ILEY
`
`HANDBOOK
`
`Radio -Frequency Identification
`Fundamentals and Applications
`
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`Ex.1007
` Page 1 of 19
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`GARMIN /
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`

`

`R
`HANDB0
`
`Radio-Frequency Identification
`Fundamentals and Applications
`
`KLAUS FINKENZELLER
`Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany
`
`Translated by
`Rachel Waddington
`Swadlincote, UK
`
`JOHN WILEY & SON, LTD
`Chichester • New York • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore *Toronto
`
`E'•i mm
`
`Radio-Frequency Identification
`Fundamentals and Applications
`
`KLAUS FINKENZELLER
`Ciesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany
`
`Translated by
`Rachel Waddlngton
`Swadlincote, UK
`
`JOHN WILEY & SON. LTD
`Chichester • New York • Weinhelm • Brisbane • Singapore •Toronto
`
`Ex.1007
` Page 2 of 19
`
`GARMIN /
`
`

`

`First published under the title RFID-Handbuch by Carl Hanser Verlag
`0 Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG, 1998. All Rights Reserved
`
`Copyright 01999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`Baffin Lane, Chichester,
`West Sussex, P019 HID, England
`01243 779777
`National
`International (+44) 1243 779777
`
`e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
`Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com
`
`Reprinted June 2000, April 2001
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
`in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except
`under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the
`Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 91-1E, UK, without the permission in
`writing of the Publisher.
`
`Neither the author nor John Wiley & Sons Ltd accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage
`occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein,
`or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use. The author(s) and Publisher expressly disclaim all
`implied warranties, including merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances
`where John Wiley & Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters.
`Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding
`trademarks and registration.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
`
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue,
`New York, NY 10158-0012, USA
`
`Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Finkenzeller, Klaus.
`[RFID Handbuch. English]
`RFID handbook : radio-frequency identification fundamentals and
`applications / Klaus Finkenzeller : translated by Rachel Waddington
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-471-98851-0 (alk. paper)
`1.
`Inventory control—Automation. 2. Radio frequency
`identification systems. I. Title.
`TS160.F5513 1999
`658.7—c1c21
`
`99-16221
`CEP
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0 471 98851 0
`
`Produced from PostScript files supplied by the translator
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`First published under the title RFID-Handbuch by Carl Hanser Verlag
`© Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich/FRG, 1998, All Rights Reserved
`
`Copyright ©1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
`Baffins Lane, Chiehester,
`West Sussex, P019 lUD, England
`01243 779777
`National
`International (+44) 1243 779777
`
`e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries); cs-books@wiley.co.uk
`Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com
`Reprinted June 2000, April 2001
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
`in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scarming or otherwise, except
`under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the
`Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE, UK, without the permission in
`writing of the Publisher.
`
`Neither the author nor John Wiley & Sons Ltd accept any responsihility or liability for loss or damage
`occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein,
`or acting or refraining from acting as a result of such use. The author(s) and Publisher expressly disclaim all
`implied warranties, including merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances
`where John Wiley & Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters.
`Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding
`trademarks and registration.
`
`Other Wiley Editorial Offices
`
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue,
`New York, NY 10158-0012, USA
`
`Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publlcation Data
`
`Finkenzeller, Klaus.
`[RFID Handbuch. English]
`RFID handbook: radio-frequency identification fundamentals and
`applications / Klaus Finkenzeller : translated by Rachel Waddington
`p. cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-471-98851-0 (alk. paper)
`1.
`Inventory control—Automation. 2. Radio frequency
`identification systems. I. Title.
`TS160.F5513 1999
`658.7—dc21
`
`99-16221
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing in PubUcation Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0 471 98851 0
`
`Produced from PostScript files supplied by the translator
`Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham
`This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
`in whieh at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
`
`Ex.1007
` Page 3 of 19
`
`GARMIN /
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`PREFACE
`
`LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
`
`1 INTRODUCTION
`1.1 Automatic Identification Systems
`1.1.1 Barcode systems
`1.1.2 Optical character recognition
`1.1.3 Biometric procedure
`1.1.3.1 Voice identification
`1.1.3.2 Finger printing procedures (dactyloscopy)
`1.1.4 Smart cards
`1.1.4.1 Memory cards
`1.1.4.2 Microprocessor cards
`1.1.5 RF1D systems
`
`1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems
`
`1.3 Components of an RFID System
`
`2 DIFFERENTIATION FEATURES OF RFID SYSTEMS
`2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features
`
`2.2 Transponder Construction Formats
`2.2.1 Disks and coins
`2.2.2 Glass housing
`2.2.3 Plastic housing
`2.2.4 Tool and gas bottle identification
`2.2.5 Keys and key fobs
`2.2.6 Clocks
`2.2.7 ID-1 format, contactless smart cards
`
`xv
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`1'
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`\
`
`Contents
`
`PREFACE
`
`LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
`
`INTRODUCTION
`1
`1.1 Automatic Identification Systems
`1.1.1 Barcode systems
`1.1.2 Optical character recognition
`1.1.3 Biometric procedure
`1.1.3.1 Voice identification
`1.1.3.2 Finger printing procedures (dactyloscopy)
`1.1.4 Smart cards
`1.1.4.1 Memory cards
`1.1.4.2 Microprocessor cards
`1.1.5 RFID systems
`1.2 A Comparison of Different ID Systems
`1.3 Components of an RFID System
`
`2 DIFFERENTIATION FEATURES OF RFID SYSTEMS
`2.1 Fundamental Differentiation Features
`2.2 Transponder Construction Formats
`2.2.1 Disks and coins
`2.2.2 Glass housing
`2.2.3 Plastic housing
`2.2.4 Tool and gas bottle identification
`2.2.5 Keys and key fobs
`2.2.6 Clocks
`2.2.7 ID-1 format, contactless smart cards
`
`xiii
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`xv
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`

`vi
`
`The RFID Handbook
`
`2.2.8 Other formats
`
`2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling
`2.3.1 Close coupling
`2.3.2 Remote coupling
`2.3.3 Long range
`2.3.4 System performance
`
`3 FUNDAMENTAL OPERATING PRINCIPLES
`3.1 1 Bit Transponder
`3.1.1 Radio frequency
`3.1.2 Microwaves
`3.1.3 Frequency divider
`3.1.4 Electromagnetic types
`3.2 Full and Half Duplex Procedure
`3.2.1 Inductive coupling
`3.2.1.1 Power supply to passive transponders
`3.2.1.2 Data transfer transponder —> reader
`3.2.2 Electromagnetic backscatter coupling
`3.2.2.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.2.2.2 Data transmission -4 reader
`3.2.3 Close coupling
`3.2.3.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.2.3.2 Data transfer transponder —> reader
`3.2.4 Data transfer reader —> transponder
`3.3 Sequential Procedures
`3.3. I Inductive coupling
`3.3.1.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.3.1.2 A comparison between FDX/HDX and SEQ systems
`3.3.1.3 Data transmission transponder —> reader
`3.3.2 Surface acoustic wave transponder
`
`4 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF RFID SYSTEMS
`4.1 Magnetic Field
`4.1.1 Magnetic field strength H
`4.1.1.1 Path of field strength H(x) in conductor loops
`4.1.1.2 Optimal antenna diameter
`4.1.2 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
`4.1.3 Inductance L
`4.1.4 Mutual inductance M
`4.1.5 Coupling coefficient k
`4.1.6 Faraday's law
`4.1.7 Resonance
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`The RFID Handbook
`
`2.2.8 Other formats
`2.3 Frequency, Range and Coupling
`2.3.1 Close coupling
`2.3.2 Remote coupling
`2.3.3 Long range
`2.3.4 System performance
`
`3 FUNDAMENTAL OPERATING PRINCIPLES
`3.11 Bit Transponder
`3.1.1 Radio frequency
`3.1.2 Microwaves
`3.1.3 Frequency divider
`3.1.4 Electromagnetic types
`3.2 Full and Half Duplex Procedure
`3.2.1 Inductive coupling
`3.2.1.1 Power supply to passive transponders
`3.2.1.2 Data transfer transponder —> reader
`3.2.2 Electromagnetic backscatter coupling
`3.2.2.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.2.2.2 Data transmission
`reader
`3.2.3 Close coupling
`3.2.3.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.2.3.2 Data transfer transponder
`reader
`3.2.4 Data transfer reader —> transponder
`3.3 Sequential Procedures
`3.3.1 Inductive coupling
`3.3.1.1 Power supply to the transponder
`3.3.1.2 A comparison between FDX/HDX and SEQ systems
`3.3.1.3 Data transmission transponder
`reader
`3.3.2 Surface acoustic wave transponder
`
`4 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF RFID SYSTEMS
`4.1 Magnetic Field
`4.1.1 Magnetic field strength H
`4.1.1.1 Path of field strength H(x) in conductor loops
`4.1.1.2 Optimal antenna diameter
`4.1.2 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
`4.1.3 Inductance L
`4.1.4 Mutual inductance M
`4.1.5 Coupling coefficient k
`4.1.6 Faraday's law
`4.1.7 Resonance
`
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`Table of Contents
`
`4.1.8 Practical operation of the transponder
`4.1.8.1 Power supply to the transponder
`4.1.8.2 Voltage regulation
`4.1.9 Interrogation field strength
`4.1.9.1 "Energy range" of transponder systems
`4.1.10 Total transponder — reader system
`4.1.10.1 Transformed transponder impedance Zr'
`4.1.10.2 Influencing variables of Zr'
`4.1.10.3 Load modulation
`4.1.11 Measuring the coupling coefficient k
`4.1.12 Magnetic materials
`4.1.12.1 Properties of magnetic materials and ferrite
`4.1.12.2 Ferrite antennas in LF transponders
`4.1.12.3 Ferrite shielding in a metallic environment
`
`4.2 Electromagnetic Waves
`4.2.1 The creation of electromagnetic waves
`4.2.2 Reflection of electromagnetic waves
`4.2.3 Radar cross section of an antenna
`4.2.4 Modulated radar cross section
`4.2.5 Effective length
`4.2.6 Antenna construction formats for microwave transponders
`4.2.6.1 Slot antennas
`4.2.6.2 Planar antennas
`4.2.6.3. Overview — antenna parameters
`
`5 FREQUENCY RANGES AND RADIO LICENSING
`REGULATIONS
`5.1 Frequency Ranges Used
`5.1.1 Frequency range 9 — 135 kHz
`5.1.2 Frequency range 6.78 MHz
`5.1.3 Frequency range 13.56 MHz
`5.1.4 Frequency range 27.125 MHz
`5.1.5 Frequency range 40.680 MHz
`5.1.6 Frequency range 433.920 MHz
`5.1.7 Frequency range 869.0 MHz
`5.1.8 Frequency range 915.0 MHz
`5.1.9 Frequency range 2.45 GHz
`5.1.10 Frequency range 5.8 GHz
`5.1.11 Frequency range 24.125 GHz
`5.1.12 Selection of a suitable frequency for inductively coupled RFID systems
`
`5.2 International Licensing Regulations
`5.2.1 CEPT/ERC 70-03
`5.2.2 EN 300330: 9 kHz — 25 MHz
`
`vii
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`Table of Contents
`
`4.1.8 Practical operation of the transponder
`4.1.8.1 Power supply to the transponder
`4.1.8.2 Voltage regulation
`4.1.9 Interrogation field strength Hmin
`4.1.9.1 "Energy range" of transponder systems
`4.1.10 Total transponder - reader system
`4.1.10.1 Transformed transponder impedance Zp'
`4.1.10.2 Influencing variables of Zp'
`4.1.10.3 Load modulation
`4.1.11 Measuring the coupling coefficient k
`4.1.12 Magnetic materials
`4.1.12.1 Properties of magnetic materials and ferrite
`4.1.12.2 Ferrite antennas in LF transponders
`4.1.12.3 Ferrite shielding in a metallic environment
`4.2 Electromagnetic Waves
`4.2.1 The creation of electromagnetic waves
`4.2.2 Reflection of electromagnetic waves
`4.2.3 Radar cross section of an antenna
`4.2.4 Modulated radar cross section
`4.2.5 Effective length
`4.2.6 Antenna construction formats for microwave transponders
`4.2.6.1 Slot antennas
`4.2.6.2 Planar antennas
`4.2.6.3. Overview - antenna parameters
`
`5 FREQUENCY RANGES AND RADIO LICENSING
`REGULATIONS
`5.1 Frequency Ranges Used
`5.1.1 Frequency range 9 - 135 kHz
`5.1.2 Frequency range 6.78 MHz
`5.1.3 Frequency range 13.56 MHz
`5.1.4 Frequency range 27.125 MHz
`5.1.5 Frequency range 40.680 MHz
`5.1.6 Frequency range 433.920 MHz
`5.1.7 Frequency range 869.0 MHz
`5.1.8 Frequency range 915.0 MHz
`5.1.9 Frequency range 2.45 GHz
`5.1.10 Frequency range 5.8 GHz
`5.1.11 Frequency range 24.125 GHz
`5.1.12 Selection of a suitable frequency for inductively coupled RFID systems
`5.2 International Licensing Regulations
`5.2.1 CEPT/ERC 70-03
`5.2.2 EN 300330: 9 kHz-25 MHz
`
`vii
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`

`viii
`
`The RFID Handbook
`
`5.2.2.1 Carrier power — limit values for class 1 transmitters
`5.2.2.2 Carrier power — limit values for class 2 transmitters
`5.2.2.3 Modulation bandwidth
`5.2.2.4 Spurious emissions
`5.2.3 EN 300220-1, EN 300220-2
`5.2.4 EN 300440
`
`5.3 National Licencing Regulations — U.S.A
`
`6 CODING AND MODULATION
`6.1 Coding in the Baseband
`
`6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures
`6.2.1 Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
`6.2.2 2 FSK
`6.2.3 2 PSK
`6.2.4 Modulation procedures with subcarrier
`
`7 DATA INTEGRITY
`7.1 The Checksum Procedure
`7.1.1 Parity checking
`7.1.2 LRC procedure
`7.1.3 CRC procedure
`
`7.2 Anticollision
`7.2.1 How collision arises
`7.2.2 Anticollision procedures
`7.2.2.1 Spatial domain anticollision procedures
`7.2.2.2 Frequency domain anticollision procedures
`7.2.2.3 Time domain anticollision procedures
`7.2.3 Application example — binary search algorithm
`
`8 DATA SECURITY
`8.1 Mutual Symmetrical Authentication
`
`8.2 Authentication Using Derived Keys
`
`8.3 Encrypted Data Transfer
`8.3.1 Stream cipher
`
`9 STANDARDISATION
`
`9.1 Animal Identification
`9.1.1 ISO 11784 — Code structure
`9.1.2 ISO 11785 — Technical concept
`
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`viil
`
`The RFID Handbook
`
`5.2.2.1 Carrier power - limit values for class 1 transmitters
`5.2.2.2 Carrier power - limit values for class 2 transmitters
`5.2.2.3 Modulation bandwidth
`5.2.2.4 Spurious emissions
`5.2.3 EN 300220-1, EN 300220-2
`5.2.4 EN 300440
`5.3 National Licencing Regulations - U.S.A
`
`6 CODING AND MODULATION
`6.1 Coding in the Baseband
`6.2 Digital Modulation Procedures
`6.2.1 Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
`6.2.2 2 FSK
`6.2.3 2 FSK
`6.2.4 Modulation procedures with subcarrier
`
`7 DATA INTEGRITY
`7.1 The Checksum Procedure
`7.1.1 Parity checking
`7.1.2 LRC procedure
`7.1.3 CRC procedure
`7.2 Anticollision
`7.2.1 How collision arises
`7.2.2 Anticollision procedures
`7.2.2.1 Spatial domain anticollision procedures
`7.2.2.2 Frequency domain anticollision procedures
`7.2.2.3 Time domain anticollision procedures
`7.2.3 Application example - binary search algorithm
`
`8 DATA SECURITY
`8.1 Mutual Symmetrical Authentication
`8.2 Authentication Using Derived Keys
`8.3 Encrypted Data Transfer
`8.3.1 Stream cipher
`
`9 STANDARDISATION
`9.1 Animal Identiflcation
`9.1.1 ISO 11784 - Code structure
`9.1.2 ISO 11785 - Technical concept
`
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`Table of Contents
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`9.1.2.1 Requirements
`9.1.2.2 Full/half duplex system
`9.1.2.3 Sequential system
`
`9.2 Contactless Smart Cards
`9.2.1 ISO 10536 — Close coupling smart cards
`9.2.1.1 Part 1 — Physical characteristics
`9.2.1.2 Part 2 — Dimensions and locations of coupling areas
`9.2.1.3 Part 3 — Electronic signals and reset procedures
`9.2.1.4 Part 4 - Answer to reset and transmission protocols
`9.2.2. ISO 14443 — Proximity coupling smart cards
`9.2.3 ISO 15693 — Vicinity coupling smart cards
`
`9.3 ISO 69873 — Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices
`
`9.4 ISO 10374 — Container Identification
`
`9.5 VDI 4470 — Anti-theft Systems for Goods
`9.5.1 Part 1 — Detection gates — inspection guidelines for customers
`9.5.1.1 Ascertaining the false alarm rate
`9.5.1.2 Ascertaining the detection rate
`9.5.1.3 Forms in VDI 4470
`9.5.2 Part 2 — Deactivation devices, inspection guidelines for customers
`
`10 THE ARCHITECTURE OF ELECTRONIC DATA
`CARRIERS
`
`10.1 Transponder with Memory Function
`10.1.1 HF interface
`10.1.2 Address and security logic
`10.1.2.1 State machine
`10.1.3 Memory architecture
`10.1.3.1 Read-only transponder
`10.1.3.2 Writeable transponder
`10.1.3.3 Transponder with cryptological function
`10.1.3.4 Segmented memory
`10.1.3.5 MIFARE® application directory
`
`10.2 Microprocessors
`10.2.1 Dual interface card
`10.2.1.1 MIFARE® plus dual interface card
`
`10.3 Memory Technology
`10.3.1 RAM
`10.3.2 EEPROM
`10.3.3 FRAM
`10.3.4 Performance comparison FRAM — EEPROM
`
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`9.1.2.1 Requirements
`9.1.2.2 Full/half duplex system
`9.1.2.3 Sequential system
`9.2 Contactless Smart Cards
`9.2.1 ISO 10536 - Close coupling smart cards
`9.2.1.1 Part 1 - Physical characteristics
`9.2.1.2 Part 2 - Dimensions and locations of coupling areas
`9.2.1.3 Part 3 - Electronic signals and reset procedures
`9.2.1.4 Part 4 - Answer to reset and transmission protocols
`9.2.2. ISO 14443 - Proximity coupling smart cards
`9.2.3 ISO 15693 - Vicinity coupling smart cards
`9.3 ISO 69873 - Data Carriers for Tools and Clamping Devices
`9.4 ISO 10374 - Container Identification
`9.5 VDI4470 - Anti-theft Systems for Goods
`9.5.1 Part 1 - Detection gates - inspection guidelines for customers
`9.5.1.1 Ascertaining the false alarm rate
`9.5.1.2 Ascertaining the detection rate
`9.5.1.3 Forms in VDI 4470
`9.5.2 Part 2 - Deactivation devices, inspection guidelines for customers
`
`10 THE ARCHITECTURE OF ELECTRONIC DATA
`CARRIERS
`10.1 Transponder with Memory Function
`10.1.1 HF interface
`10.1.2 Address and security logic
`10.1.2.1 State machine
`10.1.3 Memory architecture
`10.1.3.1 Read-only transponder
`10.1.3.2 Writeable transponder
`10.1.3.3 Transponder with cryptological function
`10.1.3.4 Segmented memory
`10.1.3.5 MIFARE® application directory
`10.2 Microprocessors
`10.2.1 Dual interface card
`10.2.1.1 MIF ARE® plus dual interface card
`10.3 Memory Technology
`10.3.1 RAM
`10.3.2 EEPROM
`10.3.3 FRAM
`10.3.4 Performance comparison FRAM - EEPROM
`
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`The RFID Handbook
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`10.4 Measuring Physical Variables
`10.4.1 Transponder with sensor functions
`10.4.2 Measurements using microwave transponders
`
`11 READERS
`11.1 Data Flow in an Application
`
`11.2 Components of a Reader
`11.2.1 HF-interface
`11.2.1.1 Inductively coupled system, FDX/HDX
`11.2.1.2 Microwave systems — half duplex
`11.2.1.3 Sequential systems — SEQ
`11.2.2 Control unit
`
`113 Low Cost Configuration — Reader IC U2270B
`11.4 Connection of Antennas
`11.4.1 Antennas for inductive systems
`11.4.1.1 Connection using current matching
`11.4.1.2 Supply via coaxial cable
`11.4.1.3 The Influence of the Q Factor
`11.4.2 Antennas for microwave systems
`11.5 Reader Designs
`
`12 THE MANUFACTURE OF TRANSPONDERS AND
`CONTACTLESS SMART CARDS
`12.1 Module Manufacture
`
`12.2 Semi-Finished Transponder
`
`123 Completion
`
`12.4 Contactless Smart Cards
`
`13, EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
`13.1 Contactless Smart cards
`
`13.2 Public Transport
`13.2.1 The starting point
`13.2.2 Requirements
`13.2.2.1 Transaction time
`13.2.2.2 Resistance to degradation, lifetime, convenience
`13.2.3 Benefits of RFID systems
`13.2.4 Fare systems using electronic payment
`13.2.5 Market potential
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`10.4 Measuring Physical Variabies
`10.4.1 Transponder with sensor functions
`10.4.2 Measurements using microwave transponders
`
`.
`
`11 READERS
`11.1 Data Flow in an Application
`11.2 Components of a Reader
`11.2.1 HP-interface
`11.2.1.1 Inductively coupled system, FDX/HDX
`11.2.1.2 Microwave systems - half duplex
`11.2.1.3 Sequential systems - SEQ
`11.2.2 Control unit
`11.3 Low Cost Configuration - Reader IC U2270B
`11.4 Connection of Antennas
`11.4.1 Antennas for inductive systems
`11.4.1.1 Connection using current matching
`11.4.1.2 Supply via coaxial cable
`11.4.1.3 The Influence of the Q Factor
`11.4.2 Antennas for microwave systems
`11.5 Reader Designs
`12 THE MANUFACTURE OF TRANSPONDERS AND
`CONTACTLESS SMART CARDS
`12.1 Module Manufacture
`12.2 Semi-Finished Transponder
`12.3 Completion
`12.4 Contactiess Smart Cards
`
`13 EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
`13.1 Contactiess Smart cards
`13.2 Public Transport
`13.2.1 The starting point
`13.2.2 Requirements
`13.2.2.1 Transaction time
`13.2.2.2 Resistance to degradation, lifetime, convenience
`13.2.3 Benefits of RFID systems
`13.2.4 Fare systems using electronic payment
`13.2.5 Market potential
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`Table of Contents
`
`13.2.6. Example projects
`13.2.6.1 Korea — Seoul
`13.2.6.2 Germany — Luneburg, Oldenburg
`
`13.3 Ticketing
`13.3.1 Lufthansa Miles & More card
`13.3.2 Ski tickets
`
`13.4 Access Control
`
`13.5 Transport Systems
`13.5.1 Eurobalise S21
`13.5.2 International container transport
`
`13.6 Animal Identification
`13.6.1 Stock keeping
`13.6.2. Carrier pigeon races
`
`13.7 Electronic Immobilisation
`13.7.1 The functionality of an immobilisation system
`13.7.2 Brief success story
`13.7.3 Predictions
`
`13.8 Container Identification
`13.8.1 Gas bottles and chemical containers
`13.8.2 Waste disposal
`
`13.9 Sporting Events
`
`13.10 Industrial Automation
`13.10.1 Tool identification
`13.10.2 Industrial Production
`13.10.2.1 Benefits from the use of RFID systems
`13.10.2.2 The selection of a suitable RFID system
`13.10.2.3 Example projects
`
`14 MARKET OVERVIEW
`14.1 Selection Criteria
`14.1.1 Operating frequency
`14.1.2 Range
`14.1.3 Security requirements
`14.1.4 Memory size
`
`14.2 System Overview
`
`14.3 Contact Addresses, Technical Periodicals
`14.3.1 Industrial associations
`14.3.2 Technical journals and events
`14.3.3 RFID on the Internet
`
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`
`Table of Contents
`
`13.2.6. Example projects
`13.2.6.1 Korea - Seoul
`13.2.6.2 Germany - Luneburg, Oldenburg
`13.3 Ticketing
`13.3.1 Lufthansa Miles & More card
`13.3.2 Ski tickets
`13.4 Access Control
`13.5 Transport Systems
`13.5.1 Eurobalise S21
`13.5.2 International container transport
`13.6 Animal Identification
`13.6.1 Stock keeping
`13.6.2. Carrier pigeon races
`13.7 Electronic Immobilisation
`13.7.1 The functionality of an immobilisation system
`13.7.2 Brief success story
`13.7.3 Predictions
`13.8 Container Identification
`13.8.1 Gas bottles and chemical containers
`13.8.2 Waste disposal
`13.9 Sporting Events
`13.10 Industrial Automation
`13.10.1 Tool identification
`13.10.2 Industrial Production
`13.10.2.1 Benefits from the use of RFID systems
`13.10.2.2 The selection of a suitable RFID system
`13.10.2.3 Example projects
`
`14 MARKET OVERVIEW
`14.1 Selection Criteria
`14.1.1 Operating frequency
`14.1.2 Range
`14.1.3 Security requirements
`14.1.4 Memory size
`14.2 System Overview
`14.3 Contact Addresses, Technical Periodicals
`14.3.1 Industrial associations
`14.3.2 Technical journals and events
`14.3.3 RFID on the Intemet
`
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`xii
`
`15 APPENDICES
`
`15.1 Relevant Standards and Regulations
`15.1.1 Sources of supply for standards and regulations
`
`15.2 References
`
`16 INDEX
`
`The RFID Handbook
`
`293
`
`293
`294
`
`294
`
`299
`
`15 APPENDICES
`15.1 Relevant Standards and Regulations
`15.1.1 Sources of supply for standards and regulations
`15.2 References
`
`16 INDEX
`
`The RFID Handbook
`
`293
`293
`294
`294
`
`299
`
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`

`Preface
`
`This book is aimed at an extremely wide range of readers. First and foremost it is intended
`for students and engineers who find themselves confronted with RFID technology for the
`first time. A few basic chapters are provided for this audience describing the functionality
`of RFID technology and the physical and IT-related principles underlying this field. The
`book is also intended for practitioners who, as users, wish to or need to obtain as
`comprehensive and detailed an overview of the various technologies, the legal framework
`or the possible applications of RFID as possible.
`Although a wide range of individual articles arc now available on this subject, the task
`of gathering all this scattered information together when it is needed is a tiresome and time-
`consuming one — as researching this book has proved. This book therefore aims to fill a gap
`in the range of literature on the subject of RFID.
`This book uses numerous pictures and diagrams to attempt to give a graphic
`representation of RFID technology in the truest sense of the word. Particular emphasis is
`placed on practical considerations. For this reason the chapter entitled "Example
`Applications" is particularly comprehensive.
`Technological developments in the field of RFID technology are proceeding at such a
`pace that although a book like this can explain the general scientific principles it is not
`dynamic enough to be able to explore the latest trends regarding the most recent products
`on the market. I am therefore grateful for any suggestions and advice — particularly from the
`field of industry. The basic concepts and underlying physical principles remain, however,
`and provide a good background for understanding the latest developments.
`At this point I would also like to express my thanks to those companies who were kind
`enough to contribute to the success of this project by providing numerous technical data
`sheets, lecture manuscripts and photographs.
`
`Munich, January 1998
`
`Klaus Finkenzeller
`
`Preface
`
`This book is aimed at an extremely wide range of readers. First and foremost it is intended
`for students and engineers who find themselves confronted with RFID technology for the
`first time. A few basic chapters are provided for this audience describing the functionality
`of RFID technology and the physical and IT-related principles underlying this field. The
`book is also intended for practitioners who, as users, wish to or need to obtain as
`comprehensive and detailed an overview of the various technologies, the legal framework
`or the possible applications of RFID as possible.
`Although a wide range of individual articles are now available on this subject, the task
`of gathering all this scattered information together when it is needed is a tiresome and time-
`consuming one - as researching this book has proved. This book therefore aims to fill a gap
`in the range of literature on the subject of RFID.
`This book uses numerous pictures and diagrams to attempt to give a graphic
`representation of RFID technology in the tmest sense of the word. Particular emphasis is
`placed on practical considerations. For this reason the chapter entitled "Example
`Applications" is particularly comprehensive.
`Technological developments in the field of RFID technology are proceeding at such a
`pace that although a book like this can explain the general scientific principles it is not
`dynamic enough to be able to explore the latest trends regarding the most recent products
`on the market. I am therefore grateful for any suggestions and advice - particularly from the
`field of industry. The basic concepts and underlying physical principles remain, however,
`and provide a good background for understanding the latest developments.
`At this point I would also like to express my thanks to those companies who were kind
`enough to contribute to the success of this project by providing numerous technical data
`sheets, lecture manuscripts and photographs.
`
`Munich, January 1998
`
`Klaus Finkenzeller
`
`Ex.1007
` Page 12 of 19
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`GARMIN /
`
`

`

`1
`
`Introduction
`
`In recent years automatic identification procedures (Auto ID) have become very popular in
`many service industries, purchasing and distribution logistics, industry, manufacturing
`companies and material flow systems. Automatic identification procedures exist to provide
`information about people, animals, goods and products in transit.
`The omnipresent barcode labels that triggered a revolution in identification systems
`some considerable time ago, are being found to be inadequate in an increasing number of
`cases. Barcodes may be extremely cheap, but their sAmbling block is their low storage
`capacity.a0 the fact that they cannot be reprogrammed
`The technically optimal solution would be the storage of data in a silicon chip. The most
`common form of electronic data carrying device in use in everyday life is the smart card
`based upon a contact field (telephone smart card, bank cards). However, the mechanical
`contact used in the smart card is often impractical. A contactless transfer of data between
`the data carrying device and its reader is far more flexible. In the ideal case, the power
`required to operate the electronic data carrying device would also be transferred from the
`reader using contactless technology. Because of the procedures used for the transfer of
`power and data, contactless ID systems are called RFID systems (Radio Frequency
`Identification).
`The number of companies that are actively involved in the development and sale of
`RFID systems indicates that this is a market that should be taken seriously. Total worldwide
`sales of RFID systems for the year 2000 are estimated at above 2 billion US$. The RFID
`market therefore belongs to the fastest growing sector of the radio technology industry,
`including mobile phones and cordless telephones.
`Furthermore, in recent years contactless identification has been developing into an
`independent