DICTIONARY
`
`COMPUTER
`OGIENCE,
`ENGINEERING,
`avo TECHNOLOGY
`
`EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
`Phillip A. Laplante
`
`e)
`
`CRC Press
`
`Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
`
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`APPLE 1039
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`APPLE 1039
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`004'.03—dc21
`
`Dictonary of computer science, engineering, and technology / edited by Phillip Laplante.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-8493-2691-5 (alk. paper)
`1. Computer science—Dictionaries. 2. Engineering—Dictionaries. 3.
`Technology——Dictionaries. I. Laplante, Phillip A.
`QA76.15.D5258
`2000
`
`This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
`permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
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`International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2591-5
`Library of Congress Card Number 00-052882
`Printed in the United States of America 234567890
`Printed on acid-free paper
`
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`bit-line capacitance
`
`the pixels of an N x N image are represented
`bit-line capacitance_the equivalent capaci-
`tance experienced in each “bit line” in a RAM usingkbits.
`
`or ROM device. See also bit line.
`bit plane encoding_lossless binary encoding
`of the bit planes is termed bit plane encoding.
`bitmap_strictly a one-bit-per-pixel represen-
`The image is decomposed into a set of k, N x N
`tation for a defined area of a display.
`bit planes from the least significant bit to k — 1
`most significant bits and then encoded for image
`compression.
`
`a digital image composed
`bitmapped image
`of pixels. Bitmapped images are resolution-
`dependent;
`i.e., if the image is stretched,
`the
`resolution changes. Also called a raster image.
`See also image, pixel, vector image.
`
`the process ofshifting a
`bit normalization
`binary pattern to the left until the most signifi-
`cant bit is a 1.
`
`a type
`bit-oriented block transfer (bitBLT)
`of processing used mainly for video informa-
`tion characterized by minimal operations per-
`formed on large data blocks; a processor de-
`signed for such operations. BitBLT operations
`include transfers, masking, exclusive-OR, and
`similar logical functions.
`
`method to transmit or process
`bit parallel
`information in whichseveralbits are transmitted
`in parallel: e.g., a bit parallel adder with 4-bit
`data has 8 input ports for them (plus aninitial
`carry bit); an 8-bit parallel port includes true
`8-bit bi-directional datalines.
`
`a measure of signaling speed; the
`bit rate
`numberof bits transmitted per second. Bitrate
`and baudarerelated but not identical. Bit rate is
`equal to baud times the numberofbits used to
`representa line state. For example, if there are
`16 line states, each line state encodes four bits,
`andthebit rate is thus four times the baud. See
`baud.
`
`processing of one bit per clock cy-
`bitserial
`cle.
`If word length is W, then one sample or
`word is processed in W clock cycles.
`In con-
`trast, all W bits of a word are processed in the
`sameclock cycle in a bit-parallel system.
`For example: a bit serial adder with 4-bit data
`has oneinputsignal for eachbit of data, one bit
`for carry-in, and two 4-bit shift registers for data.
`
`—_a processor organization
`bit-slice processor
`that performs separate computations (via mul-
`tiple processing units) separately upon subsec-
`tions of an incoming channel.
`
`bit period_—_the time between successivebits
`bits per pixel
`the numberofbits used to de-
`in data transmission or data recording. At the
`scribe the coloror intensity of a pixel. For exam-
`transmitter (or recorder) the timing is estab-
`ple, using 8 bits to store a value from the RGB
`lished by a clock. At the receiver (or reader)
`color model would permit 3 bits to be used for
`an equivalent clock must be recovered from the
`both red and green values and2bits for the blue
`bit stream.
`value. Blue gets a smaller range because the hu-
`maneye containsless blue cones andthusis less
`sensitive to blue variations. True color images
`have 24 bits per pixel, or 8 bits for each of the
`red, green, and blue pixels. Typical grayscale
`images have 8 bits per pixel, giving 256 differ-
`ent gray levels. Compressed image sizes are
`often represented in bits per pixel, i.e., the total
`numberofbits used to represent the compressed
`image divided by the total numberofpixels.
`
`measureoftransfer rate
`bit per second (bps)
`of a modem ora busor any digital communica-
`tion support. bps and baud are not equivalent
`because bpsis a low-level measure and media;
`thus, it includes the numberofbits sent for the
`low-level protocol, while baud is typically re-
`ferred to as a higher level of transmission. See
`also baud and baudrate.
`
`the binary N x N image formed by
`bit plane
`selecting the samebit position ofthe pixels when
`
`an operation,typically a logical oper-
`bitwise
`ation such as and, or, complement, or exclusive
`
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