`
`application brief AB12
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon
`
`Design Guide
`
` ™
`
`
`
`The objective of this design guide is to provide customers with the technical
`
`resources necessary to identify custom Luxeon™ Power Light Sources for unique
`
`applications. A Luxeon Power Light Source is a configuration of Luxeon Light Emitting
`
`Diodes (LEDs) mounted on an aluminum(cid:1)core printed circuit board (PCB). Luxeon
`
`Power Light Sources, also referred to as “Level 2” products, are customized to meet
`
`the requirements of indoor and outdoor applications. Lumileds Lighting also builds
`
`standard Luxeon Power Light Sources in a variety of configurations.[1]
`
`
`
`Lumileds Lighting offers both standard products, as described in the product data
`
`sheets and customized Luxeon solutions to customers who require specialization.
`
`Customization requires a high volume commitment, and is therefore not suitable for
`
`low volume applications. In these cases, the standard Luxeon Star may be easily
`
`assembled by the customer. Lumileds Lighting charges for non(cid:1)recurring engineering
`
`costs to develop a custom Luxeon Power Light Source.
`
`If the standard product board sizes or configurations do not fit in your application, a
`
`custom Luxeon Power Light Source may be the solution. For information on product
`
`lines other than Luxeon, please consult your regional Lumileds sales representative.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.001
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Table of Contents
`
`Benefits of Luxeon Technology
`Order Process
`Guidelines for Design
`
`General Project Tracking Information
`
`Initial Light Technical Requirements
`Light Output Measures
`
`
`Radiometric vs. Photometric Light Measures
`
`
`Typical Flux Performance
`
`
`Wavelength
`
`
`LEDs and Eye Safety
`
`
`LED Binning Schemes
`
`
`Light Output Degradation of LEDs
`
`
`
`
`LED Performance Versus Temperature
`LED Radiation Patterns
`
`
`
`Thermal Requirements
`Maximum Thermal Ratings
`
`
`Thermal Path
`
`
`
`
`Thermal Resistance
`
`Electrical Requirements
`Circuit Design
`
`
`DC vs. Pulsed Operation
`
`
`
`
`Maximum Electrical Ratings
`
`
`Electrical Breakdown
`
`Testing
`
`Mechanical Requirements
`Aluminum(cid:1)Core PCB Essentials
`
`
`Board Lay(cid:1)Out
`
`
`Panel Lay(cid:1)Out
`
`
`Clearance and Fiducials
`
`
`Standard Lumileds Connectors
`
`
`Technical Information Bibliography
`
`
`
`3
`3
`4
`4
`5
`6
`6
`7
`7
`8
`9
`9
`10
`10
`11
`11
`12
`12
`13
`13
`14
`15
`16
`17
`18
`18
`19
`20
`20
`20
`21
`
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 2
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.002
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Benefits of Luxeon Technology
`
`• Highest Flux per Light Source in the world
`• Very Long Operating Life (up to100k hours)
`• Superior Material Technology: Aluminum Indium Gallium Phosphide (AlInGaP) for Red, Red(cid:1)
`Orange and Amber, and Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) for White, Green, Cyan, Blue, and Royal
`Blue
`• More Energy Efficient than Incandescent and most Halogen lamps
`• Low Voltage DC operated
`• Cool Beam, Safe to the Touch
`• Instant Light (less than 100ns)
`• Virtually Maintenance—Free Operation
`• Fully Dimmable
`• No UV
`• Superior ESD Protection
`
`
`Order Process
`
` Complete Custom Design
`Information Form
`
`Formal Quote from Lumileds
`
`Customer Approval of Quote.
`Commitment from Lumileds
`to develop the custom
`Luxeon product.
`
`Finalize Custom Design
`Information
`Form/Specification and bill
`NRE
`
`Begin Product Development
`
`Ship High Volume Order to
`Customer
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 3
`
`
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.003
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Guidelines for Design
`
`
`
`Although LED technology offers many
`benefits to various applications,
`semiconductor light sources behave
`differently than conventional incandescent or
`halogen light sources. To assess if Luxeon
`technology will meet your application
`demands, we use a Custom Design
`
`General Project Tracking Information
`
`The second page of this form contains the table
`shown in Figure 1. The purpose of this table is
`
`Information Form to summarize the detailed
`requirements. Please contact your local Lumileds
`sales representative or our website to obtain a
`“Custom Design Information Form”[2]. In addition
`to the guidance of sales engineers, this design
`guide will assist you in completing this three(cid:1)page
`summary.
`
`to list the basics of the requested product and
`gage the customer’s expectations.
`
`Start date:
`
`Last update / By:
`
`Target date for quote:
`
`Customer:
`
`Customer project name:
`
`Customer part number:
`
`Lumileds part number:
`
`Application:
`
`Product functionality description:
`Level 2 board option:
`• Standard
`• Customized Design
`Customer expectations on quantity and timing
`(mark all that apply):
`• Prototypes (built to final specifications)
`• Pre production (product for reliability testing
`by customer)
`• Production (full volume commitment)
`Estimated cumulative volume over 3 years after
`product release:
`Target price for Custom Design:
`
`Customer contact:
`
`Lumileds contacts (Sales Engineer)
`
`
`Start date of the project
`
`Record maintenance
`
`When do you expect a formal quote
`from Lumileds?
`Your Company Name
`
`Customer internal/external product
`name
`
`
`
`
`Where will this product be used?
`
`What is the product going to do?
`
`Is a custom product necessary or does
`Lumileds have product that will serve the
`needs of this application?
`Once a design is agreed upon, how
`many samples will be required and
`when?
`
`What is the total volume required for this
`product?
`What price is the customer expecting?
`
`Name, Phone Number, Email Address of
`main design engineer contact.
`Name, Phone Number, Email Address of
`Lumileds representative.
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 4
`
`Figure 1
`
`Custom Design
`Information Form.
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.004
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Initial Light Technical Requirements
`
`The third page of the form defines the initial light
`output requirements as shown in Figure 2. For
`customers not familiar with LED technology, this
`section will assist in describing the unique light
`
`output measures of LEDs. For more information
`on light measurement, please review the Light
`Measurement Handbook[3].
`
`Lifetime Conditions:
`• Operating hours
`• Ambient temperature range
`•
`Lumen maintenance expectations
`Optical flux or radiated power required from LED
`array stated in lm or mW (required for quoting):
`• Minimum
`• Typical
`• Maximum
`Dominant Wavelength (nm) or Peak Wavelength
`(nm) or CIE coordinate window or Color
`Temperature (K):
`• Minimum
`• Typical
`• Maximum
`Specify the maximum to minimum flux ratio
`requirement within the array. (Typical ratio is
`approximately 2:1)
`LED radiation pattern requirement (batwing,
`lambertian, or other).
`Direct view or indirect view application?
`
`Are secondary optics used in this application?
`
`What is the total on(cid:1)time of the product?
`What is the average board temperature
`over this period of time? How much light
`loss is expected?
`What is the minimum and maximum
`amount of flux required for total
`application (photometric or radiometric)?
`
`What is the acceptable color range?
`
`How much can the light output vary from
`LED to LED on one single board?
`
`Lumileds offers several types of LEDs,
`each with a different radiation pattern.
`Final application for illumination?
`
`Will the customer be designing optics?
`
`Other:
`
`
`
`Figure 2
`
`Custom Design
`Information Form,
`Initial Light Technical
`Requirements.
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 5
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.005
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Light Output Measures
`
`
`
`Intensity, I
`
`
`
`I = dΦ
`dω
`
`ω (steradian, sr)
` Radiometric Units, Ie:
` Photometric Units, Iv:
`
`Flux, φ
`
`W/sr
`Im/sr or
`candela, cd
`
`Figure 3
`
`Definition of Intensity.
`
`Figure 4
`
`Definition of Flux.
`
`dQ
`Φ =
`dt
` = Light
`
` Q
`
`Point Light Source
`
`
`
`Q
`
`Radiometric Units: WATTS, W
` Photometric Units: LUMEN, lm
`
`
`
`There are several different ways to describe the
`amount of light emitting from a light source.
`LED light is most commonly characterized by
`on(cid:1)axis luminous intensity expressed in candela.
`Intensity describes the flux per solid angle
`radiated from a source of finite area (Figure 3).[4]
`Flux is the total amount of light or energy
`emitted from a source in all directions (Figure 4).
`It is important not to confuse or interchange the
`two descriptions.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Radiometric vs. Photometric Light Measures
`
`Figure 5
`
`Luminous Efficacy vs.
`Dominant Wavelength
`for InGaN Material.
`
`700
`
`600
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)
`
`0
`460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560
`Dominant Wavelength (nm)
`
`590
`
`620
`610
`600
`Dominant Wavelength (nm)
`
`630
`
`640
`
`Figure 6
`
`Luminous Efficacy vs.
`Dominant Wavelength
`for AlInGaP Material.
`
`700
`
`600
`
`500
`
`400
`
`300
`
`200
`
`100
`
`Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)
`
`0
`580
`
`
`Radiometric light is specified according to its
`radiant energy and power without regard for the
`visual effects of radiation. Photometric light is
`specified in terms of human visible response
`according to the CIE standard observer response
`curve (photopic luminous efficiency function). In
`the world of photonics and solid state physics,
`luminous efficacy is defined as the conversion
`between photometric flux, expressed in Lumens,
`and radiometric flux, expressed in Watts. Figure
`5 plots the luminous efficacy over the InGaN
`wavelength range. Figure 6 shows the
`photometric to radiometric flux conversion for the
`AlInGaP spectrum.
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 6
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.006
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Figure 7
`
`Figure 8
`Dominant Wavelength.
`White LED Color.
`
`Figures 9 and 10 give the spectral distribution for
`Luxeon LEDs.
`
`
`Color
`
`Red
`
`Red-
`Orange
`Amber
`Green
`Cyan
`Blue
`Royal
`Blue
`
`
`
`λDominant
`Typ.
`625/
`627
`617
`
`590
`530
`505
`470
`455
`
`
`
`λDominant
`Range
`620.0-645.5
`
`613.0-631.5
`
`584.0-597.5
`519.5-560.5
`489.5-520.5
`459.5-490.5
`439.5-460.5
`
`Spectral
`Half-
`width
`∆λ1/2
`20
`
`20
`
`14
`35
`30
`25
`20
`
`
`
`λPeak
`Typ.
`638
`
`627
`
`592
`522
`503
`464
`450
`
`Units
`
`nm
`
`nm
`
`nm
`nm
`nm
`nm
`nm
`
`
`
`
`
`White
`
`Typical Color
`Temperature
`CCT
`4500 K
`
`Color
`Rendering
`Index
`CRI 70
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`C YA N
`
`B LUE
`
`R O YA L
`B LUE
`
`GR EEN
`
`A M B ER
`
`R ED
`
`1.0
`
`0.8
`
`0.6
`
`0.4
`
`0.2
`
`0.0
`400
`
`450
`
`600
`550
`500
`Wavelength (nm)
`
`650
`
`700
`
`Figure 9
`
`Relative Intensity vs.
`Wavelength.
`
`1.0
`
`WHITE
`
`0.8
`0.6
`0.4
`0.2
`0.0
`350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
`Wavelength (nm)
`
`Figure 10
`
`Relative Intensity vs.
`Wavelength for White.
`
`Distribution
`
`Relative Spectral Power
`
`Distribution
`
`Relative Spectral Power
`
`
`
`
`
`Typical Flux Performance
`
`
`
`As our material performance improves, the flux
`values per lamp will increase. For the most
`current luminous flux performance values, please
`refer to the Luxeon Star Power Light Sources
`technical data sheet[1] or contact your Lumileds
`Authorized Distributor or sales representative.
`Unless otherwise specified, Lumileds builds to
`flux per array requirements and may decrease
`the number of LEDs in a given array over time.
`
`
`Wavelength
`
`LEDs color is defined by the wavelength.
`Wavelength can be defined as peak or dominant.
`Peak wavelength is the peak of the radiated
`spectrum. Dominant wavelength and x,y
`chromaticity coordinates define color as
`perceived by the human eye. The dominant
`wavelength is derived from the CIE Chromaticity
`Diagram and represents the perceived color of
`the device. Figure 7 gives the dominant and
`peak wavelength and spectral halfwidth values
`for Lumileds product. Spectral halfwidth is
`defined as the width of the spectral curve for
`the device at the ½ power point. Figure 8 gives
`the optical characteristics for Lumileds White
`Luxeon Power Light Sources.
`
`Compared to broadband conventional light
`sources, color LEDs have a nearly
`monochromatic emission of color. This means
`that LEDs emit light in a narrow wavelength
`range and do not require the use of a filter to
`achieve a specific wavelength. Traditional white
`light sources contain every color in the visible
`spectrum then are filtered to get a narrow
`wavelength range. All the excess filtered light
`is wasted in addition to the wasted energy.
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 7
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.007
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Figure 11
`
`LED Color Shift.
`
`
`
`+0.13
`+0.13
`
`+0.13
`+0.05
`+0.05
`+0.05
`+0.05
`
`Units
`
`nm/oC
`nm/oC
`
`nm/oC
`nm/oC
`nm/oC
`nm/oC
`nm/oC
`
`∆λPeak
`∆λDominant
`
`
`Color
`∆TJ ∆TJ
`
`
`
`
`
`Red
`Red-
`Orange
`Amber
`Green
`Cyan
`Blue
`Royal
`Blue
`
`+0.03
`+0.06
`
`+0.09
`+0.04
`+0.04
`+0.04
`+0.04
`
`
`
`
`White
`
`0
`
`80
`60
`40
`20
`Junction Temperature, TJ (oC)
`
`100
`
`120
`
`Figure 12
`
`Color Temperature
`Shift.
`
`Data from Bedfo rd & Wyzecki
`retinal illumincance 100 trolands
`
`4750
`
`4700
`
`4650
`
`4600
`
`4550
`
`4500
`
`4450
`
`4400
`
`Color Temperature, CCT (K)
`
`14
`
`12
`
`10
`
`02468
`
`Observable Wavelength Change (nm)
`
`
`
`Figure 13
`
`Hue Discrimination.
`
`350
`
`400
`
`450
`
`550
`500
`Wavelength (nm)
`
`600
`
`650
`
`700
`
`
`Class 2 products shall have affixed a laser
`warning label, and an explanatory label:
`
`
`LED RADIATION
`DO NOT STARE INTO BEAM
`CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
`
`
`
`LED color can shift with temperature. For
`AlInGaP product, the wavelength shifts to longer
`wavelengths with increased temperature. Figure
`11 gives the shift values. With an increase in
`junction temperature, white LED correlated color
`temperature (CCT) also shifts to higher values
`(Figure 12). Figure 13 graphs the eye sensitivity
`to changes in wavelength. Because the human
`eye cannot discriminate small changes in
`wavelength in the red region, Lumileds does not
`maintain narrow color bins for the red spectrum.
`
`
`LEDs and Eye Safety:
`
`
`In the 1993 edition of IEC(cid:1)60825(cid:1)1, LEDs were
`included: "Throughout this part 1 light emitting
`diodes (LED) are included whenever the word
`"laser" is used." The CENELEC document EN
`60825(cid:1)1 contains all the technical content of the
`IEC standard.
`
`The scope of the IEC standard states that
`"…products which are sold to other
`manufacturers for use as components of any
`system for subsequent sale are not subject to
`IEC 60825(cid:1)1, since the final product will itself be
`subject to this standard." Therefore, it is
`important to determine the Laser Safety Class of
`the final product. However, it is important that
`employees working with LEDs are trained to use
`them safely.
`
`Most of the products containing LEDs will fall in
`either Class 1 or Class 2. A Class 1 label is
`optional:
`
`
`CLASS 1 LED PRODUCT
`
`
`If a label is not used, this description must be
`included in the information for the user.
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 8
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.008
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Amendment 2 to IEC 60825(cid:1)1 is expected to be
`published in January 2001. The CENELEC
`equivalent is expected to follow three months
`after the IEC publication. This document contains
`increased Class 1 and Class 2 limits, as well as
`the introduction of less restrictive Class 1M and
`Class 2M.
`
`
`For the exact classification and further
`information, the IEC documents can be used:
`
`
`IEC(cid:1)60825(cid:1)1
`ISBN 2(cid:1)8318(cid:1)4169(cid:1)0
`This is available from the IEC at the following
`address:
`
`Over time, LED light output does degrade based
`on environment and drive conditions. The
`degradation characteristics vary by material
`technology and LED package. Lumileds Lighting
`continues to do extensive research on the
`degradation characteristics of LEDs for several
`different parameters to ensure product reliability.
`In Figures 14(cid:1)15, the degradation data on the
`LEDs used in Luxeon Power Light Sources is
`presented. These extrapolations are based on
`average data of LEDs. The expected average
`decline in flux is 30(cid:1)35%, provided the system is
`operated within specified conditions.
`
`
`White/Green/Cyan/Blue/Royal Blue TJ = 70 C
`
`100
`
`1000
`Operation Hours
`
`10000
`
`100000
`
`Figure 14
`
`Light Output vs.
`Time for White, Green,
`Cyan, Blue and Royal
`Blue at IF 350mA,
`Relative Humidity
`less than 25%.
`
`Red/Red-Orange/Amber TJ=100C
`
`100
`
`1000
`Operation Hours
`
`10000
`
`100000
`
`Figure 15
`
`Light Output vs. Time
`for Amber, Red-Orange
`and Red at 385mA.
`
`20%
`
`0%
`
`-20%
`
`-40%
`
`-60%
`
`-80%
`
`Light Output Loss (%)
`
`-100%
`
`10
`
`20%
`
`0%
`
`-20%
`
`-40%
`
`-60%
`
`-80%
`
`Light Output Loss (%)
`
`-100%
`
`10
`
`IEC
`3, Rue Varembé
`Geneva, Switserland
`www.iec.ch
`
`
`LED Binning Schemes:
`
`Every LED used in Luxeon Power Light Sources
`is measured for flux, color, and forward voltage
`and placed in a bin with given tolerances. The
`test current for all LEDs is 350mA. The more
`LEDs in the array, the more options are available
`for mixing. Lumileds does not bin Luxeon Power
`Light Sources.
`
`Light Output Degradation of
`LEDs:
`
`Compared to conventional light sources, LEDs
`have a very long mean time between failure
`(MTBF), over 100,000 hours. This value indicates
`that very few of these solid state lighting devices
`will catastrophically fail and emit no light. After
`50k hours the expected mortality is <5%.
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 9
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.009
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Figure 16
`
`Temporary AlInGaP
`Light Output Loss
`(typical performance).
`
`Red
`Red-Orange
`Amber
`
`0
`
`80
`60
`40
`20
`Junction Temperature, TJ ( C)
`o
`
`100
`
`120
`
`
`
`Green Pho to metric
`Cyan Pho tometric
`Blue Photometric
`White Pho tometric
`Ro yal Blue Radio metric
`
`0
`
`80
`60
`40
`20
`Junction Temperature, TJ (oC)
`
`100
`
`120
`
`Figure 17
`
`Temporary InGaN Light
`Output Loss (typical
`performance).
`
`200
`180
`160
`140
`120
`100
`80
`60
`40
`20
`0
`-20
`
`Relative Light Output (%)
`
`150
`140
`130
`120
`110
`100
`90
`80
`70
`60
`50
`-20
`
`Relative Light Output (%)
`
`Batwing Radiation Patterns
`
`100
`90
`80
`70
`60
`50
`40
`30
`20
`10
`0
`60 80 100
`40
`20
`0
`-100 -80 -60 -40 -20
`Angular Displacement (Degrees)
`
`Figure 18
`
`Representative Spatial
`Radiation Pattern for
`White.
`
`Relative Intensity (%)
`
`Figure 19
`
`Representative Spatial
`Radiation Pattern for
`Red, Amber, Green,
`Cyan, Blue and
`Royal Blue.
`
`80 100
`
`Figure 20
`
`Representative Spatial
`Radiation Pattern for
`Red, Red-Orange and
`Amber.
`
`80 100
`
`100
`90
`80
`70
`60
`50
`40
`30
`20
`10
`0
`60
`40
`20
`0
`-100 -80 -60 -40 -20
`Angular Displacement (Degrees)
`
`Typical Upper B ound
`
`TypicalLower Bou nd
`
`Relative Intensity (%)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Lambertian Radiation Pattern
`100
`90
`80
`70
`60
`50
`40
`30
`20
`10
`0
`60
`40
`20
`0
`-100 -80 -60 -40 -20
`Angular Displacement (Degrees)
`
` 10
`
`Relative Intensity (%)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`LED Performance Versus
`Temperature:
`
`The light output of Red, Red(cid:1)Orange and Amber
`Luxeon, is sensitive to temperature. There is a
`temporary light output loss at higher
`temperatures and a light gain at lower
`temperatures. These losses are recoverable
`when the temperature is brought to its original
`value. White, Green, Cyan, Blue and Royal Blue
`LEDs do not lose as much light as AlInGaP
`Luxeon with increased temperature. Figures 16
`and 17 illustrate the amount light loss to expect
`at a given junction temperature. This behavior
`varies more for AlInGaP products than for InGaN
`products.
`
`LED Radiation Patterns:
`
`There are two distinct radiation patterns in the
`Luxeon product family, batwing and lambertian.
`The batwing pattern is a wide(cid:1)angle radiation
`pattern, with peak intensity near 40 degrees. The
`design provides uniform illuminance to a planer
`secondary optic. The lambertian devices provide
`a wider, flat radiation pattern. See Figures 18(cid:1)20
`for the relative luminous intensity versus off(cid:1)axis
`angle data. ASAP model ray bundles for these
`LEDs are available upon request.
`
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.010
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Thermal Requirements
`
`The fourth page of the outline also requests the
`thermal requirements of the applications, see
`Figure 21. Since certain materials used to
`compose LED are sensitive to temperature, it
`is critical that Lumileds engineers understand
`
`the entire temperature range of the product over
`its lifetime. It is the customer’s responsibility to
`ensure the heat management of the total system
`maintains the LED array within defined
`temperature limits.
`
`Ambient Temperature range of the application:
`• Maximum storage temperature (no power)
`• Minimum storage temperature (no power)
`• Maximum operating temperature (powered)
`• Typical operating temperature (powered)
`• Minimum operating temperature (powered)
`Estimated heat sink area (calculated based on flux
`and operating conditions.)
`Customer calculated predicted thermal resistance
`from junction to ambient (oC/W or K/W)
`Other:
`
`Good thermal system design is critical to
`achieve the best efficiency and reliability of
`Luxeon Power Light Sources. As was
`mentioned earlier, AlInGaP experiences a
`reversible loss of light output as the temperature
`increases. The lower the die or junction
`temperature is kept the better the luminous
`efficiency of the product. The equation shown in
`Figure 22 can be used to calculate the junction
`temperature of Luxeon device. Luxeon Power
`Light Sources do require additional heat sinking
`to the aluminum(cid:1)core PCB.
`
`What is the maximum storage
`temperature of the product?
`At each possible temperature, what is the
`percentage on(cid:1)time of the LED array?
`
`
`Heat sink area required to stay within
`absolute maximum ratings.
`What is the approximate thermal
`resistance of the entire design?
`
`
`Figure 21
`
`Custom Design
`Information Form,
`Thermal Requirements.
`
`Junction refers to the p(cid:1)n junction within the
`semiconductor chip. This is the region of the
`chip where the photons are created and
`emitted.
`
`
`= Ambient temperature
`TA
`= Power dissipated
`P
`= Forward current * Forward voltage
`
`RΘ J(cid:1)A = Thermal resistance junction to
`ambient
`
`Figure 22
`
`Junction Temperature
`Calculation.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`TJ = TA + (P * RΘ J-A)
`
`
`Maximum Thermal Ratings:
`
`To ensure the reliability of custom Luxeon
`Power Light Sources, please observe the
`absolute maximum thermal ratings for the LEDs
`provided in Figure 23.
`
`Parameter
`LED Junction Temperature
`Aluminum-Core PCB
`Temperature
`Storage/Operating Temperature
`
`Maximum
`120
`
`Units
`oC
`
`105
`
`-40 to 105
`
`oC
`
`oC
`
`Figure 23
`
`Thermal Maximum
`Ratings.
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 11
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.011
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`RΘ Junction-Case
`
`RΘ Case-Board
`
`RΘ Board-Ambient
`
`Pel = VF * IF
`
`TJunction
`
`TCase
`
`TBoard
`
`TAmbient
`
`RΘ = ∆T
`P
`
`∆T =
`P =
`
`Temperature difference (oC)
`Power dissipated (W)
`
`RΘJ-A = RΘJ-C + RΘC-B + RΘB-A
`
`The thermal resistance of the LED in a
`Luxeon Power Light Source, junction to
`case is 15oC/W (RΘJ-C).
`
`Figure 24
`
`Thermal Path of LED.
`
`increased when multiple LEDs are located
`on a single board. For further information please
`see “Thermal Design Considerations for Luxeon
`Power Light Sources”[5].
`
`Thermal Path:
`
`Heat transferred from the die follows the
`following thermal path: junction to case, case to
`board, and board to air (see Figure 24). In
`Luxeon Power Light Sources, the junction to
`board thermal path has been carefully analyzed
`by Lumileds to maximize the amount of heat
`dissipated. Due to the various applications and
`subsequent environments suitable for Luxeon
`Power Light Sources, the responsibility of
`thermal design, board to ambient, lies solely on
`engineer using the product. The designer must
`take into account the various ambient
`temperatures the Luxeon Power Light Source
`will experience over its lifetime and the light
`output requirements for the application, to
`successfully analyze the thermal path to
`maximize the light output. Please note that the
`ambient temperatures should include other
`sources of heat such as electronics or heating
`due to sun exposure.
`
`
`
`
`Thermal Resistance:
`
`Thermal resistance, RΘ J(cid:1)C, is a key parameter
`in thermal design. In order to calculate the
`junction temperature this parameter must be
`known. Thermal resistance is the opposition
`of heat conducted through and eventually
`away from the LED. This opposition or
`resistance causes a temperature difference
`between the source of the heat and the exit
`surface for the heat. The less heat retained
`by the LED the more enhanced its performance
`and lifetime. The complexity of thermal
`resistance and thermal management is
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 12
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.012
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Electrical Requirements
`
`On the fifth page, the electrical parameters of
`the design are highlighted, given in Figure 25.
`Understanding the electrical parameters or
`limitations of the application driver is important
`
`for insuring optimum performance of the
`LED array. Lumileds does not develop custom
`electronic drivers for custom Luxeon Power
`Light Sources.
`
`Forward voltage for the array:
`• Minimum
`• Maximum
`Current through the array:
`• Minimum
`• Maximum
`
`Power consumption of array: (W)
`
`Duty factor: (Iaverage/Ipeak)
`
`Maximum initial current
`
`Maximum peak voltage:
`
`Other:
`
`This is the minimum and maximum LED
`forward voltages multiplied by the number
`of LEDs per string.
`This is the minimum and maximum LED
`current (after current regulation) multiplied
`by the number of LED strings.
`Power consumption is the array forward
`voltage multiplied by the forward current
`through the array.
`What percentage of total time is the array
`powered on? The crest factor is the
`inverse of the duty factor.
`This value is dependent on the driver
`electronics.
`The electrical isolator used in the
`aluminum(cid:1)core PCB has a maximum
`breakdown voltage of 2000V AC and/or
`DC.
`
`
`Circuit Design: [6]
`LEDs are current dependant devices. As such,
`current limiting devices are required in the drive
`circuitry. The most common method of current
`regulation is current limiting resisters placed in
`series with LEDs.
`
`
`
`Calculating the resistor values necessary to
`achieve the desired current is clear(cid:1)cut. Simply
`follow the equations seen in Figure 26. Bear in
`mind, there is a linear relationship between the
`forward current (IF) and the forward voltage (VF)
`of the LEDs. Specifically, as the forward current
`of the LEDs increases, the forward voltage also
`sees an increase. Figures 27 and 28 illustrate
`this relation with typical IF and VF values. Note
`
`
`that there exists forward voltage variation from
`LED to LED. These variations must be considered
`and accounted for in the electrical design.
`
`
`For series strings, the fewer the LEDs in the string
`the better the current control and intensity
`matching. Consequently, the more uniform the
`current supplied to each LED, the greater the
`current drop across the current limiting resistor.
`This can unfortunately mean an increase of power
`consumption, and ensuing heat generation of the
`resistor.
`
`
`
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` 13
`
`Figure 25
`
`Custom Design
`Information Form,
`Electrical Specification.
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.013
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`Figure 29
`
`LED Forward
`Voltage Shifts.
`
`When the temperature increases, the forward
`voltage of the device decreases. This shift varies
`upon material type (see Figure 29).
`
`
`
`
`∆VF
`∆T
`
`
`
`Color
`
`Red
`Red-Orange
`Amber
`Green
`Cyan
`Blue
`Royal Blue
`White
`
`
`
`
`-2
`-2
`-2
`-2
`-2
`-2
`-2
`-2
`
`
`Units
`
`
`
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`mV/oC
`
`
`
`
`
`DC vs. Pulsed Operation:
`In general DC operation is the most simple and
`efficient way of driving LEDs. When operating
`an LED device under DC drive conditions, the
`forward current determines the light output of
`the LEDs as shown in Figures 30 and 31. This
`linear relationship between forward DC current
`and flux assumes a 25oC maintained junction
`temperature. As the DC current is increased, the
`junction temperature increases. Without proper
`heat sinking, the efficiency of the product suffers.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1.2
`
`1.0
`
`0.8
`
`0.6
`
`0.4
`
`0.2
`
`0.0
`
`400
`300
`200
`100
`0
`IF - Average Forw ard Current (mA)
`
`
`
`
`
` 14
`
`Figure 30
`
`Relative Luminous Flux
`vs. Forward Current for
`Red, Red-Orange and
`Amber.
`
`Normalized Relative Luminous Flux
`
`
`
`
`DC
`Operation:
`
`R =
`
`Pulsed
`Operation:
`
`R =
`
`VIN – yVF – VD
`
`xIF
`
`VIN – yVF – VD
`
`xIF PEAK
`
`input voltage applied to the circuit
`
`forward voltage of LED emitter at
`forward current IF
`
`voltage drop across optional reverse
`transient EMC protection diode
`
`number of series connected LED
`emitters
`
`number of paralleled strings
`
`VIN =
`
`VF =
`
`
`VD =
`
` =
`
` y
`
`x =
`
`
`Figure 26:
`Current Limiting Resistor Calculations
`
`400
`350
`
`300
`250
`200
`150
`
`100
`50
`0
`
`rrent (mA)
`
` Forward Cu
`
`IF - Average
`
`0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
`VF - Forw ard Voltage (Volts)
`
`Figure 27:
`Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage for Red, Red(cid:1)
`Orange and Amber.
`
`400
`350
`300
`250
`200
`150
`100
`50
`0
`
`IF - Average Forward Current (mA)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
`VF - Forw ard Voltage (Volts)
`Figure 28:
`Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage for
`Green, Cyan, Blue, Royal Blue and White.
`Custom Luxeon Design Guide - AB12 (November 2
`
`004)
`2004 Lumileds Future Electronics All Rights Reserved
`
`SEC et al. v. MRI
`SEC Exhibit 1023.014
`IPR 2023-00199
`
`

`

`waveform is used, the peak current should not
`exceed the maximum DC current rating.
`Sinusoidal waveforms produce less light than an
`equivalent rectangular pulse.
`
`Maximum Electrical Ratings:
`The two criteria that establish the operating limits
`are maximum drive currents and the absolute
`maximum LED junction temperature. The
`maximum drive currents per LED have been
`provided to ensure long operating life. The
`absolute maximum LED junction temperature is a
`device package limitation that must not be
`exceeded. Figure 33 gives the absolute maximum
`electrical ratings for the LEDs used in Luxeon
`Power Light Sources.
`
`Red/Red-
`Orange/
`Amber
`
`385
`
`550
`(DF≤65%)
`350
`
`Maximum
`Green/Cyan/
`Blue/Royal Blue/
`White
`
`350
`
`500
`(DF≤70%)
`350
`
` > 5
`
`Parameter
`DC Forward
`Current
`Peak Pulsed
`Forward Current
`Average Forward
`Current
`Reverse Voltage
`(IF=100µ A)
`
`Units
`
`mA
`
`mA
`
`mA
`
`V
`
`Figure 32
`
`Electrical Maximum
`Ratings (per LED).
`
`The thermal maximum ratings must not be
`exceeded when driving the product at the
`electrical maximum values. These values are
`limited by the thermal design of the entire system.
`To determine what the limits of operation are for
`your application, see Figures 33 and 34. Figures
`33 and 34 only provide the derating curves for
`one LED based on different thermal resistance
`values, junction to ambient. Calculations must be
`done to set the derated limits for array
`applications. Staying within the safe region of
`these curves will ensure reliable performance.
`
`1.2
`
`1
`
`0.8
`
`0.6
`
`0.4
`
`0.2
`
`0
`
`Normalized Relative Luminous Flux
`
`400
`
`300
`200
`100
`0
`Average Forw ard Current (mA)
`Figure 31
`Relative Luminous Flux vs. Forward Current
`for Green, Cyan, Blue, Royal Blue, and White.
`
`An alternative to DC operation is Pulsed
`Operation. This alternative is attractive when
`dimming is desired. Pulse width modulation is
`the best way to achieve dimming ratios greater
`than 3:1. The maximum electric ratings are
`given in Figure 32. These ratings should not be
`exceeded when pulsed operation is applied.
`Further, at frequencies less than 1000 Hz, the
`peak junction temperature is higher than the
`average max junctio