Ulrich Reimers
`
`DVB
`
`LGE 1008
`
`LGE 1008
`
`1
`
`

`

`Ulrich Reimers
`
`DVB
`
`The Family of International Standards
`for Digital Video Broadcasting
`
`Second Edition
`
`With 261 Figures
`
`g) Springer
`
`2
`
`

`

`Professor Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Reimers
`
`Professor Dr.-Ing. Frank Fechter
`Dipl.-Ing. Heiko Foellscher
`Dr.-Ing. Dirk Jaeger
`Dipl.-Ing. Christian Johansen
`Dipl.-Ing. Frank Klinkenberg
`Dr.-Ing. Uwe Ladebusch
`Dipl.-Ing. Volker Leisse
`
`Dipl.-Ing. Claudia Liss
`Dr.-Ing. Martin Piastowski
`Professor Dr.-Ing. Christof Ricken
`Dr.-Ing. Alexander Roy
`Dipl.-Ing. Ulrich Schiek
`Dr.-Ing. Markus Trauberg
`Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Verse
`
`Technische Universitat Braunschweig
`Institut fiir Nachrichtentechnik
`(Braunschweig Technical University
`Institute for Communications Technology)
`Schleinitzstr. 22
`D-38092 Braunschweig
`u.reimers@tu-bs.de
`
`Originally published as a monograph
`
`Library of Congress Control Number: 2004102304
`
`ISBN 978-3-642-07807-1
`DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-11577-0
`
`ISBN 978-3-662-11577-0 (eBook)
`
`This workis subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole orpart of the materialis
`concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
`broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of
`this publication or parts thereofis permitted only underthe provisions ofthe German Copyright Law
`of September9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
`Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH.
`Violationsare liable for prosecution under German Copyright Law.
`
`springeronline.com
`
`© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005
`Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2005
`
`The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,etc. in this publication does not
`imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
`protective laws and regulations and thereforefree for general use.
`
`Typesetting: Camera ready copy from author
`Cover-Design: Design & Production, Heidelberg
`Printed on acid-free paper
`62/3020 Rw 543210
`
`3
`
`

`

`Preface of the 2" Edition
`
`The first English edition of the book “Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)”
`was published at the end of the year 2000. It was based upon the second
`German edition andreflected the developments in the world of DVB as of
`the end of 1998. Onlyayearafterthe sales of the first English edition began,
`Springer publishers asked for a new, completely updated version of the
`book. This request wasa result of the very favourable acceptance of the book
`by its readers. The revision provided me with the opportunity to incorporate
`those reports of the many new developments in the world of DVB which
`could notbe reflected in the first English edition.
`A new team of authors gathered to add new sections to the book. Again
`they all are or once were researchers working with meat the Institute for
`Communications Technology (Institut fiir Nachrichtentechnik - IfN) at
`Braunschweig Technical University (Technische Universitat Braunschweig)
`in Germany. They contributed to the work of the relevant ad-hoc groupsof
`the Technical Module of the DVB Project, of which I am the chairman, and
`therefore were able to provide highly informed insider reports about the
`most recent results of the developmentsin the world of DVB.
`In preparing the second English edition we decided to update chapter1,
`the introduction to the DVB world (Reimers) and to considerably enlarge
`section 5.4 dealing with Service Information (Foellscher). In Chapter u,
`which describes DVB-T the standard for terrestrial transmission, we added
`the latest results of chip and receiver implementations and describe in some
`detail the capabilities of DVB-T when used by mobile receivers (Liss, Dr.
`Roy). A new chapter 12 was added in order to describe the use of DVB for
`data broadcasting (Foellscher). Among the most recent additionsto the set
`of DVB standards are those enabling the offering of interactive services.
`These are now described in chapter 13 (Leisse, Dr.Piastowski). Chapter 14
`deals with the Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) (Klinkenberg, Schiek).
`The MHPis a software platform to be usedin all kinds of terminal devices.It
`is specified by the most complex of all DVB standards so far and promises to
`become a real global success. The previous section on Measurement Tech-
`niques has now becomechapter15.
`
`4
`
`

`

`vi
`
`Preface of the 2™ Edition
`
`I wish to thank Springer publishers, for their support in producing the
`bookandin particular Dr. Dieter Merkle and Ms. Heather King.
`I very much hope that this completely revised and amendededition will
`be received well by its readers.
`
`Braunschweig, Summer 2004
`
`Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Reimers
`
`5
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`Digital Television (“Digital TeleVision Broadcasting” [DTVB] or “Digital
`Video Broadcasting” [DVB]) has become oneof the most exciting develop-
`ments in the area of consumerelectronicsat the end of the twentieth century.
`The term digital television is not typically used either to describethe digitisa-
`tion of the production studio or to indicate the adventof digital signal proc-
`essing in the integrated circuits used in television receivers. Rather, digital
`television refers to the source coding of audio, data and video signals, the
`channel coding and the methodsfor the transport of DVBsignalsviaall kinds
`of transmission media. The term normally also embraces the technologies
`used for the return path from the consumerback to the programmeprovider,
`techniques for scrambling and conditionalaccess, the concepts of data broad-
`casting, the software platforms used in the terminal devices, as well as the
`user interfaces providing easy access to DVBservices.
`The aim of this book is to describe the technologies of digital television.
`The descriptionrefers to a point in time at which muchofthe technical devel-
`opmentworkhadtaken place. No doubt, in the future there will inevitably be
`a considerable numberof modifications and additionsto the list of technical
`documents describing the technologies used for DVB. The performancedata
`of the DVB systems,specifically of the one used for terrestrial transmission,
`are still in the process of being evaluated in many countries throughoutthe
`world. In some respects this book must therefore be regardedas a report on
`the present intermediate stage of the developmentofdigital television and of
`the practical experience gained so far. I nevertheless consider it timely to
`present such a report, since at the date of its publication DVB will have be-
`come a marketreality in many countries.
`The focus is on the developments within, and the achievements of, the
`“Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)”in the area of source coding of
`audio and video signals, followed by an extended description of the work
`and the results of the “DVB Project”, the international body dealing with
`the design of all the other technical solutions required for the successful
`operation of digital television. The combination of the specifications de-
`signed by MPEG and those designed by the DVB Project has led to the
`overall system that we can nowcall digital television. The system for the
`
`6
`
`

`

`viii
`
`Preface
`
`terrestrial transmission of MPEG signals presented by the “Advanced Tele-
`vision Systems Committee (ATSC)” will not be described in detail in this
`book. This system will be used in the United States of America, in Canada,
`Mexico and someother parts of the world. It uses vestigial side-band mo-
`dulation (VSB) of a single carrier per channel, and sound coding called
`Dolby AC-3. VSB will be explained in the chapter dealing with modulation
`techniques.
`The book addresses readers who wish to gain an in-depth understanding
`of the techniques usedfor digital television. They should already have a good
`knowledge of the existing analoguetelevision systems and should know the
`properties of analogue audio andvideosignals. They should also have some
`understandingof the techniquesusedin digital signal origination anddigital
`signal processing.
`Chapter 1 is an introduction to the DVB world.It presents an overview of
`the whole DVB scenario and answers the very fundamental questions con-
`cerning the goals of the developmentof digital television. It describes the
`state of technical developments andtries to evaluate several scenarios for the
`introduction of services using the different transmission media.
`Chapter 2 recapitulates the fundamentals of the digitisation of audio and
`video signals. It explains the parameters chosen for the digitisation, such as
`the quantisation scales and the sampling frequencies, and derives the result-
`ing data rates. On the basis of the figures presented in chapter 2 the funda-
`mentals of source coding of audio and video signals are described in chapters
`3 and 4, respectively. The primary goal of source codingis to reduce the data
`rate for the representation of audio and videosignals in such a waythat no de-
`terioration of the perceptual quality results or, at most, only a well-defined
`one.In this way the resources required for the transmission and/orstorage of
`the signals can be limited.
`Before the data-reducedsignals can actually be transmitted they have to be
`amalgamatedinto a system multiplex. Tools for the synchronisation of audio
`and video,auxiliary data neededfor the description of the multiplex and of
`the programmecontent conveyed bythat multiplex, teletext data, and a great
`deal of other information need to be added. Chapter 5 explains the multiplex-
`ing and thestructure of the auxiliary data.
`Oneof the special features of digital signals is that they can be protected
`against the effects of unavoidable errors occurring during transmission by
`adding forward error correction before the signals are sent. Chapter 6 de-
`scribes methodsof forwarderror correction (FEC)in general. It then concen-
`trates on the two methods used in the DVB world, namely, Reed-Solomon
`coding and convolutional coding.
`Digital modulationis dealt with in chapter7. Here again we highlight those
`methods which are used in DVB (QPSK, QAM, OFDM,VSB).
`
`7
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`ix
`
`The techniques used for the scrambling of digital signals are presented in
`chapter 8. Owingto the very nature of this topicit is impossible to describe in
`detail the specific methods which are used for DVB.
`The three standardsfor the transmission of DVBsignalsviasatellite, on ca-
`ble and via terrestrial networks are described in chapters 9,10 and 11, respec-
`tively. In addition to merely explaining the specific details of the standards,
`we give the performance data and further information regarding the hard-
`ware implementation in the receivers.
`Finally, the methods of measuring and evaluating DVB signals as well as
`audio and video quality are explained in chapter12.
`This bookis the result of the joint effort of several researchers workingat
`the Institute for Communications Technology(Institut fiir Nachrichtentech-
`nik - IfN) at Braunschweig Technical University (Technische Universitat
`Braunschweig) in Germany. The contents are based upona series of seminars
`held for interested European industrial professionals since the beginning of
`1994. To date, over 250 participants have attended such seminars, in which we
`not only present the theoretical background of the DVB systems but demon-
`strate the possibilities of DVB and the existing DVB systemsandservices. In
`nearly all cases the authors report about areas in which they themselves have
`carried out research work. Amongstotherthings, this work hasalready gen-
`erated four doctoral theses. Several of the researchers are - or have been -
`membersof either ad-hoc groups of the DVB Project or of the Moving Pic-
`tures Experts Group (MPEG).
`I wish to thank the authors for their competency and co-operation in meet-
`ing deadlines for the various manuscripts. Ms. Boguslawa Brandt and Ms.Si-
`mone Sengpiel prepared a large numberof the drawings used in this book
`and Dipl.-Ing. Christian Johansen wasresponsible for thefinal co-ordinating
`and editing of the whole text. I extend my thanksto all three of them.
`Thefirst German edition of this book was publishedin 1995. It was followed
`by a revised secondedition in 1997. The English version is based uponthatsec-
`ond German edition. Of course, several amendments portraying develop-
`ments between 1997 and 1998 have been included. Thetranslation from Ger-
`maninto English was done by Ms.Vivienne Bruns and Ms. Anne Kampendonk.
`Iam most grateful to both ladies for having taken onthis very difficult job.
`Dr. George Waters, the former Director of Engineering of the European
`Broadcasting Union (EBU), undertookthe final proofreading of the English
`version. ] am especially indebted to him for his invaluable contributionto the
`quality of the book.
`Springer publishers, and in particular Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Lehnert, were
`competent and active partners in producing the book. My thanks go to them
`for their guidance and assistance during the publication process of the Eng-
`lish version.
`
`8
`
`

`

`
`
`x Preface
`
`Digital television, based on the specifications developed by the DVB Pro-
`ject, would mostcertainly have remained a dream without the co-operation
`of countless researchers and engineers in Europe, North America and Asia
`whowerehighly enthusiastic about the creation ofthe digital television para-
`digm. I have the pleasure of being chairman of the Technical Module of the
`DVBProject and I wish to join the other authors of this book in thankingall
`the DVB colleagues and friends for such a great achievement.
`
`Braunschweig, December 1998
`
`Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Reimers
`
`9
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`1
`Digital Television ~ a First Summary (REIMERS).........
`1
`Definitions and Range of Application. .............
`3
`The Genesis of Recommendationsfor Digital Television.
`.
`.
`.
`.
`5
`Workin the United Statesof America. .............
`Workin Europe... 0. 0 ee 6
`Workin Japan. 2... ee ee
`8
`Objectives in the Developmentof Digital Television. ......
`9
`Data Reduction as the Key to Success... 2.2... 2.20 11
`Possible Means of Transmission for Digital Television. .....
`13
`Standards and Normsin the World of Digital Television.
`. .. .
`17
`The New DVB-Project.. 2... 2... 2. ee ee ee 18
`
`Digitisation and Representation of Audio and Video Signals
`(JOHANSEN)
`. 6. ee ee 21
`Sampling and Quantising.. 2... .... eee ee ee 21
`Digitising Video Signals. ©. 6. ee 22
`ADCs and DACsfor Video Signals...
`. 2... 2... eee.
`24
`Representation of Video Signals... ..........0048.
`26
`Digitising Audio Signals... 2... .........0.02000.
`29
`Representation of Audio Signals... 2... 0.0... .0.0.4.
`30
`ADCs and DACsfor Audio Signals.
`. 2... 2... 2 ee 30
`
`MPEGSource Coding of Audio Signals (FECHTER). ....... 37
`Basics of Bit-rate Reduction. .. 1... 1. eee ee ee ee 37
`Psychoacoustic Basics. 2... ee ee 39
`Threshold of Audibility and Auditory Sensation Area... ...
`39
`Masking. ©... ee ee ee 40
`Source Coding of Audio Signals Utilising the Masking Qualities
`ofthe HumanEar..........0.. 0c ee eee ee eee 44
`Basic Structure of the MPEG Coding Technique. ........ 45
`Coding in Accordance with Layer1 .. 1... .......00.0.
`49
`Coding in Accordance with Layer2 . 2... 2... 2.200.
`51
`Coding in Accordance with Layer3 .. 1... ......000.
`52
`Decoding... 6. ee ee 54
`
`1.1
`
`1.2
`
`1.2.1
`
`1.2.2
`
`1.2.3
`
`1.3
`
`1.4
`
`1.5
`1.6
`
`1.7
`
`2.1
`
`2.2
`
`2.2.1
`
`2.2.2
`
`2.3
`
`2.3.1
`
`2.3.2
`
`3.1
`
`3.2
`
`3.2.1
`
`3.2.2
`
`3:3
`
`3.3.1
`
`3.3.2
`
`3.3.3
`
`3.3.4
`
`3.3.5
`
`10
`
`10
`
`

`

`xii
`
`Preface
`
`54
`
`55
`56
`
`59
`60
`
`60
`
`61
`
`63
`65
`67
`
`70
`
`71
`
`73
`
`75
`78
`
`79
`80
`
`83
`89
`
`91
`
`91
`
`92
`
`94
`
`99
`
`99
`
`103
`
`105
`106
`
`108
`
`111
`
`111
`
`114
`
`115
`
`121
`
`3.3.6
`3-3-7
`
`3-4
`
`The Parameters of MPEG Audio... .. 0... 1 ee ee ee
`MPEG-2 Audio Coding... ...........-0--2200-
`Summary.
`. 6. ee
`
`.
`.
`.
`JPEG and MPEGSource Coding of Video Signals (RICKEN)
`Coding in Accordance withJPEG...............6.
`Block Diagram of Encoder and Decoder ............
`Discrete Cosine Transform...
`. 1... . ee ee ee
`Quantisation.
`. 2... ee
`Redundancy Reduction... 2... . eee ee ee
`Specific Modes... 0. es
`Interchange Format ......... 2. eee ee ee eee
`Coding in Accordance with the MPEG Standards. .......
`Block Diagrams of Encoder and Decoder. ...........
`Motion Estimation.
`. 2... 2... ee ee ee eee ee
`Reordering of Pictures... ........-2..0+02204-
`Data-rateControl.. 2.6... ee ee ee
`Special Featuresof MPEG-1..............-0+0004
`Special Features of MPEG-2.............. 0000.4
`SuMMAary.6 ee
`
`MPEG-2 Systems and Multiplexing (FOELLSCHER, RICKEN) .. .
`Differences between Programme Multiplex and Transport
`Multiplex. ©... ee ee
`Positioning of Systems in the ISO/OSI Layer Model. ......
`End-to-end Synchronisation ...........0.50004
`Service Information .. 1... 0. eee ee ee ee
`PSI/SI Tables and their Insertion into the MPEG-2 Transport
`Stream 6 ww ee
`Section and Table Structure... 2... 0... 2.2.0.0 000.,
`Examples of Table Usage: NITandSDT.............
`Network Information Table (NIT) ...............
`Service Description Table (SDT) ...........00004
`
`Forward Error Correction (FEC) in Digital Television
`Transmission (ROY)... 0... ee ee ee ee
`Basic Observations...
`. 1. ee eee ee tt ee et
`Reed-Solomon Codes... 1... 2 eee ee te ee
`Introduction to the Arithmetic of the Galois Field. .......
`Definition of the RS Code and the Encoding/Decoding
`in the Frequency Domain. ... 1... 2. ee ee ee
`
`4 4
`
`.1.1
`
`4.1.2
`
`4.1.3
`
`4.1.4
`
`4.1.5
`4.1.6
`
`4.2
`
`4.2.1
`
`4.2.2
`
`4.2.3
`
`4.2.4
`
`4.2.5
`4.2.6
`
`4.3
`
`5.2
`
`5-3
`
`5.4
`
`5.4.1
`
`5.4.2
`
`5.4.3
`
`5.4.3.1
`
`5.4.3.2
`
`6.1
`
`6.2
`
`6.2.1
`
`6.2.2
`
`11
`
`11
`
`

`

`Preface—xiii
`
`6.2.3
`6.2.4
`6.2.5
`6.2.6
`
`6.3
`6.3.1
`6.3.2
`6.3.2.1
`6.3.2.2
`6.3.2.3
`6.3.3
`6.3.4
`6.3.5
`6.4
`6.4.1
`6.4.2
`6.4.3
`
`Error Correction Using the RS Code... .........0.6. 122
`Examples of Encoding/Decoding in the Frequency Domain .
`.
`.
`125
`Encoding and Decoding inthe Time Domain .......... 127
`Efficiency of the RS Code... 1... . ee ee ee 128
`Convolutional Codes ... 1... ee ee 129
`Basics of the Convolutional Codes... .......000 20 129
`Examples of Convolutional Encoding and Decoding. ...... 131
`Construction of aModel Encoder... ..........22.04 131
`State Diagram andTrellis Diagram of the Model Encoder... .
`132
`Example of Encoding with Subsequent(Viterbi) Decoding.
`.
`.
`.
`133
`Hard Decision and Soft Decision ..............04. 136
`Puncturing of Convolutional Codes... .........0.04. 138
`Performance of Convolutional Codes ...........008. 138
`Code Concatenation. .... 2... 0. eee eee ee ee 140
`Block-Code Concatenation
`ww ee ee ee ee
`140
`Interleaving. ©... ee 141
`Error CorrectioninDVB ......... 02.02 eee eee 143
`Further Reading... ... 2... ..2. 0-00 2 eee eee 145
`
`Digital Modulation Techniques (JAEGER) ............ 147
`NRZ Baseband Signal... 2... ee ee ee ee 147
`Principles of the Digital Modulation of a Sinusoidal Carrier Signal 153
`Amplitude Shift Keying (2-ASK). .. 6.0.0... .0.00004 155
`Frequency Shift Keying (2-FSK). 6... ....002.0000.
`157
`Phase Shift Keying (2-PSK) .............0..0.08. 158
`Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) ............ 160
`Higher-level Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Vestigial-
`Sideband Modulation(VSB) ..........0.0 008 eee 163
`Digital Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
`...... 167
`Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(OFDM)
`...... 173
`
`7.1
`
`7.2
`
`7.2.1
`
`7.2.2
`
`7.2.3
`
`73
`
`7.4
`
`75
`7.6
`
`Conditional Access for Digital Television (VERSE). ....... 181
`
`9.1
`
`.. 187
`The Satellite Standard and Its Decoding Technique (VERSE)
`The Basics of Satellite Transmission. ...........064 187
`Transmission Distance ..... 1... ee ee ee ee ee 187
`9.1.1
`
`Processing on BoardaSatellite ©... 1... .. 2.0.0. ee ae 188
`9.1.2
`Polarisation Decoupling... ............2.2.200. 190
`9.1.3
`Energy Dispersal .. 2... .
`. eee ee ee ee ee 191
`Signal Reception . 2... 0. ee ee 191
`Reference Data of a Television Satellite with Astra 1D
`asanExample. .. 1...ee 192
`Requirements of the SatelliteStandard ............. 192
`
`9.1.4
`
`9.1.5
`9.1.6
`
`12
`
`12
`
`

`

`xiv
`
`Preface
`
`9.3
`
`9.3.1
`
`9.3.2
`
`9.3.3
`
`9.3.4
`
`9.3.5
`
`9.4
`
`9.4.1
`
`9.4.2
`
`9.4.3
`
`9.4.4
`
`9.4.5
`9.4.6
`
`9.4.7
`
`9.5
`
`9.5.1
`
`9.5.2
`
`9.5.3
`9.6
`
`10
`
`10.1
`
`10.1.1
`
`10.1.2
`
`10.1.3
`10.2
`
`10.3
`
`10.3.1
`
`10.3.2
`
`10.3.3
`10.4
`
`10.4.1
`
`10.4.2
`
`10.4.3
`
`10.4.4
`
`10.4.5
`10.4.6
`10.4.7
`10.4.8
`10.5
`
`10.5.1
`
`10.5.2
`
`Signal Processing atthe Encoder... ...........04.-
`System Overview. 2... ee ee
`Energy Dispersal... 2... ee ee ee ee ee
`Error-protection Coding... 2... ee ee ee
`Filtering . 2. ee
`Modulation. .. 2... ee
`Decoding Technique... ..........0..0000004
`Demodulator.
`. 2... ee ee
`Filtering and Clock Recovery... 2... 0... ee ee eee
`ViterbiDecoder
`. 2... ee ee ee es
`Syne-byte Detector. 2. 2. ee ee
`De-interleaver and RS Decoder... ..........-026.
`Energy-dispersal Remover... 1... 0.0000 eevee
`Baseband Interface... 1... ... 0.0.2.0 02-2 ee eee
`Performance Characteristics of the Standard ..........
`Useful BitRates.. 2... ee ee ee ee
`Required Carrier-to-noise Ratio in the Transmission Channel
`Antenna Diameter... 1... ee ee ee
`Local Terrestrial Transmission. ............004.
`
`The Cable Standard and Its Decoding Technique (JAEGER)
`Cable Transmission Based on the Example of a
`German CATV Network .........0..0.0. 0058000.
`Intermodulation. .. 2... . ee ee ee
`Thermal Noise. 2... ee ee eee
`Reflections.
`. 2... ee ee
`User Requirements of the Cable Standard. ...........
`Signal Processing atthe Encoder. ............24..,
`Conversion of Bytes toSymbol Words .............
`Differential Coding of MSBs ... 2... .....2 020004
`Modulation.
`. 2. ee
`Decoding Technique. .............0200 00048
`Cable Tuner 2... ee ee
`IFInterface.
`. 2... ee ee
`Recovery of the Carrier Signal... 2.2... 0... .
`2 eee
`Generating the Clock Signal.
`. 2... 1... ee eee ee ee
`Demodulation of the QAM Signal... 2... .....0..0.2.
`Differential Decoding of MSBs .............-..64
`Conversion of Symbol Words to Bytes .............
`Detection of MPEG Sync Bytes... 2... .......000-.
`Performance Details of the Standard ..............
`Determination of Useful DataRates............04.
`Carrier-to-noise Ratio Required in the Transmission Channel
`
`194
`
`194
`
`195
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`195
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`197
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`197
`198
`199
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`199
`200
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`201
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`202
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`202
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`209
`210
`212
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`215
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`220
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`230
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`
`13
`
`13
`
`

`

`10.6
`10.7.
`
`DVB Utilisation in Master Antenna Television Networks ... .
`Local Terrestrial Transmission(MMDS).............
`
`233
`235
`
`Preface
`
`xv
`
`11
`
`11.1.
`11.2
`
`The Standard for Terrestrial Transmission and
`........6. 237
`Its Decoding Technique (Liss, REIMERS, ROY)
`~+Basics of Terrestrial Television Transmission .......... 238
`User Requirements for a System for Terrestrial Transmission
`of DVBSignals .. 1.2. eee ee 243
`Encoder Signal Processing... 6... ee ee ee ee 245
`11.3
`Inner Interleaver and Symbol Mapping. ............ 2.45
`11.3.1
`11.3.2 Choosing the OFDM Parameters .............06.. 248
`11.3.3 Arrangement ofthe Transmission Frame ............ 251
`11.4
`Decoding Technique .............-.0005500. 255
`11.4.1 Receiver Classes... 1... ee ee te ee 257
`11.4.2 Straight Forward Technology — the Classical Approach ..... 258
`11.4.2.1 Antenna... 1... ee ee te ee 259
`11.4.2.2Tuner. 2... ee 260
`11.4.2.3 IF Processing...6... 261
`11.4.2.4 DVB-T Decoder Chip... .........0 000020040.
`263
`11.4.3 Enhanced Technologies for DVB-T Reception. ......... 264
`11.4.3.1 Antenna Pre-Amplifiersfor DVB-T ............... 264
`11.4.3.2 One-Chip Silicon Tuner. 2... 2... ee ee ee ee ee
`266
`11.4.3.3 Network Interface Module (NIM) Technology. ......... 267
`11.4.3.4Antenna Diversity 2... ee 269
`11.5
`Hierarchical Modulation ..............2..0008- 270
`11.6
` Featuresofthe Standard..............2.0 050005 274
`11.6.1 Determination of Useful DataRates............0.0. 275
`11.6.2 Required Carrier-to-noise Ratio in the Transmission Channel.
`.
`278
`11.6.3 Features Relevant for Mobile Reception. ............ 280
`
`DVBData Broadcasting (FOELLSCHER). .. 1... 6... ee eee 285
`12
`Basics of Data Broadcasting. .............0..00. 285
`12.1.
`12.2 DataPiping. ©... ee ee ee ee ee ee 286
`12.3 DataStreaming.. 2... 2. ee ee ee 287
`12.3.1 Asynchronous Data Streaming ...........500000. 287
`12.3.2. Synchronous Data Streaming... 1... .. ee ee ee ee 287
`12.3.3 Synchronised Data Streaming. ..............004- 288
`12.4
`Data/Object Carousel... 0... ee ee ee 289
`12.4.1. DataCarousel.......... 2.00.00 eee ee ee ee ee
`289
`12.4.2 ObjectCarousel.
`. 6... ee ee ee 292
`12.5 MultiprotocolEncapsulation ..............0.08.- 295
`12.5.1.
`IPoverDVB.... 0... ee ee et te eh tt ee es 297
`12.6
`System Software Update... 2... . ee ee ee 299
`
`14
`
`14
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`Preface
`
`303
`.
`.
`DVBSolutions for Interactive Services (LEISSE, PIASTOWSKI)
`13
`303
`Interactive Services...
`. 1... ee eee ee ee ee te es
`13.1
`305
`Network-Independent Protocols for DVB Interactive Services.
`.
`13.2
`13.2.1 ProtocolStack ....... 0... ee eee ee ee et ee es 305
`13.2.2 System Model .......... 0.2.00. eee eee 306
`13.2.3 Higher Layer Protocols... 2... 0.0... 0.0.0 ee eee 307
`13.3.
`Network-Dependent Solutions for PSTN, ISDN, DECT,GSM ..
`308
`13.3.1
`Interaction Channel through PSTN/ISDN. ........... 309
`13.3.2.
`Interaction Channel through DECT...............
`310
`13.3.3.
`Interaction Channel through GSM ............... 311
`13.4
`Network-Dependent Solutions for DVB-C, DVB-S and DVB-T .
`313
`13.4.1
`Interaction Channel for Cable TV Distribution Systems...
`.
`.
`313
`13.4.2 Interaction ChannelforLMDS ............020808 320
`13.4.3
`Interaction Channelfor Satellite Distribution Systems ..... 321
`13.4.4 Interaction Channel for Satellite Master AntennaTV......
`323
`13.4.5
`Interaction Channel for Digital Terrestrial Television. ..... 325
`
`331
`The Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) (KLINGENBERG, SCHIEK)
`14
`The Role of Software Platforms in the Receiver. ........ 331
`14.1.
`Some Non-MHPSolutions .............02. 00004 332
`14.2
`14.2.1 ATVEF. 2... 1... et ee 333
`14.2.2 Betanova. .. 0. ee te ee 334
`14.2.3 Liberate...1. 334
`14.2.4 Mediahighway .. 1... 6. ee ee ee 334
`14.2.5 MHEG... 2... .ee 335
`14.2.6 OpenTV . 2... 2. ee ee ee 336
`14.2.7. Migration Concepts.
`. 2... ee ee ee ee 337
`14.3 MHPi.0....... 0... pe eee et ee ee ee 337
`14.3.1 Basic Architecture...
`. 1... eee ee ee et 338
`14.3.2 Transport Protocols ... 1... .. cee ee ee ee ee 340
`14.3.2.1 Broadcast Channel Protocols. ...........2+-e204 340
`14.3.2.2 Interaction Channel Protocols .............20005 341
`14.3.3. Application Model and Signalling... ..........406.4 342
`14.3.4 Content Formats... ...... 2.0.0. eee eee ee ee 344
`14.3.5 GraphicsModel... 2... 2. ee 345
`14.3.6 UserInterface ...... ee tt ee ee 347
`14.3.7. Security Architecture.
`. 2... ee ee 347
`14.3.8 Minimum Platform Capabilities ................ 350
`14.4 MHPia..... wee tt tt et ee ee ee es 350
`14.4.1 EnhancementsinMHPi1...........0.2.205082805 351
`14.5 TheFutureofMHP.............2.0 0800 ee eee 356
`14.5.1 Ongoing Developments... 2... eee ee ee 356
`14.5.2 AspectsofamobileMHP..............-.50006.
`356
`14.6
`TheMHPTestSuite .......... 0.0.02 ee eee ene
`357
`14.7.
`The Globally ExecutableMHP ...............046. 358
`
`15
`
`15
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`xvii
`
`14.8
`14.8.1
`14.8.2
`14.8.3
`
`Other Java-Based Software Platforms ...........00- 359
`OSGI. ww ee 359
`DAB Java Specification . 6... ee 359
`Mobile Information Device Profile- MIDP ........... 360
`
`15
`
`15.1.1
`
`15.1.2
`15.1.3
`15.1.4
`
`15.2
`
`15.2.1
`
`15.2.2
`
`15.2.3
`
`16
`
`17
`
`18
`
`Measurement Techniquesfor Digital Television (JOHANSEN,
`LADEBUSCH, TRAUBERG)
`.....-. 00 ee eee ee eens 363
`Measurement Techniques for Source-Signal Processing
`inthe Baseband... .. 2... ee ee ee ee 364
`Quality Evaluation of Video Source Coding. .......... 364
`Checking Compressed Audio and Video Signals. ........ 366
`Checking the MPEG-2 Transport Stream .........04. 366
`Checking the Functionality of the Decoder ........... 372
`Measurementsfor Digital Transmission Technology. ...... 373
`Representation of the Eye Diagram ............... 374
`Measurements Carried out at Modulators and Demodulators .
`.
`375
`Measurement of ErrorRate.......... 0050. ee eae 379
`
`Bibliography ... 2... ee eee 383
`
`Acronyms and Abbreviations. ...............-. 395
`
`Index.
`
`. 2. ee 403
`
`16
`
`16
`
`

`

`1 Digital Television — a First Summary
`
`1.1 Definitions and Range of Application
`
`The expression "digital" is one of the elements of language which hasfre-
`quently been used and very often misused in the past few years. "Digital"
`alone meansthat there are elements which can be counted onthefingers. In
`the everyday language of information technology the expression "digital" is
`often used as a synonym for "sampled, quantized and presented in binary
`characters". In the field of electronic media technology "digital" is a mark of
`quality which wasfirst used when the compact disc (CD) was introduced on
`the market and offered to the general public.
`The expression "digital studio" describes the introduction of digital signal
`formsinto radio and television production. The audio andvideo signals are
`sampled by meansof predetermined sampling frequencies and quantized by
`predetermined numbersof quantization steps. As a rule, further source cod-
`ing is not used during processing and distribution, however it may take
`place in individual pieces of equipment.
`The signals which are received by "digital" television receivers in most
`cases arestill analogue input signals (NTSC, PAL, SECAM), which are then
`internally digitised and processed as digital signals. The presentation of the
`image, however, remains analogue.
`From what hasbeensaid, it is evident that the terminology must be care-
`fully defined in order to limit confusion to a minimum."Digital Television",
`sometimes termed "Digital TeleVision (DTV)", or “Digital Video Broadcast-
`ing (DVB)", usually means the transmission of digitised audio, video and
`auxiliary information as data signals. However, since these data signals must
`in most cases be modulated onto continuous-time carrier waves in order for
`them to fit in the transmitting channel, the actual transmission in digital
`television uses analoguesignals.
`In the context of this book the expression "digital television" should in
`fact be understood as the system for the transmission of audio, video and
`auxiliary data described above. However, it is not possible to concentrate
`only on the channel coding and modulation, furthermore necessary system
`components must be included, in particular the technology for the source
`coding of audio and videosignals and multiplexing. Thelatter is required for
`the co-ordination of various elementary streams to form onesignal. The ex-
`pression “multiplexing” is not really quite apt because this simplifies the
`
`17
`
`17
`
`

`

`2
`
`1 Digital Television — a First Summary
`
`TV homereceiver
`
`multimedia PC
`
`microwave
`distribution
`
`satellite
`
`<P> &
`
`Xs multichannel
`—>- system——
`cable/(S)MATV|Eee8receiver
`
`
`4 =e©
`Palwalav
`terrestrialjf—,)6
`iae an
`ns
`DVDoO DVCete.
`
`decoder (IRD)
`
`reception
`
`—» broadcasting
`
`-~<—» interactivity
`
`Fig. 1.1. A scenario for the utilisation of DVB in private homes
`
`actual task. In the concept of the Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
`the term "systems"is used to indicate that the actual multiplexing is overlaid
`with a large numberof othertasks.
`During the development of the system further elements to those named,
`as belonging to the field of "digital television" have been moreorless suc-
`cessfully subsumed underthis expression. Fig. 1.1 shows a system scenario
`which describes the equipment technology of digital television from the
`viewpoint of the user. Mainly, DVB includesall equipment required for dis-
`tribution, reception, relevant signal representation and processing. However
`it excludes studio technology andthe actual video display.
`The most suitable distribution systems for the transmission of DVB are
`satellite, cable and satellite master antenna TV (SMATV). Distribution via
`conventional terrestrial transmission networks has begun in a numberof
`countries and is planned for several others. One of the most innovative pos-
`sibilities for digital television is the transmission of DVB signals via tele-
`phonelines. The utilisation of glass fibre, where this is available, appears to
`be relatively unproblematic, even for signals with a higher data rate, due to
`its inherent transmitting capacities. The reduction of the data rate ofa tele-
`vision programmeto just a few Mbit/s will enable the transmission ofa sin-
`gle television programmeovera transmission distance of several kilometres
`via a copper telephone wire between the last switching centre and the sub-
`scriber. Finally, in many countries microwave transmission of DVBsignals is
`exploited (Microwave Multipoint Distribution System [MMDS]) to transmit
`a variety of programmes, similar to that offered via a typical cable network,
`to private homes. The exceptional advantage of MMDSis, for example,
`
`18
`
`18
`
`

`

`1.2 The Genesis of Recommendationsfor Digital Television
`
`3
`
`thinly populated regions can be connected where a cable connect