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`Microsoft
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`Microsoft
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`PUBLISHED BY
`.
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. Nopart ofthe contents of this book may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries.
`
`2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--de21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and boundin the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and CompanyLtd.
`
`A CIP cataloguerecord for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers anddistributors worldwide.For further informa-
`tion aboutinternational editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Website at Wwww.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN,Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xboxare either registered trademarksor
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/orother countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may bethe trademarksof their respective owners.
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people,places,
`and events depicted herein arefictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name,e-mail address, logo, person, place, or eventis intended or should beinferred.
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No, X08-41929
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`Contents
`
`Introduction 6.6... cc ccc cece ene c nee eueeeeuenetutueeetetntntntntntnteteneetenes vii
`Changesin the Fifth Edition. .....0.00. ccc cc ccc cucu ccc cucuceucutucueeeseteuetueuseneueens vii
`Order of Presentation. .....6.0 00 ccc ccc ccc ccc cen eucucueucueutututeseututeneuseneenteraes vii
`EPETAESS ore: wan see ihsad dues ¢en ce maysae wueieensssanantsnnaneranpannuembsaeuwasaanasyees vii
`Future Printings and Editions 60.0.0... 000 cc ccc ccc ccc ccc uccuceuccuccuueuueeeneeeueeeenneeees ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms. .........2002:1
`
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets... 0... ccc ccc ccc cece cece cence eee eeeeeuenceees 587
`ANSP Character Sets ss occu. aens bingo comeees mek ounonsenseugedeuunseeenwwant 587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set ... 0... ccc ccc cece eee cece ence eee ceeeeees 593
`IBM Extended Character Set 2.0... ccc ccc ccc cece eee ee ee teen cece ee ecnceeceeees 597
`EBCDIC Character Set... 0... ccc ccc cece cece cece cece eee eee eeeeeeenceueerege599
`
`Appendix B:
`Common File ExtensionS.......... cc ccc cece eee c cece eee ceeeeeecccceececeace 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms ........ 00. c cece cece ects eee eeeees 613
`
`Appendix D:
`There POURING occu worse faeries @
`
`teem t-teepee Ws aueee ouaye .apeas wees atanrs aoe, eee, oes Gio 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents ........eseee cece een e eee e eee eee eee eee eee ee eR 631
`
`Vv
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`Cellular Digital Packet Data
`
`
`
`receives fromits neighboring cells, and all cells output
`their values simultaneously. 2. Systems in which rules are
`applied to multiple cells and their neighbors in a regular
`spatial lattice or grid that advances through time. Usually,
`each cell in a cellular automaton hasany onestate outof a
`finite numberof states. The state changesdiscretely in
`time accordingto rules that depend on the condition ofthe
`individualcell and its neighbors. Thus, an individual cell
`in a cellular automatontakes a neighborcell’s state as
`input before outputting its own state. Additionally, all the
`cells in the lattice are updated simultaneously, while the
`state of the entire lattice also advancesdiscretely in time.
`Many computersimulations of cellular automata are dem-
`onstrated on Websites; the best known Web exampleis
`J.H. Conway’s GameofLife.
`
`Cellular Digital Packet Data n. A wireless standard
`providing two-way, 19.2-Kbps packet data transmission
`over existing cellular telephone channels. Acronym:
`CDPD.See also packet, wireless.
`
`Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Associa-
`tion n. Association based in Washington, D.C.that repre-
`sents the wireless telecommunications industry andits
`equipment manufacturers. Acronym: CTIA.
`
`censorship n. The action of preventing material that a
`party considers objectionable from circulating within a
`system of communication over whichthat party has some
`power. The Internet as a whole is not censored, but some
`parts of it come under varying degrees of control. A news
`server, for example, often is set to exclude anyorall of the
`alt. newsgroups, suchasalt.sex.* or alt.music.white-
`power, which are unmoderated andtend to be controver-
`sial. A moderated newsgroupor mailing list might be con-
`sidered to be “censored” because the moderatorwill
`usually delete highly controversial and obscene content or
`content thatis on a different topic from that followed by
`the newsgroup. Online services have identifiable owners,
`whooften take some share of responsibility for what
`reachestheir users’ computerscreens. In some countries,
`censorship of certain political or cultural Websitesis a
`matter of national policy.
`
`censorware n. Software that imposesrestrictions on
`what Internetsites, newsgroups, orfiles may be accessed
`by the user.
`
`center vb. To align characters around a point located in
`the middle ofa line, page, or other defined area; in effect,
`to place text an equal distance from each margin or border,
`See alsoalign (definition 1),
`
`centl- prefix 1. One hundred. 2. One hundredth,asin
`centimeter—one hundredth of a meter.
`
`centralized network n. A network in which nodes cop.
`nect to and use resources on a single central computer,
`typically a mainframe.
`centralized processing n. The location of computer
`processingfacilities and operationsin a single (central-
`ized) place. Compare decentralized processing,distri-
`buted processing.
`
`central office n. In communications, the switchingcen-
`ter where interconnections between customers’ communi-
`cations lines are made.
`
`central office exchange service n. See Centrex.
`
`central processing unit n. See CPU.
`
`Centrex n. An option offered by some phone companies
`in which up-to-date phonefacilities are available to busi-
`ness customers, giving the customeraccess to a complete
`range of phone services without havingto purchase or
`maintain the necessary equipment. Customerscan pur-
`chasejust the lines and services they will use. The name
`centraloffice exchangerefers to the fact that the phone
`facilities for Centrex services, particularly switchingser-
`vices, are generally maintainedat theoffices ofthe local
`or central phone company. Since Centrex offers a wider
`range ofservices,it is replacing PBX for businesses. See
`also switching. Compare PBX.
`
`Centronics parallel interface n. A de facto standard for
`parallel data exchange paths between computers and
`peripherals, originally developedbythe printer manufac-
`turer Centronics, Inc. The Centronicsparallelinterface
`provideseight parallel data lines plus additional lines for
`control and status information. See also parallel interface.
`CERN n.Acronym for Conseil Européenpour la Recherche
`Nucléaire (the European Laboratory for Particle Physics).
`CERN,a physics researchcenter located in Geneva, Swit
`zerland, is where the original developmentofthe World
`Wide Webtook place by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 asa
`methodto facilitate communication among members of
`the scientific community. See also NCSA(definition 1).
`CERNservern. Oneofthe first Hypertext Transfer Pro-
`tocol (HTTP) servers, developed at CERN by Tim Berners-
`Lee. The CERNserverisstill in wide use andis free of
`charge. See also CERN, HTTPserver(definition 1).
`CERT n. Acronym for Computer Emergency Response
`Team, Anorganization that provides a round-the-clock
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`the illustration. See also board, printed circuit board. L
`
`BEERS
`
`Circuit board.
`
`
`
`CIP n. 1. Short for Commerce Interchange Pipeline. A
`Microsoft technology that provides for secure routing of
`business data between applications over a public network
`such as the Internet. CIP is independentof data format and
`supports encryption anddigital signatures, as well as vari-
`ous transport protocols including SMTP, HTTP, DCOM,
`and EDI value-added networks. Typically, data such as
`invoices and purchase orderstravel over a network
`through a transmit pipeline and are read from the network
`by a receive pipeline that decodes andpreparesthe data
`for the receiving application. 2. Short for Common Index-
`circuit breaker n. A switch that opens and cuts off the
`ing Protocol. A protocol defined by the Internet Engineer-
`flow of current when the current exceedsacertain level.
`ing Task Force (IETF) for enabling servers to share
`Circuit breakersare placedat critical points in circuits to
`indexing information. CIP was developedto provide serv-
`protect against damagethat could result from excessive
`ers with a standard meansof sharing information aboutthe
`currentflow, whichis typically caused by componentfail-
`contents of their databases. With such sharing, a server
`ure. Circuit breakers are often used in place of fuses
`unable to resolve a particular query would be ableto route
`because they need only to be reset rather than replaced.
`the query to other servers that might contain the desired
`Compare surge protector.
`information—for example, to find the e-mail address of a
`particular user on the Web.
`
`
`
`cir
`
`gystems integrate computer-aided design and engineering
`(CAD/CAE), material requirements planning (MRP), and
`robotic assemblycontrol to provide “paperless” manage-
`mentofthe entire manufacturing process. 3. Acronym for
`computer-input microfilm. A process in which informa-
`tion stored on microfilm is scanned andthe data (both text
`and graphics) converted into codes that can be used and
`manipulated by a computer. Computer-input microfilm is
`similar to processes suchas optical character recognition,
`in which images on paperare scanned and converted to
`text or graphics. Compare COM (definition 4).
`
`circuit-switchedvoice
`
`Most modern circuit boards use patterns of copper foil to
`interconnect the components. The foil layers may be on
`oneor both sides of the board and, in more advanced
`designs,in several layers within the board. A printed cir-
`cuit board is one in which the pattern of copper foilis laid
`downby a printing process such as photolithography. See
`
`circuit card n. See circuit board.
`
`cipher n. 1. A code. 2. An encodedcharacter. 3. A zero.
`
`ciphertext n. The scrambled or otherwise encoded text
`of an encrypted message. See also encryption.
`
`circuit n. 1. Any path that can carry electrical current.
`2. A combinationofelectrical componentsinterconnected
`to perform a particular task. At one level, a computer con-
`sists of a single circuit; at another, it consists of hundreds
`of interconnected circuits.
`
`circuit analyzer n. Any device for measuring one or
`more characteristics of an electrical circuit. Voltage, cur-
`rent, and resistance are the characteristics most commonly
`measured. Oscilloscopesare circuit analyzers.
`circuit board n. A flat piece of insulating material, such
`as epoxy or phenolic resin, on which electrical compo-
`nents are mounted and interconnected to form a circuit.
`
`Circuit Data Services n. A GTEservice thatuses circuit
`switching technologyto provide fast data transfer using a
`laptop computer andcellular telephone. Acronym: CDS.
`See also circuit switching.
`
`circuit-switched data n. An ISDN option that can be
`specified for B (bearer) channels that enables an ISDN
`user to transmit digital data over the channel at 64 Kbps
`along a point-to-point, dedicated connection for the dura-
`tion of a call. Acronym: CSD. See also alternate circuit-
`switched voice/circuit-switched data, B channel, ISDN.
`Comparecircuit-switched voice.
`circult-switched voice n, An ISDN option that can be
`specified for B (bearer) channels that uses the channel to
`set up a point-to-point, dedicated connectionfor the digital
`transmissionof voice communications for the duration of
`acall. Acronym: CSV. See also alternate circuit-switched
`
`era
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`CPM
`
`for microcomputers based on Intel microprocessors. The
`first system, CP/M-80,was the most popular operating
`system for 8080- and Z80-based microcomputers. Digital
`Researchalso developed CP/M-86for 8086/8088-based
`computers, CP/M-Z8000 for Zilog Z8000-based comput-
`ers, and CP/M-68K for Motorola 68000-based computers.
`When the IBM PC and MS-DOSwereintroduced, com-
`monuse of CP/M by end users dwindled. DRI continues to
`enhance the CP/M line, supporting multitasking with the
`Concurrent CP/M and MP/M products. See also MP/M.
`
`CPM 7.Seecritical path method.
`
`CPRM 7. Acronym for Content Protection for Record-
`able Media. Technology developedto control the use of
`copyrighted digital music and video material by blocking
`the transferof protected files to portable media suchaszip
`disks and smart cards. CPRM would be addedto storage
`devices and provide data scrambling and identification
`codesto block the copying of copyrightedfiles.
`
`cps n. See characters per second.
`
`CPSRn. Acronym for Computer Professionals for Social
`Responsibility. A public advocacy organization of com-
`puter professionals. CPSR was originally formed out of
`concern overthe use of computer technology for military
`purposesbuthas extendedits interest to such issues as
`civil liberties and the effect of computers on workers.
`
`CPU n. Acronym for central processing unit. The compu-
`tational and control unit of a computer. The CPUis the
`device that interprets and executesinstructions. Main-
`frames and early minicomputers contained circuit boards
`full of integrated circuits that implemented the CPU.Sin-
`gle-chip central processing units, called microprocessors,
`madepossible personal computers and workstations.
`Examples of single-chip CPUsare the Motorola 68000,
`68020, and 68030 chips andtheIntel 8080, 8086, 80286,
`80386, and i486 chips. The CPU—or microprocessor,in
`the case of a microcomputer—hastheability to fetch,
`decode, andexecuteinstructions andto transfer informa-
`tion to and from other resources over the computer’s main
`data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPUis the
`chip that functions as the “brain” of a computer. In some
`instances, however, the term encompasses both the proces-
`sor and the computer’s memoryor, even more broadly, the
`main computerconsole (as opposedto peripheral equip-
`ment). See the illustration, See also microprocessor.
`
`
`
`CPU.
`
`
`
`CPU-boundadj. See computation-bound.
`
`CPU cache ».A section of fast memory linking the CPU
`(central processing unit) and main memory that tempo-
`rarily stores data andinstructions the CPU needsto exe-
`cute upcoming commandsand programs. Considerably
`faster than main memory, the CPU cachecontains data
`that is transferred in blocks, thereby speeding execution.
`The system anticipates the data it will need through algo-
`rithms. Also called: cache memory, memory cache. See
`also cache, CPU, VCACHE.
`
`CPUcycle n. 1. The smallest unit of time recognized by
`the CPU (central processing unit)—typically a few hun-
`dred-millionths of a second. 2. The time required forthe
`CPUto perform the simplestinstruction, suchas fetching
`the contents of a register or performing a no-operation
`instruction (NOP). Also called:clocktick.
`
`CPUfann. Anelectric fan usually placed directly ona
`CPU (central processing unit) or on the CPU’s heatsink to
`help dissipate heat from the chipby circulating air around
`it. See also CPU,heat sink.
`
`CPU speed n.A relative measure of the data-processing
`capacity of a particular CPU (central processing unit),
`usually measured in megahertz. See also CPU.
`CPU timen. In multiprocessing, the amountoftime dur-
`ing whicha particular processhasactive controlof the CPU
`(central processing unit). See also CPU, multiprocessing.
`CR n.See carriage return.
`
`crack vb. 1. To gain unauthorized access to a network by
`breachingits security. 2. To decipher encrypted information.
`cracker n. A person whoovercomesthe security mea-
`sures of a computer systemand gains unauthorized access.
`The goal of somecrackers is to obtain informationille-
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`privileged mode
`
`
`
`privileged mode n. A modeofexecution, supported by
`the protected mode ofthe Intel 80286 and higher micro-
`processors, in which software can carry out restricted
`operations that manipulate critical components ofthe sys-
`tem, such as memory and input/outputports (channels).
`Application programscannotbe executedin privileged
`mode;the heart (kernel) of the OS/2 operating system can
`be, as can the programs (device drivers) that control
`devices attached to the system.
`
`privileges n. See accessprivileges.
`
`PRN rn. The logical device namefor printer. A name
`reserved by the MS-DOSoperating system for the stan-
`dard print device. PRN usually refers to a system’sfirst
`parallel port, also known as LPT1.
`-pro 7. One of seven new top-level domain namesapproved
`in 2000 by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
`and Numbers (ICANN), .pro is meant for use in Websites
`relating to professions such as physicians, accountants, and
`lawyers. Six of the new domains becameavailable for use
`in the spring of 2001; negotiations are still underway for the
`final registry agreementfor the .pro domain.
`
`probability n. The likelihood that an event will happen,
`which can often be estimated mathematically. In mathe-
`matics, statistics and probability theory are relatedfields.
`In computing, probability is used to determinethelikeli-
`hoodof failure or error in a system or device.
`
`problem solving n. 1. The process of devising and imple-
`menting a strategy for finding a solution or for transform-
`ing a less desirable condition into a more desirable one.
`2. An aspectofartificial intelligence wherein the task of
`problem solving is performedsolely by a program. See
`also artificial intelligence.
`
`procedural language n. A programming languagein
`which the basic programming elementis the procedure (a
`named sequence of statements, suchas a routine, subrou-
`tine, or function). The most widely used high-levellan-
`guages (C, Pascal, Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL,Ada) are
`all procedural languages. See also procedure. Compare
`nonprocedural language.
`
`procedural rendering n. The rendering of a two-dimen-
`sional image from three-dimensional coordinates with tex-
`turing according to user-specified conditions, such as
`direction and degree oflighting.
`
`procedure n. In a program, a named sequenceof state-
`ments, often with associated constants, data types, and
`variables, that usually performs a single task. A procedure
`can usually be called (executed) by other procedures, as
`well as by the main body ofthe program. Some languages
`distinguish between a procedure and a function, with the
`latter (the function) returning a value. See also function,
`parameter, procedural language, routine, subroutine.
`
`procedurecall n. In programming, an instruction that
`causesa procedureto be executed. A procedurecall can be
`located in another procedureor in the main body of the
`program.See also procedure.
`process? n. A program orpart of a program;a coherent
`sequence ofsteps undertaken by a program.
`process? vb. To manipulate data with a program.
`process-boundadj. Limited in performance by process-
`ing requirements. See also computation-bound.
`
`processcolor n. A method of handling color in a docu-
`mentin which eachblockof coloris separated into its sub-
`tractive primary color componentsfor printing: cyan,
`magenta, and yellow (as well as black). All other colors
`are created by blendinglayers of various sizes of halftone
`spots printed in cyan, magenta, and yellow to create the
`image. See also color model, color separation (definition
`1). Comparespotcolor.
`
`processing n. The manipulation of data within a com-
`puter system. Processing is the vital step between receiv-
`ing data (input) and producing results (output)—the task
`for which computersare designed.
`
`processorn. See central processing unit, microprocessor.
`
`ProcessorDirect Slot n. See PDS (definition 1).
`
`Processor Input/Output n. See PIO.
`
`Procmail n. An open-source e-mail-processing utility for
`Linux and other UNIX-based computers and networks.
`Procmail can be used to create mail servers and mailing
`lists, filter mail, sort incoming mail, preprocess mail, and
`perform other mail-related functions.
`Prodigy n. AnInternetservice provider (ISP) that offers
`Internet access and a wide rangeofrelated services. Prod-
`igy was founded by IBM andSearsas aproprietary online
`service, was acquiredby International Wireless in 1996,
`and in 1999 enteredintoa partnership with SBC Commu-
`
`
`
`
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`The ultimate reference for home,
`office, orwherevertechnology takesyout!
`From broadbandto wireless, XML to Xbox™,TabletPCstodigital
`TV—here’stheoneresourcethat defines over 10,000technical
`terms for homeandoffice! The fiftheditionofthe award-winning
`MICROSOFT COMPUTER DICTIONARYhasbeenfully
`and
`expanded withthousandsofnewentries. You getsimple,concise
`definitions for understandingeven the most arcaneterms—as
`
`
`
`
`]
`
`1
`
`y
`
`|
`
`das)
`lone)
`aNh
`
`
`
`SEpean
`°ERTSca RAUeaealltEcce
`eneATeeA
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Computers/Reference
`
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`90000
`
`$29.99
`U.S.A.
`$43.99
`Canada
`[Recommended]
`
`14954
`
`1
`
`9'780735'614956
`
`Part No, X08-41956
`
`Micresoft:
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