Bey d he ‘Back B  :  e f age Reeeai  ad
`gaiai  i Gahica Web avigai  T 
`
`Ady C ckb 
`Dea e f C  e Sciece
`Uiveiy f Caeb y
`Chich ch ew Zeaad
`ady@c c.caeb y.ac.z
`
`Sa Geebeg
`Dea e f C  e Sciece
`Uiveiy f Cagay
`Cagay Abea Caada
`a @cc. cagay.ca
`
`Abac
`
`1
`
`  d ci 
`
`Ah gh he ‘Back b   i g d f  eviiig
`vey ecey ee age  he w d wide web
`i ececy ad ack baed de ake i ief
`(cid:12)cie f  avigaig back  dia age. The
`i iai  f ‘Back have ivaed eeache
`ad deve e  iveigae gahica aid f 
`web b wig. Thi ae exa ie he deig
`ad abiiy i e i w f da ea  ei 
`ha a gahica   f  web avigai  
`adde: (cid:12) h w ca idivid a age be e
`eeed  be    age idei(cid:12)cai ?; ad
`ec d wha diay gaiai  che e ca be
` ed  ehace he vi aiai  f age e f
`evi y viied age?   ‘webView gah
`ica b wig ye  which ieac wih a
`eed vei  f ecae aviga  de ae
`ew ieface echi e f  age eeeai 
`ad diay gaiai . WebView  age ide
`i(cid:12)cai  echi e ic ded z abe h bai
`i age ad a ‘d gea eah  ha (cid:11)e a igh
`weigh echai f  b k akig.  diay i
` gaied ig a iegaed hybid f hee ech
`i e:
`‘h b ad  ke  which de he e 
`avigai  wihi a ie; ‘ie a  which de
`avigai  bewee ie; ad e  a gaia
`i  which  vide a ececy deed i f he
`viied ie.
`
` eyw d:
`
`W d Wide Web avigai  hi y ad eviia
`i  gahica avigai  a.
`
`Web b we have aidy bec e a a  ee
`ia c  e f he dek   c  ig evi 
` e. They  vide acce  ca ad g ba d c
` e ad ew digia ibaie  wef each
`faciiie ad ieacive age e  c veiey
`h  f h e. avigaig he web ha bec e
` ch a cea aadig f  h a c  e i
`eaci  ha ic  f ha ade i ‘ ee Ex
` e web b we he ai ieface f  (cid:12)e a
`age e.
`Deie hi icedibe   aiy he e ie
`face  web b we ae fa f idea. evi 
` die ceay h w ha e have a   de
`adig f he   di eay avigai a i
`eface c  e C ckb    e 1996  ch
`a he Back ad F wad b  . Whe c id
`eig ha he Back b   i a  ceaiy he
`  widey ed gahica e ieface c 
`e eve ceaed acc ig ve 30 f a web
`b we e aci  Ta che  Geebeg 1997
`i i cea ha eve he  ae ieÆciecy  c 
`f i  i i e wi ecaae  aive  f 
`d civiy whe iied ac  ii  f e.
`  ece eaed w k Geebeg  C ckb 
`1999 we c iized he behavi  f iea avi
`gai  che e ha e ie y Back ad F wad
`b  : b h he ac a behavi  i b we
` ch a ecae ad ic  f ee Ex e
`ad he  ibe way ha he b   c d 
`eae  i  ve eviiai . Ah gh hee
`i e ieface have advaage hey a have
` aj  i iai 
`ic dig ieÆciecy i age
`daa e
`i ied caabiiy ad     
`
`1
`
`APPLE 1027
`
`

`

`f  ieig he e i he if  ai  ace
`Seci  2.2. Thee i iai  have ivaed
`eeache  iveigae gahica avigai a
`che e|ee C ckb    e 1997 f  a eview
` f ye    ig gahica web b wig.
`  hi ae we iveigae e ieface c id
`eai  ha i(cid:13) ece he deig ad e f gah
`ica echai  f  web b wig ad age evi
`iai .
`  aic a we c ide w  ei 
`ha  be addeed by he deige f  ch
`ye . Fi wha ieface echai  ca be
` ed  ideify ad diig ih each idivid a e
`vi y viied age? ad ec d wha  c a
`aage e ca be ed  ehace he vi aia
`i  f a age e f evi y viied age? The
`eaive ei f each deig aeaive ae di
`c ed ad eaed ye  ae ed  exe ify
`echi e. We a decibe  gahica b w
`ig ye  webView which we e  exei e
`wih ad de ae ew deig aeaive.
`The  c e f he ae i a f w. Seci  2
` vide backg d if  ai   age eviia
`i   he web ad eciey idei(cid:12)e i iai 
`i iea eviiai  che e. Seci  3  vide
`a i d ci   he geea  be  a ciaed
`wih gahica echai  f  web b wig ad
`age eviiai . Seci  4 he addee he
` ei  f h w  gahicay eee idivid
` a age  ha hey ca be eadiy idei(cid:12)ed ad
`diig ihed f he age. Seci  5 ivei
`gae he eaed  ei  f h w  gaie he
`diay f ie age.   webView ye i
`decibed i Seci  6. Seci  7  aie he
`ae ad idei(cid:12)e dieci  f   f he w k.
`
`2 Reviiai   he web
`wih iea avigai 
`
`  hi eci  we dic  why age eviiai  i a
`f da ea aciviy i web avigai  ad we ex
`a ie he i iai  f iea eviiai  che e.
`
`2.1 Daa  web age eviiai 
`
`Fig e 1: C aive UR ec ece ae agai
`hi y diace bewee age exaced f
`Ta che ad Geebeg 1997.
`
`he e had evi y ee. They a f d a
` g ececy e(cid:11)ec whee he  ecey vi
`ied age wee  ikey  be viied ex. Fig
` e 1   he c aive eceage UR ec 
`ece ae a a  ig  agai he hi y di
`ace bewee age viied. F  exa e hee i
`a 39 chace ha he ex age wi be wihi
`he ix  ecey viied age. The  dy
`a idicae ha Back i he d ia ieface
` echai ed f  age eviiai  acc ig
`f  e ha 30 f a avigai a ac  he
` die e  ha i acc  f  37 ; Caedge 
`ik w 1995. he eviiai  faciiie wee
` ed ife ey:
`f  exa e e ha 3 f 
`b k ak ad e ha 1 f  hi y ye .
`Ta che  Geebeg   dy  vide  we
`f evidece ha age eviiai  i a f da ea
`e ie e i web avigai .  a h w ha
`whie ay eviiai  ah ae back  age
`ha have bee ee ecey hee i a a eed
` e   e dia age. F  exa e Fig
` e 1 h w ha hee i a 19 chace ha he
`ex age he e vii wi be e ha ix age
`away f he c e age  ea ed i e  f
`ececy.
`
`Ta che  Geebeg 1997 aayed ae
` f web eviiai  by ggig he e aci  f
`wey hee e wih a eciay e ied ve
`i  f X aic2.6. D ig a ix week ei d hey
`f d ha 58 f age vii wee  age ha
`
`2.2 Advaage ad i iai  f
`iea avigai 
`
`A vaiey f iea avigai  che e ca be i
`e eed ig y he web b we  Back ad
`
`2
`
`

`

`F wad b   a decibed i Geebeg 
`C ckb  1999.
`Ah gh each f hee echi e ha eaive
` ei ad diadvaage wih eec  i c 
`ea i geea hee ae w aj  advaage
` f age eviiai  baed  he Back ad F wad
`b  . Fi i i c giivey de adig i
`ha hee i ie eed f  decii  akig| e
`eed y eeaedy cick he Back b   i ei
`he he deied age i diayed  i he a
` f he Back i i eached. Sec d i i vi ay
`c ac|he w b   c  e ii a cee
`ea eae ad f  hi ea  i i ea abe f 
` e  kee he  e ae diay wihi
`hei b we; c e ey hey ae away eady
` had.
`The i iai  f iea che e ca be gee
`aied a f w.
`
` eÆciecy i age daa e. Reviiig dia
`age i ab i  ad i e c  ig e iig
` ay cick f he Back b   ad he a ciaed
`ediay f ay age i he b we1.
`
`i ied acce. The ack baed che e  
` ed by c e c ecia b we y a w
`a  b e f age  be eviied beca e f he
`bach  ig ha cc  whe age ae  ed
` (cid:11) he   f he ack C ckb    e 1996.
`
`Scaabiiy. C e c ecia b we  ch a
`ic  f ee Ex e ae ic  aig (cid:12)e
` aage e caabiiie i hei f ci aiy.
`C e ey he age f daa  ce acceed
`h gh ‘web b we i ikey  da aicay i
`ceae a wi he e  a age f daa ee e
`ha he e wi wa  evii.
`
`C ex. iea che e give he e a ige
`view i|he c e age|i he if  ai 
`ace h gh which hey ae avigaig. The
` e  ee f ieai  wihi he if  ai 
`ace i heef e eiey deede  hei e
` y f evi y viied age ad he c e f
`he c e age.
`
` ey f eeeai . iea i de he
` e  aci  i he web i e di ei  ye
`
`1Web b we  w    h  c  e  a ciaed
`wih he Back ad F wad b   b  we c ide hee
`echi e  be ‘gahica echai  a dic ed ae
`i he ae.
`
`he deyig if  ai  ace i e h ey
` deed i w  hee di ei .
`
`3 Gahica che e f  age
`eviiai 
`
`Gahica veview a have g bee ed 
`he e vec e he di ieai  a ciaed
`wih avigaig h gh hyeex iee 1990.
`  hi ae we e a b ad ieeai  f
`‘gahica che e  ic de ay echi e ha
` vide a eeeai  f ie age  ch
`a e  vi a i ad 2D  3D edeig f
`web ace.
`iea avigai 
`Each f he i iai  f
`che e ca  eiay be eaed  e ved
`h gh gahica vi aiai  f web ace. The
`abiiy f gahica diay  eee ii 
` f idivid a daa  i addee he i e f
`caabiiy ad i ied acce. The  be  f i
`eÆciecy i age daa e ca be ed ced 
`vided he e ca ideify age i he gahica
`eeeai  beca e age ca be diecy ac
`ceed f hei eeeai . Fiay gahi
`ca veview ca evea he  c e ad eai 
`hi bewee age heig e ie he eve
`i he if  ai  ace ad vec ig he  b
`e  f c ex ad h ey f eeeai .
`Eve if hi  eia c d be aaied hee
`e ai a f da ea  be c f dig he
` e f gahica che e f  web avigai . Ue
` ake c i a ade (cid:11) bewee he cee ea
`eae c  ed by aicai  ad he va e f
`he if  ai   vided. f e ca  ccef y
`avigae  e   f he i e wih  gahi
`ca aid hey ae ikey  e ve ic ify  b y
`he gahica wid w. ce he gahica aid i
` ge viibe i bec e vehead  ediay
`i: he    i (cid:11)e i  ge eady  had.
`Gahica b wig aid  heef e axi ie
`he va e f he if  ai  hey ee ad d
` ig ii a cee ea eae. The f wig
` beci  adde w  ei  ha f c   hi
`i e. Fi h w ca each age be be eeeed
`i a gahica diay. Sec d h w ca he di
`ay be gaied  be evea he eai hi
`bewee age.
`
`3
`
`

`

`4
`
`  e i gahica age e
`eeai 
`
`The idea age eeeai  i a gahica diay
`w d a w i ediae ad i e idei(cid:12)cai 
` f he age whie c  ig y ii a cee
`ea eae. age idei(cid:12)cai  wi be aided if i i
`diayed wihi he c ex f eaed eighb 
`ig age b  i hi eci  we f c   ey 
`echi e ha ca be ed  ideify idivid a
`age.
`Thee caeg ie f echi e f  age idei(cid:12)ca
`i  ae eeed i he f wig eci : i age
` f he edeed age ex a eeeai  f he
`age ad abac  eie f he age. ay
` f he echi e dic ed ca be c bied  e
`if ce age idei(cid:12)cai  a de aed by he
`webView ye Seci  6.
`
`4.1 age f he edeed age
`
`iia ized ‘h bai age i age ca be a 
` aicay ca ed a each age i edeed i he
`web b we. A w caig fac  age h b
`ai age ae eadiy idei(cid:12)abe f h b
`ai b  i age  aiy degade a ize i ed ced.
`Fig e 2 c ae he e(cid:11)ec wih a age ha c 
`ai evea age diicy c ed egi   
` w ad wih a age ha i a  eiey ex
`b   w.
`The diic c ed b ck i Fig e 2 ake
`he age idei(cid:12)abe a  a ize b  eve a age
`ize Fig e 2  vide few vi a aid  age ide
`i(cid:12)cai . The  be  ae f he exacebaed by
`he c ie age ye c ed backg d
`fa e bae ad   ed wihi web ie.
`Fig e 3 h w he   diici  bewee f 
`di(cid:11)ee age wihi he Cagay C  e Sci
`ece web ie wih h bai ha ae 50 ixe
`wide.
`  eaiy c ai  cee ea eae
` ake ic  f eve hi de ize ikey  
`ifeae: f  exa e he ic  ed i (cid:12)e b we
` ch a ic  f  Ex e ae a xi aey 15
`by 10 ixe.
`Z ig echi e ca be ed  eae he  b
`e  f w diici  bewee age a  a ize.
` aicG Aye  Sak 1995 a w e 
`z i ad  f i diay f age h bai.
`adi igh we Rig ef a Bede  
`
`f
`12.
`
`g
`16.
`
`h
`25.
`
`50
`
`i
`ixe
`wide.
`
`j 100 ixe wide.
`
`Fig e 2: The Cagay C  e Sciece e
`age www.cc. cagay.ca ad a ex age a
`vayig ixe widh.
`
` a 1998 ad webView Seci  6    di
`cee ize f h bai: he  a i age ae ag
`i(cid:12)ed a he e ve he e ve he . The
`Daa  ai R be  Czewiki a 
`R bbi Thie  va Dazich 1998  vide a 3D
`vi aiai  f a age e f web age h bai.
`Whe he e eec a age a ai aed z ig
`echi e agi(cid:12)e i ad ve i f wad i he
` e  f c . The Daa  ai a e a vaiey
` f ai ai  c e  eif ce he e  awaee
` f he aia gaiai  f h bai i age ee
`Seci  5. The ad Bede   a 1994
`
`Fig e 3: F  age wihi he Cagay C  e
`Sciece ie a 50 ixe wide.
`
`4
`
`

`

`highy  fei a. F  exa e he bak ey
`‘7 i Fig e 4 e ed f a abe ie i he
`age (cid:11)eig ‘ e f  ic  f  ee
`Ex e www. ic  f.c /ie/if /defa .
`a.  aea ha ay age a h  ae e
`c ceed ab  he acc acy f ie ag which
`ae   ay ‘hidde i he ie ba f he wid w
`ha hey ae ab  he eeai  ad if  a
`i  c e f he ai wid w.
`
`Exceive/i Æcie ie c iecy.  i c
`   (cid:12)d a e f age wih ideica  a
`  ideica ie. Sie ha e T fa e
`ae aic ay  be aica beca e ie if 
` ai  e ai c a whie he e avigae
`h gh age c aied wihi he fa e.
`A abece f c iecy i ie f  a ca a
`f ae age idei(cid:12)cai . Eie ‘1 ad ‘2
`i Fig e 4 de ae   ie f  a c i
`ecy i degad ae c e h e age eied
`‘CSC 681 e age ad ‘ e age f  he
`c e CSC481: F dai  ad icie f
` a C  e eaci  . Ah gh hee ie
`acc aey decibe he age c e he ack f
`c iecy i hei eeai  c icae ad
` w age idei(cid:12)cai .
`
` g ie ad  cai . ay gahica echa
`i  c ai he  be f chaace ha ca
`be (cid:12) i he avaiabe diay ace. T cai 
`i ed  h e he ie egh  b  hi ca e
` ve eeia if  ai  f  age idei(cid:12)cai .
`Eie ‘1  ‘3 ad ‘10 i Fig e 4 de ae
` cai  ad i ey ‘1 he aj  age idei
`(cid:12)cai  c e ‘CSC 481 ha bee e ved f he
`diayed ie.
`
`he ex  ce. e iic echi e c d a
`e   exac ex ie f a vaiey f  ce
` he ha he <Tie> ag  ch a f he a
`j  headig ex f  he age  f he (cid:12) few
`eece f he b dy f he age. Thee echi e
`ae a  be aica f  iace <1> i fe
`iei ay ied i age ha ey  gahi
`ca bae f  age headig.
`
`Exici e a ai . Ah gh exici e
` ied a ai  ae ikey  be exe ey ac
`c ae ad deciive f  ha aic a e i
`i ikey ha e wi be wiig   y a
`ai  f  ayhig he ha he  fe ey
`
`Fig e 4: ecae aviga   Back e  h w
`ig ex exaced f <Tie> ag.
`
`z abe web b we decibed i Bede 
`a Sewad R ge Vick Rig G e  F yhe
`1999 iegae b we f ci aiy wihi each
` f he iia ied age eeeai  a wig
` h aii  bewee h bai i age ad
`b wig aci . WebView a  aicay ca e
`a z abe h bai i age f each age diayed
`i ecae Seci  6.1.
`
`4.2 Tex a age eeeai 
`
`Sevea ex baed echai  ca be ed  a
`i age idei(cid:12)cai . Thee ic de he age
`UR he <Tie> ad <1> ex i he age 
`T  ce a e f ex f he b dy f he
`age ad exici e a ai .
`UR ae i aiy achie ieed. Whie
` e ie addee ca be eadiy aed ad
`ec gied by e f  exa e ecae.c 
` ic  f.c  ac . g   a ie ae ea
`igf ad we eve ah  eci(cid:12)c age ae f
`i ied e.
`Tie exaced f he <Tie> ag i he
`age   ce ae ae fe   idei(cid:12)e f age
`c e.  be  wih ie a(cid:11)ec a wide age
` f avigai  aid ic dig he ‘Back ad ‘F 
`wad e    ed by ecae ad ic  f
` ee Ex e Fig e 4 hei hi y i ad
`gahica veview a. Tiig  be  ic de
`he f wig.
`
`E e  ad iig ie. ay age  vide
`ie   ef if  ai  ab  he c e
` f he age eve  age ha ae ae hewie
`
`5
`
`

`

`viied age.
`
`WebView exac a ie f he <Tie> ag
`whe avaiabe ad e he age UR whe 
`avaiabe. Ue ca ch e  have b h he UR
`ad he ie ex diayed i ae y. The
`i  a i e h weve i ha he ex a ci
`aed wih he age eeeai  i y e f
`evea c e f  age idei(cid:12)cai .
`
`4.3 Abac age  eie
`
`Abac age  eie ca be ed  eif ce
`age idei(cid:12)cai  echi e.  aic a e
` a if  ai  ab  he fe ecy ad i ig
` f evi  vii ay he e  ideify age.
`ecae ad ic  f ee Ex e b h e
`e  a if  ai  i hei hi y view f a
`vii.
`Gahica eeeai  f ‘d gea  vide
`a aeaig eah  ha ca be ed  ca
` e evea idei(cid:12)cai  c e. Exici d gea|
`baed  a eah  f f dig d w he c e
` f a b k age|a w a a a ea f  ak
`ig age. ici d gea|a  aicay ceaed
`ad di(cid:12)ed|ca be ed  evea he  be f
`vii  a age. F he ic ic echai  ca
`be ed  evea he i ig f (cid:12) ad  e
`ce acce  he age. Fig e 5 h w a web
`View h bai age i age ha ic de d gea
`ad ic ic idei(cid:12)cai  c e. The ed d gea a
`he   ef f he h bai i a exici d gea
`ha he e ca add by cickig  ‘b k ak
`he age. The gee hadig i he d gea i he
`  ef f he h bai bec e dee wih each
`vii  he age. The b e (cid:13)ahe  he igh had
`ide f he d gea idicae he i e f he (cid:12) ad
`a acce  he age whee he b  f he
`h bai e ae  he ede age i he diay
`ad he   f he h bai e ae  he c e
`i e. WebView  d gea ae f he decibed i
`Seci  6.
`
`5
`
`  e i  c a gai
`ai  f age diay
`
`Thi eci  dic e i e i gaiig he di
`ay f ay age. F  che e ae decibed:
`h b ad  ke echi e ha deic he e 
`
`Fig e 5: WebView  d gea eah  f  ca 
`ig b k ak e  a  eie f age viia
`i  ad he vii c .
`
`avigai a bachig aci ; aia che e
`ha ex i he e  e y f  he aia ca
`i  f bjec; ie a ha de he hyica
` age cai  f age; ad e  a che e.
`The eaive ei f each gaiai a che e
`ae dic ed ad ye  de aig each
`echi e ae  ed. ybid che e ca a be
` ed a de aed by he webView   ye
`decibed i he f wig eci .
`
`5.1 b ad  ke dya ic ee
`
` b ad  ke dya ic ee ae geeaed i e
` e  he e  avigai a ac. Each i e
`a ew age i viied i i added  he diay 
`gehe wih a ik h wig he c eci  bewee
`he evi  age ad he ew e. Vai  gah
`dawig ag ih  ca be ed  geeae he di
`ay wih c ideai  f cycic age ik e
` ig i ee ike diay Fig e 5 eed di
`ay Fig e 6 ad ‘whee ike h b ad  ke
`diay C ckb    e 1996. Tee ad e
`ig diay ceay deic he hieachica eai 
`hi bewee ae age ad ibig ik.
`The i ay advaage f h b ad  ke dy
`a ic ee i ha
`hey c e gicay e
`aed age
`ideede f hei hyica
` ca
`i . Thee ae w ai diadvaage f h b ad
` ke dya ic ee. Fi beca e each bach
`ig avigai a ac i eaed a a ew  ke f
`he c e age hee i eici   he eig
`eve f he diay. Sec d h b ad  ke b w
`ig f c e  e viiai  ad (cid:11)e ie  
`   f  iiia age acce. WebView eae he
`(cid:12)  be by ceaig a ew   eve bach i
`he ee f  each ew ie added  he diay. The
`h b ad  ke c eci  bewee age a di(cid:11)e
`
`6
`
`

`

`e ie i diayed ig gahica ik. We
`bView a aiay eae he ec d  be by
`aig he T c e f each viied age a
` wig h c  avigai   he  ke e aaig
`f ay c e age. R be  ec ie  y
`e 1998 we e age f he by e fechig
`age  a e eci(cid:12)ed deh. Ceay hee ae
`ef  ace c  ic ed by e fechig age
`e f age.
`Sye  de aig h b ad  ke dya ic
`ee ic de  aicG Aye  Sak 1995 web
`e C ckb    e 1996 a ad baed
`b we Bede  e a. 1999 ad adi
`igh we e a. 1998. WebView  i e ea
`i  f h b ad  ke eeeai  i decibed
`i Seci  6.
`
`5.2 Saia ay 
`
`Saia gaiai  ai  ex i e e  e
` y f  he aia cai  f bjec. Ue exic
`iy  ii  age eeeai   ch a h b
`ai i a 2D  3D ace ad he cai  he
`eve a a addii a c e  age idei(cid:12)cai .
`R be  e a. 1998 h w ha wih a daa
`e f 100 age he Daa  ai|a 3D aia
` gaiai  f age| vide aiicay igif
`ica i  ve e i he i e ad e  ae
` f age acce whe c aed wih ee Ex
` e  fav ie iiy.
`The i ay diadvaage f aia echi e
`i ha e  exiciy  ii  age wihi
`he if  ai  ace acig b h a c giive ad
` ai aive b de  he e. Fi hey 
`decide h w  caeg ie he age ad c e ey
`decide whee he age h d be caed. ackay 
`1988  dy f e ai age  gge ha whie
` e e a ay caeg ize if  ai  he
`d  . avig caeg ied he age ad decided
`whee i h d be caed he e  ve i
` he deied cai . The c biai  f hee
`aciviie ay be acceabe  e wh wih
` i y gace a a age ad g  he ex.
` f age a e a defa  cai   fee he e
`f havig  exiciy eec a cai  hee i a
`ik ha he defa  egi  ay bec e exceivey
`c eed ed cig he e  abiiy  cae e
`ci(cid:12)c age.
`Sye  de aig aia gaiai  ech
`i e ic de WebF age ik w  Bhaa 1996
`
`ad Daa  ai R be  e a. 1998.
`
`5.3 Sie a
`
`Sie a h w a   gy f he hyica  age
` cai  f age. They ae   ay geeaed
`aicay|a a bach  ce i   he e 
`avigai   he ie|ad ce geeaed hey
`ca be ade avaiabe  a ie vii . age
`eeeai  wihi ie a ae   ay ac
`ive a wig e  avigae diecy  age by
`cickig.
`The i ay advaage f ie a i hei c v
`eage. A age a a ie ca be ic ded i he
`ie a aidig he e  ieai  ad aviga
`i  ac  he eie ie. Saicay geeaed ie
` a ca    iiia acce  age a we a
`eviiai   age evi y ee.
`Ah gh he wide c veage f ie a (cid:11)e
`advaage i a ea ha he eeeai 
`i ikey  h w ay e age ha he e
`eed h  eceaiy c eig he diay.
`Thee ae he diadvaage f baig he ie
` a   gy  he hyica cai  f age:
`i aic a he hyica cai  f age eed
`  e(cid:13)ec e aic eai hi ad age  he
`a e  ic a di(cid:11)ee ie wi be exc ded f
`he diay.
`Sye    ig ie a ic de he hy
`eb ic b we a ig Ra  i i 1995
`he avigai a View B ide  khejea  F ey
`1995 WebViz ik w  Bhaa 1996. WebView
` e aia ie a  eae he  be f exce
`ive eig ha cc  wih h b ad  ke ga
`iai  Seci  6.
`
`5.4 Te  a gaiai 
`
`Te  a gaiai  che e ex i he e 
` e y f  he i ig f hei aci . F  e
`cey acceed age a vaiey f iea Back ad
`F wad eviiai  che e ae eÆcie ad eay
` e Geebeg  C ckb  1999. F  e
` ay dia age acce i e eg e ca be
` ed. F  exa e ic  f ee Ex e 
`hi y echai a w e  view he a few
`day week ad h. ay age ae ikey
` be ee wihi c ae gaied e  a eg
` e  ch a ‘a h  ad i i heef e ec
`eay  e ec day caeg iai  echi e
`
`7
`
`

`

` ai age idei(cid:12)cai .
`WebView  diay f viied age ic de ev
`ea c e ab  e  a aciviy. The d gea
`a ciaed wih each age ic de c e ab  he
`fe ecy f age acce ee Fig e 5 ad i di
`ay i gaied   vide a e  a deig f
`viied ie a ig ha he c e ie i away
`a a c ie cai  i he diay.
`
`5.5 Diay gaiai :  ay
`
`The caabiiie ad eaive ei f he f 
`diay gaiai  echi e decibed ae 
` aied i Tabe 1.
`
`6 The webView   ye
`
`  iveigai  f gahica web avigai  ha
`bee aied by he deve  e f   ye y
`e . The webView   ye h w i Fig e 6
`e d  ad c   avigai  i ecae
`aviga 2. The f wig eci  dic  web
`View  echai  f  aiig idivid a age
`idei(cid:12)cai  f  gaiig he diay f ay
`age ad f    ig avigai  h c .
`
`6.1 age idei(cid:12)cai 
`
`age idei(cid:12)cai  i webView i aided by a c bi
`ai  f ex ie z abe h bai ad d
`gea.
`Whe a <Tie> ag ca be exaced f
`T i i h w a gide he age h bai
` hewie he age UR i h w. The ‘View e
`a w he e  eec whehe he ie ad/ 
`he age UR ae h w i he diay.
`WebView ca e a h bai i age f each
`ew age ce i i aded i ecae. The de
`fa  h bai ize i 25 ixe high which i 
`exeiece i c e  he ii ize f  age
`idei(cid:12)cai . Whe he e ve he e ve
`a h bai i i i ediaey agi(cid:12)ed  a heigh
` f 64 ixe which  vide a  wef idei(cid:12)ca
`i  c e. Fig e 7a h w he z ed ‘ ec
`h bai.
`
`2 eaci  wih aeed vei 
` f ecae
`eabed
`by ecae 
`e e
`c 
`faciiie
`i
`h e.ecae.c /ewef/d/x e e   .h .
`
`Fig e 6: The webView   ye.
`
`Exici ad i ici d gea f he aid age
`idei(cid:12)cai . Th bai i age ca be exiciy
` aked wih a ed d gea i he b  ef c e
`by cickig wih he idde e b   f  ex
`a e he ‘ ec h bai i Fig e 7a. The
`d gea i he   ef c e f each h bai idi
`cae he viiai  c  f  each age bec ig
` geivey dee gee wih each eviiai  
`he age.
`
`6.2 age gaiai 
`
`WebView  age diay gaiai  i a hybid f
`h b ad  ke ie a ad e  a echi e.
`The ee eeeai  i dya icay geeaed
` e(cid:13)ec he e  avigai a ac wihi he
`b we. The c e age away aea wihi
`he    bach f he ee ad i idei(cid:12)ed
`by c ig he age  ex ed.
`Whe he e avigae  a ew age a a
`
`8
`
`

`

`  e
`
` b ad  ke
`
`Saia
`
`Sie a
`
`Whe geeaed?
`
`C veage
`S   f  iiia
`age acce?
`S   f  age e
`viiai ?
`Diay ai ed 
` e  iee?
`Se aic g ig
` f eaed age i
`diay?
`
`i ay advaage
`
`i ay diadva
`age
`
`Dya icay.  d
`e e  aci .
`
`A viied age.
`7 ?
` ke h 
`c  i webView
`4
`
`Ex
`Dya icay.
`iciy
` ii ed
`by e.
`A viied age.
`7
`
`Saicay   dy
`a icay  a ec
`i(cid:12)ed ik deh.
`A ie age.
`4 wihi ie
`
`4
`
`4 7 ie y
`
`4
`
`4
`
`b wig
`Revea
`ah wihi
`ad
`ac  ie.
`diay
`Exceive
`eig wih g
`b wig ah.
`
`4
`
`7  de ie  
`aci 
`4 exici by e 4 ?
`hyica
` cai  eed  
` de e aic e
`ai hi
`C ee ie c ve
`age    ie
`ai  wihi ie.
`Revea a  ee
` f
`‘ieeig
`age.
`
` cai   vide a
`c e  age idei(cid:12)
`cai .
`Exici aci  ec
`eay   ii 
`age eeeai .
`
`Te  a
`
`Dya icay.
`
`A viied age.
`7
`
`4
`
`4
`
`? 4 a ig e
`vii e aicay e
`aed age
`i e
` ece.
`Rececy i a c e 
`age idei(cid:12)cai .
`
`Sec day  c e
`eceay f  e 
`ay dia age
`e.g. ‘a h .
`
`Tabe 1: S aiig he caabiiie ad ei f diay gaiai  echi e.
`
`g ih dee ie whee i i ieed i he
`gahica ee. Fi he ie f he ew age i
`c aed wih he ie f he evi  age.
` f
`hey ae he a e he he ew age i ieed a
`he (cid:12) ibig f he evi  age. f he ie ae
`di(cid:11)ee he a check i ade  ee whehe ay
`age i he diay i caed a he a e ie a
`he ew age. f   he ew age i ieed a he
`(cid:12) ibig f he   eve age a ha ie. f  
`he ew age i ieed a a ew   eve bach
`i he ee. The (cid:12)a aci  f he ag ih i 
`ake he eie bach ha c ai he ew age
`ad ve i  he   f he gahica ee diay
` aiai a e  a deig f ie.
`
`Th gh hi ag ih  he gahica ee 
`vide a cea deici  f he h b ad  ke ea
`i hi bewee age caed a he a e ie
`whie av idig he  be f c i ay icea
`ig he eig deh.  de  eee c 
`ie h b ad  ke eai hi a ie i daw be
`wee he evi  ad ew age whe hey eide
`a di(cid:11)ee ie. F  exa e he ie ad a w i
`Fig e 7b h w ha he e avigaed  he
`‘C ic Viae f  Sa Geebeg age f
`he ‘Dad Geebeg age. The ve e f he
`ie bach c aiig he c e age  he  
` f he ee aiai a e  a deig f viied
`ie ad a e ha he c e age ca away
`
`Z ig
`a
`h bai.
`
`a
`
`b Di(cid:11)ee ie h b
`ad  ke ik.
`
`be ee ea he   f he diay. Sie ha he
` e ha   avigaed  f   e i e diaea
` (cid:11) he b  f he wid w b  hey ca be e
`viied by c ig.
`
`6.3 avigai  h c 
`
`A we a e dig  e aci  ha ae ii
`iaed a he web b we webView ca be ed 
`c  age diay i