as) United States
`a2) Patent Application Publication 10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0302876 Al
`
`(43) Pub. Date: Dec. 11, 2008
`Mullen
`
`US 20080302876A1
`
`(54) DYNAMIC CREDIT CARD WITH MAGNETIC
`STRIPE AND EMBEDDED ENCODER AND
`METHODSFOR USING THE SAME TO
`PROVIDE A COPY-PROOF CREDIT CARD
`
`(76)
`
`Inventor:
`
`Jeffrey D. Mullen, Pittsburgh, PA
`(US)
`
`Correspondence Address:
`JEFFREY D. MULLEN
`731 SOUTH NEGLEY, APT.2
`PITTSBURGH,PA 15232 (US)
`
`(21)
`
`Appl. No.:
`
`11/927,614
`
`(22)
`
`Filed:
`
`Oct. 29, 2007
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63) Continuation of application No. 11/431,254, filed on
`May 9, 2006.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/679,498,filed on May
`9, 2005.
`
`Publication Classification
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`(2006.01)
`GO6K 19/06
`(52) US. CMe coeeccccsescssssssssssssssnseeeseeseees 235/492; 235/493
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A dynamic credit card is provided in which a secure credit
`card number(e.g., a secret/hidden credit card number) is
`encoded based on a timing signal (e.g., an internal counter) to
`provide a dynamiccredit card number. This dynamic number
`may be displayed to a user via a display (e.g., so that online
`purchases can be made)or written onto a magneticstripe such
`that the number maybe processed bytraditional credit card
`merchants (e.g., swiped). At a remote facility, the dynamic
`number may be decoded based on time (and/or a counter/key
`number/equation)or the facility may have the secure number
`and perform the same function as the dynamic credit card
`(e.g., encode using time data as a parameter to the encoding
`equation) and compare the resultant dynamic numberto the
`dynamic numberreceived. Thus, a dynamic credit card num-
`ber may change continually or periodically (e.g., every sixty
`seconds) such that credit card numbers maynot be copied by
`thieves and usedat later times. A dynamic verification code
`maybe utilized in addition to, or in lieu of, a dynamic credit
`card number.
`
`DYNAMIC CREDIT CARD
`
`lay Screen
`
`meee ewe Lee ee !
`
`| Active f
`
`||
`
`'2424 242424 24242!
`
`| PrivateCredit 1t
`fi
`Card # (CC#)
`!|
`1212 121212 12121
`152-PrivateKey
`2
`I
`1
`45
`.
`!
`io
`
`l(
`
`“ON
`
`Periodic Credit Card
`44 Number Keying
`1 (# , 1-90 Seconds)
`; 2424 242424 24242
`!4, 91-180 Seconds)
`| 4848 484848 48484
`|
`
`anet
`
`( |
`
`n
`
`LOCHETearot
`| eeecryption
`[(DC /2/Time_|Period)
`Lee eee
`
`1
`
`SAMSUNG 1004
`
`SAMSUNG 1004
`
`1
`
`

`

`Patent Application Publication
`
`Dec. 11, 2008 Sheet 1 of 18
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`Patent Application Publication
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`

`US 2008/0302876 Al
`
`Dec. 11, 2008
`
`DYNAMIC CREDIT CARD WITH MAGNETIC
`STRIPE AND EMBEDDED ENCODER AND
`METHODS FOR USING THE SAME TO
`PROVIDE A COPY-PROOF CREDIT CARD
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATION
`
`[0001] This application claims the benefit from U.S. Pro-
`visional Patent Application No.
`60/679,498,
`entitled
`“Dynamic Credit Card With Magnetic Stripe And Embedded
`Encoder And Methods For Using The Same To Provide A
`Copy-Proof Credit Card,” filed on May 9, 2005, which is
`hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`[0002] This invention relates to credit cards. More particu-
`larly, this invention relates to systems and methods for pro-
`tecting against credit card fraud.
`[0003] Billions of dollars are lost annually to credit card
`fraud. Particularly, credit card numbers are copied and used
`without permission. Copying may take many forms. A thief
`may, for example, catch a glimpse of an actual credit card and
`copy the number by writing the numberon a piece of paper.
`Alternatively, a thief may intercept a digital signal represen-
`tative of the credit card number and utilize such a digital
`signal at a later time. It is therefore desirable to provide
`systems and methods that completely eliminate the possibil-
`ity for such types of credit card fraud.
`[0004] American Express has introduced a credit card with
`an embedded smart chip (i.e., a smart card credit card). In
`doing so, however, American Express had to replace the
`credit card readers at any establishment (e.g., store) that
`wanted the capability to read from an American Express
`smart card. Such smart card credit cards do not solve the
`problem of copying credit card numbers and using them at a
`later time—American Express smart cards still employ a
`visible credit card number.It is therefore desirable to not only
`eliminate credit card fraud, but do so without having to
`change any of the hardwarethat establishments utilize to read
`credit cards.
`
`[0005] Traditional credit cards store information such as a
`person’s credit card numberand expiration date on the mag-
`netic stripe of the credit card. The standard for traditional
`credit cards, however, allows for more information to be
`written onto the magnetic stripe and read by traditional credit
`card readers. None of the current credit cards use all of this
`bandwidth.In fact, some credit card companieswrite a string
`of zeroes after a person’s name andcredit card numbertofill
`such bandwidth. In turn, the readers read and transmit the
`filler information to credit card authorization facilities. The
`credit card authorization facilities then discard this filler
`information.It is therefore desirable to provide a credit card
`that fully utilizes the bandwidth providedin traditional credit
`card magnetic stripe standards.
`[0006] Traditional credit cards that employ magnetic
`stripes are deficient because the magnetic stripe is highly
`susceptible to wear and magnetic interference. Particularly,
`the magnetic stripe can be worn downphysically or rewritten/
`erased by magnetic interference. It is therefore desirable to
`provide a robustcredit card that can withstand wear andis not
`susceptible to interference.
`the
`[0007] Timing signals are transmitted throughout
`globe. For example, a WWVBatomic clock signalis trans-
`
`mitted from a radio system available in North America that
`reaches the entire continental United States, a large portion of
`Canada, and Central America. Thesignalis transmitted one-
`bit per second. Fifty three bits and 7 separators transmit the
`year, day, hour, minute, as well as information on daylight
`savings time and leap years. Thus, the WWVBsignaltakes 60
`secondsto transmit. DCF time signals and MSFtimesignals
`are transmitted throughout Europe. Moreover, the Global
`Positioning System (GPS)transmits time signals—which are
`utilized to locate GPS receivers in the world. GPS signals
`span the entire globe. It is therefore desirable to utilize timing
`signals in a manner other than to locate a receiver or deter-
`minethe time of day.
`[0008] Wong et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,592,044titled “Anony-
`mous Electronic Card For Generating Personal Coupons Use-
`ful in Commercial and Security Transactions,”filed on May
`15, 2000, discusses a magnetic storage medium affixed to a
`card that can be read by a standard magnetic stripe reader.
`Here, a computer generates a personal couponafter a personal
`identification number1s inputted into a card.
`
`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`It is an object of the present invention to provide a
`[0009]
`dynamic credit card with a visible numberthat changesperi-
`odically (e.g., roughly every minute) or changes after each
`use. Thus, a dynamic credit card may include a battery, a
`processoror other circuitry, and a display. An encoder may
`also be providedsuch that the numberis not only displayed to
`a user, but may be written onto the magnetic stripe of the
`credit card such that traditional readers may read the credit
`card. Alternatively, circuitry that creates magnetic fields that
`can be read by a traditional credit card reader may be
`employed such that a magnetic stripe may be removed alto-
`gether.
`For dynamic credit cards that employ periodically
`[0010]
`changing numbers, a timing signal may be used. For example,
`a signal representative of time may be transmitted over an
`area (e.g., the United States). Such a timing signal may be the
`USS. atomic clock signal (e.g., the WWVBsignal), a Euro-
`pean timing signal (e.g., the DCF and MSFsignals), or a
`timing signal used in a locating/navigation system (e.g., a
`GPSsignal).
`[0011] Acredit card may have a numberthatis secure to the
`user. This secure number may then be codedin a variety of
`ways. For example, the number may be coded dependent
`upon time. The coded number may bedisplayed to a user
`(and/or written to the magnetic stripe). A clock may be
`included in such a credit card to change the number every
`period of time. The clock may be synchronized with an exter-
`nal clock (e.g., the WWVBsignal). Alternatively, the clock
`may besufficient to keep track of time for a long period of
`time (e.g., 1-5 years) without accumulating errors that would
`be greater than the period of time used to change the credit
`card number(e.g., 1 minute). Thus, a clock may be utilized
`without external synchronization.
`[0012] The coded number may then be transmitted (e.g.,
`entered into the paying stage of an online store) to a credit
`card authorization facility. The credit card authorization facil-
`ity may, in turn, know the user’s secure number(e.g., the
`uncoded credit card number). To identify the user, the credit
`card authorization facility may utilize name information or
`accountinformation transmitted with the coded number. The
`authorization facility may then decode the coded numberto
`determine whether, for a particular period of time,
`the
`
`20
`
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`

`

`US 2008/0302876 Al
`
`Dec. 11, 2008
`
`received coded numberis representative ofthe uncoded num-
`ber. The coded numbermaybe, for example, representative of
`a credit card number, card verification number, expiration
`date, any combination thereof, or any additional information.
`[0013] The authorization facility may determine if the
`coded number is valid for a particular period of time in a
`variety of ways. For example, the authorization facility may
`code the secure numberin the same way as the dynamiccredit
`card would have coded the number and compare the number
`computed by the facility to the numberreceived by the facil-
`ity. Alternatively, the credit card authorization facility may
`decode the coded number and compare the decoded number
`to the secure number.
`
`[0014] A dynamic credit card that periodically changes the
`credit card number mayoccurat any interval. For example,
`the credit card number may be changed approximately every
`minute, every ninety seconds, every five minutes, or every
`hour.
`
`Instead of receiving a transmitted timing signal
`[0015]
`(e.g., and employing a receiver), a local timing circuit may be
`provided(e.g., a counter driven by a clock/oscillator). Alter-
`natively, the card may both receive a transmitted timing signal
`(e.g., an atomic clock signal) as well as employa local timing
`circuit. In such an embodiment, the local timing circuit may
`be updated (e.g., resynchronized) periodically (e.g., every
`day) or continually by the received timing signal. Alterna-
`tively, the local timing circuit may be utilized when a global
`timing signal is not received (e.g., when a card configured
`only to use the U.S. Atomic Clock Signaltravels to Europe for
`a week).
`[0016] A dynamic credit card may also not include a dis-
`play and the credit card number may be updated continually
`in real time.
`
`[0017] As stated above, an encoder may be provided in a
`dynamic credit card. Such an encoder may be utilized to
`realize a numberof useful functions. An encoder allows for
`
`information to be written on a magnetic stripe (or read by a
`magnetic stripe reader). Thus, a dynamic credit card may
`utilize free space on the magnetic stripe to write additional
`information. Such information may take many forms and
`generally may be referred to as dynamic feedback informa-
`tion. For example, software and/or circuitry may be included
`on the dynamic credit cardto detect if a person has attempted
`to hack into the dynamic credit card. Thus, information may
`be transmitted to the credit card authorization facility repre-
`sentative of the status, or state, of the credit card (e.g.,
`SECURE, INSECURE). As per another example, informa-
`tion as to the componentsofthe credit card may be transmit-
`ted as feedback information. For example, if circuitry and/or
`software detects that a battery is a week from dying oris
`storing below a particular threshold of energy information
`can be transmitted with the next credit card purchasestating
`that a battery is weak. In turn, the authorization facility may
`utilize the weak battery information and send out a replace-
`ment card (or replacementbattery) so that the user receives
`the replacement card (or battery) before the user’s battery
`dies. The amountof energy storedin the one or morebatteries
`mayalso be transmitted as feedback information.
`[0018]
`Such dynamic feedback information may be dis-
`played to the user via a display on the credit card (e.g., by
`displaying “weak battery” or “insecure’”). Alternatively, the
`credit card authorization facility may publish dynamic infor-
`mation on a website associated to the user(or credit card). In
`this manner, a user may see “weak battery” on the display of
`
`the credit card and then log into a website to see additional
`information such as “weak battery, 9 days left” or “weak
`batter, 15 magnetic stripe writes left.” As a result, a complete
`feedback loop is provided in credit cards. Additional infor-
`mation may besent to a credit card authorization facility by
`writing to a magnetic stripe and information maybe returned
`to the user via a display or website. If each dynamic credit
`card receives a signal, then information may be fed backto the
`dynamic credit card directly from the credit card authoriza-
`tion facility through this signal. Thus, for example, within a
`period of time (e.g., one minute) of making a purchase, the
`credit card may benotified that the purchase was approved
`and is completed and may, accordingly, notify the user that
`the purchase was approved. Such a notification can take many
`forms such as, for example, displaying text on the display
`screen or causing the credit card to vibrate.
`[0019] Alternatively still, a dynamic credit card may be
`realized by utilizing a counter, random number generator, or
`pseudorandom numbergenerator to provide a coded number.
`If a counter is provided, the counter may be incremented
`periodically (or when the credit card is used). The counter
`maybeutilized in a coding function and this number mayalso
`be transmitted to a authorization facility when the dynamic
`credit card numberis transmitted to the authorization facility.
`[0020] When making an online credit card purchase, a
`security code (e.g., a credit card verification code such as a
`three or four digit credit card verification code) may also be
`submitted as part of a credit card authorization process. Such
`a security code may also be dynamic and may beutilized to
`transmit
`information on how to decode/verify that
`the
`dynamic credit card number is valid. For example,
`the
`dynamic security code may be the counter numberitself.
`Thus, if the counter numberis used to encode a secure credit
`card numberby a formula, the counteris sent to the authori-
`zation facility which may, in turn, decode the dynamic credit
`card numberby a formula using the counter numberto obtain,
`and verify through comparison, the secure credit card num-
`ber.
`
`[0021] A dynamic security code may be provided on a
`display screen separate from the dynamic credit card number
`or the dynamic security code may be provided on the same
`display screen as the dynamic credit card number. Addition-
`ally, a dynamic credit card may be provided with a dynamic
`security code and a static credit card number such that only
`the dynamic security code changes. Such an embodiment
`may, or may not, include an encoder. Thus, a credit card may
`be provided that includes a dynamic security code for online
`purchases. The dynamic security code may changeperiodi-
`cally (e.g., roughly every one minute, ninety seconds, two
`minutes, or a time in between these intervals such as one
`hundred seconds) and an online credit card authorization
`facility may check to make sure the dynamic security code is
`valid for a particular period of time(e.g., the period of time
`the dynamic security code wasreceived or the period of time
`associated with a time stamp sent with the dynamic security
`code).
`[0022] A number of embodiments maybe fabricated that
`utilizes a counter. For example, if the counteris large enough
`(or the period that the counter is clocked at is slow enough)
`then the counter may take decades before the counter has
`reached its last number. Such a counter may take decades
`before a dynamic credit card has to be replaced or the
`dynamic credit card numbers repeat. A counter may reset
`after the counter has exceeded the maximum limit of the
`
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`US 2008/0302876 Al
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`Dec. 11, 2008
`
`counter. Such a counter may be utilized as its own clock such
`that every time a particular counter numberis reached(e.g.,
`111111), a dynamic numberis changed(e.g., a new dynamic
`numberis retrieved from a table ofnumbers, the next dynamic
`numberis used, or the dynamic numberis obtained by coding
`a numberwith a clock representative of the time or period of
`time). A dynamiccredit card may include multiple clocks. For
`example, one clock may keeptrack ofthe period of time until
`a change occurs (e.g., a one-minute clock) while a larger
`clock keeps track of the time period that the smaller clock is
`counting down (e.g., a minute/hour/day/month/year time or
`another numberrepresentativeof a particular periodoftime).
`[0023] A random number generator may beutilizedin lieu
`of a counter and this random numbermaybeutilized as part
`ofa coding function andtransmitted to a authorizationfacility
`via a security code or additional dynamic information on the
`credit card. For example, a random numbergenerator may be
`provided that appears random but that may alwaysprovide a
`particular numberata particular iteration. For example, when
`such a random numbergenerator is first turned on, thefirst
`number outputted from the generator may always be the
`same. Thus, information about the generators iteration may
`be provided to a credit card authorization facility and the
`credit card authorization facility may use suchiteration infor-
`mation to determine whetheror not the received information
`
`is representative of a valid credit card numberforthat itera-
`tion. The iteration maybe periodically changed by a clock.
`[0024] A pseudo random numbergenerator maybeutilized
`such that noise data is inserted accordingto a function into a
`number(e.g., a numberfrom the random numbergenerator).
`This pseudorandom number(and possible decoding informa-
`tion) may be transmitted to a credit card authorization facility
`suchthat the noise data is removed and the random numberis
`
`magnetic strip. As such,the user of the account can be deter-
`mined such that the dynamic credit card number may be
`verified.
`[0028] Alternatively, only the security code (e.g., only the
`credit card verification code) may be dynamic such that the
`credit card numberis utilized to determine the user. Thus, a
`dynamic security code may be formed by applying a time or
`counter signal to a formula with a secure security code, the
`dynamic security code may be sent, and the dynamic security
`maybe decoded and comparedto a copy ofthe secure code at
`the authorization facility for verification.
`[0029] A dynamic credit card mayalso be provided with a
`numberof different coding schemes (or secure numbers to
`utilize in a coding schemeto produce a dynamic coded num-
`ber). As such, a bank may store the information about each
`scheme(or secure number) in different locations such that if
`one location is compromised(e.g., the secure numberdata is
`stolen from a facility) the dynamic credit card can switch to a
`different scheme(or secure number) withoutthreat of fraudu-
`lent use. Such a scheme maybe controlled by a user through
`a manual switch. Alternatively, a credit card may receive
`signals indicative of a switch in schemes andthe credit card
`may, accordingly, switch to a particular scheme. The type of
`scheme (which mayjust be a switch in the secure numberthat
`is coded) may be provided on a display of the dynamic credit
`card to verify that a particular schemeis being utilized (e.g.,
`so a user can know if the card has manually configured to
`schemetwoafter the user hears newsreports that all Bank of
`America Cards need to be changed to scheme 2). Accord-
`ingly, a credit card authorization facility may check to see if
`another schemeis being utilized and mayreturn information
`to the card reader (or a device coupled to the card reader)
`instructing the administratorof the card readerto tell the user
`to change schemes (or for the administrator to change
`schemes himself/herself).
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`Theprinciples and advantagesof the present inven-
`[0030]
`tion can be more clearly understood from the following
`detailed description considered in conjunction with the fol-
`lowing drawings,
`in which the same reference numerals
`denote the same structural elements throughout, and in
`which:
`
`obtained. The random number maythen be utilized to decode
`the dynamic credit card number(or dynamic security code) to
`the secure credit card number(or the secure security code).
`[0025] The encoder may take numerous
`forms. For
`example, the encoder may take the form of an array of con-
`ductive wires. The array may be aligned with a magnetic
`stripe. Positive and negative voltages may be applied to the
`array such that a particular numberis written to the magnetic
`stripe. Accordingly, reversing the current through the wires
`FIG. 1 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`[0031]
`maychangethepolarities ofthe magnetic fields created by the
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`wires. Thus, such an array of conductive wires maybe able to
`invention;
`flip, or define, the North-South magnetic domains (and flux
`[0032]
`FIG. 2 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`reversals) found on the magnetic stripe. The wires may be
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`formedintoaring (e.g., a solenoid) that has a gap such that a
`invention;
`North-South field (or a South-North field) is created in the
`[0033]
`FIG. 3 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`gap. One or more such rings maybeutilized to write to any
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`data point on the magnetic stripe. Thus, the rings, or wires,
`invention;
`may conductcurrent one at a time(e.g., left-to-write) to write
`[0034]
`FIG. 4 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`to amagnetic stripe without moving the magnetic stripe or the
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`solenoid.
`invention;
`[0035]
`FIG. 5 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`network topology constructed in accordance with the prin-
`ciples of the present invention;
`[0036]
`FIG. 6 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0037]
`FIG. 7 is an illustration of a dynamic credit card
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`
`[0026] As a traditional reader reads flux reversals (e.g.,
`“North-North” and “South-South” interfaces) by reading
`either a plus or negative voltage, flux reversals may be created
`by an array ofwires that induce positive and negative voltages
`in the reader such that the need for a magnetic stripe is
`removed entirely.
`[0027]
`In addition to storing credit card numbers and expi-
`ration dates on a magnetic strip, an account identification
`number, or the name of the user, may also be stored on a
`
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`US 2008/0302876 Al
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`Dec. 11, 2008
`
`FIG. 8isan illustration ofa dynamic credit card with
`[0038]
`a dynamic security code constructed in accordance with the
`principles of the present invention;
`[0039] FIG.9isan illustration ofa dynamic credit card with
`a dynamic credit card number, security code, and expiration
`date constructed in accordance with the principles of the
`present invention;
`[0040]
`FIG. 10 is an illustration of a manufacturing process
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0041]
`FIG. 11 is an illustration of dynamic credit cards
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0042]
`FIG. 12 is an illustration of dynamic credit cards
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0043]
`FIG. 13 is an illustration of dynamic credit cards
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0044]
`FIG. 14 is an illustration of dynamic credit cards
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0045]
`FIG. 15 is an illustration of dynamic cards con-
`structed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention;
`[0046]
`FIG. 16 is an illustration of a dynamic card with
`multiple coding schemes constructed in accordance with the
`principles of the present invention;
`[0047]
`FIG. 17 is an illustration of process flow charts
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention; and
`[0048]
`FIG. 18 is an illustration of process flow charts
`constructed in accordance with the principles of the present
`invention.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
`
`FIG. 1 shows dynamic credit card 100 that may
`[0049]
`for example, display 130, processing circuitry,
`include,
`memory, a receiver, and one or more batteries (or other source
`of power). Credit card 100 also may include smart chip 120
`(or other circuitry), security number 103 (e.g., credit card
`verification code), expiration date 101, and cardholder name
`102. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that writings on
`a surface ofthe credit card may be printed and/orpressed into
`a housing. For example the nameofthe user may be pressed
`into the interior side of the front of a dynamic credit card so
`that the name extendsout from the front surface of the credit
`card.
`
`[0050] Display 130 maybeutilized to, for example, display
`dynamic credit card number 131, a dynamic security number
`such as a verification code(e.g., number 103), the status ofthe
`card (e.g., statuses 132-135), and/or the time left before
`dynamic credit card number 131 changesvia timing informa-
`tion 136. Timing information 136 (or additional timing infor-
`mation) may be provide to display the time left before a
`dynamic security number, or any other type of information,
`changes. Display screen 130 may extend from, or may be
`aligned with, the surface of the front of dynamic credit card
`100.
`
`[0051] Dynamic credit card 100 may be provided such that
`the credit card number on display 130 changes periodically.
`As shownin timing chart 140, the credit card number may be
`“2424 242424 24242” during the one period of operation
`(e.g., period 141 such as the first ninety seconds) and then
`
`change to “4848 484848 48484” during the next period of
`operation (e.g., period 142 such as the second ninety sec-
`onds). In this manner, the credit card number changes such
`that the credit card numberis dynamic. As a result, the credit
`card number maygenerally not be copied down andutilized
`again in the future. A processing facility is providing with
`information such that the processing facility can validate a
`dynamic number(e.g., a dynamic credit card numberor a
`dynamic security code such as acredit card verification code).
`Thus, a user can purchase items using a dynamiccredit card
`and a processing facility can authorize such purchases by
`recognizing that a dynamic numberis valid (e.g., valid for a
`particular period of time).
`[0052] Realizing a dynamic credit card number (or any
`dynamic number), and the functionality needed to verify the
`dynamic cred