exclusive only of almost
`monochromatic sources such as LEDs and LPS lamps. The
`terms light spectrum, spectra, spectrum, spectral and color 30
`are used to refer to the relative spectral power distribution of
`the light source.
`
`DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
`
`In prior art illuminating devices a universal light source
`such as an incandescent or fluorescent lamp emits light in
`many directions up to a 360 degree light distribution where
`in practice only a limited angular light distribution is needed
`in order for people to carry out visual tasks. So as to control
`the light distribution to certain angles, reflectors and refrac(cid:173)
`tors are used to redirect the light where it is needed. A great
`deal of light is wasted in the inherent inefficiencies in
`redirecting the light and shielding the glare causing light
`sources. In addition the actual placement of the light rays
`where needed, but not beyond, is often inexact and wasteful.
`In addition it necessary to have a wide variety of lighting
`fixtures each with dedicated optics and even then, there is
`much wasted light or insufficient lighting in the area covered
`by the luminaire. In addition the light intensity and color
`spectrum of the luminaire is fixed while the visual tasks
`going on in the space are changing all the time. Usually,
`there is no provision for either detecting the changes going
`on in the living space nor is the lighting fixture equipped
`with apparatus to effect the necessary changes in the light(cid:173)
`ing. In addition individuals often have their personal lighting
`preferences as to the color and intensity of the lighting. Prior
`art lighting fixtures have no provision for the localized
`provision of preferred lighting to individuals.
`A prior art LED light strip consists of circuitry including
`a plurality of LEDs mounted on a substrate and connected to
`electrical conductors. The circuitry is sometimes encased
`within a tube like, partially transparent protective sheathing
`and connected to a power source for selective LED illumi(cid:173)
`nation. Two examples of LED strip types are described in 65
`U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,909 to Gross, entitled Emergency Light(cid:173)
`ing Strip and U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,033 to Meggs et al.,
`
`US 9,955,551 B2
`
`6
`entitled Flexible Elongated Lighting System. Such strips are
`utilized in a variety of indoor and outdoor configurations
`such as emergency pathway markers, exit door indicators
`and ornamental lighting arrangements. The LEDs are being
`5 used as outline markers where the lighting strips are the
`object to be seen. It is not the purpose of the lighting strips
`to project light on other objects to mak